Payaman Managed Waste (PAMITAN) as Community-Based Efforts to

Manage Waste in Payaman Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro, East

Java
Sarah Christiawan1, Ratih Nur Hayati2, Nurul Fajriyah 3, Larassita Rakhmanindra4, Yopievina
Sukamto5
1
Airlangga University, Campus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya
sarah.christiawan-13@fkm.unair.ac.id; ratih.nur-13@fkm.unair.ac.id
3
Airlangga University, Department of Public Health,
Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
Campus C Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115
nurul.fajriyah-13@fkm.unair.ac.id

ABSTRACT: One of the pilot projects towards Indonesia Free of Waste in 2020 is Bojonegoro Regency,
East Java. Waste such as rubbish, garbage, and etc is still a problem which can affect people’s health
in Payaman Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro, East Java. The largest contribution of waste in
Payaman Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro is derived from the furniture industry as well as
household waste. Amounting to 99% of the Payaman villagers destroy the rubbish or garbage by
burning it and the remainder is discharged into the river. This descriptive study aims to identify the
problems of waste and then make an intervention through community-based activities. The
population of this study is 248 heads of household in RT 08-14 Payaman Village, Ngraho District,
Bojonegoro. The instruments of this study are questionnaire and observation sheet. The situational
analysis was conducted by using Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) method. The
analysis of priority issues was conducted by using Urgency, Seriousness, Growth (USG) method. The
priority of issues in the Payaman Village was a waste. Fishbone method and Capability, Accessibility,
Readiness, Leverage (CARL) method were used to determine the problem’s root cause and to make
the alternative solutions of problems in RT 08-14 Payaman Village, so the alternative solutions can
be generated. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was used to determine the problems which exist in
Payaman Village and to find the solution and manufacture of community-based interventions.
Interventions were arranged by using Dignan theory and Payaman Managed Waste (PAMITAN)
program was generated.
Keyword: Management of Waste, SWOT method, USG method, CARL method, NGT

1 INTRODUCTION
 [Type here]

One of the pilot projects towards Indonesia Free of Waste in 2020 is Bojonegoro Regency, East Java.
The government of Bojonegoro also has Healthy and Smart Village Program (GDSC). That program is
intended to establish prosperous and happy villagers, it can be demonstrated by high level of health
and educational levels which can make the villagers to be more productive, competitive, capable,
and independent. One of Healthy and Smart Village Program (GDSC) indicators is a healthy
environment. A healthy environment can be realized if the wuality of the environment is well
managed, and the pollution of soil, water, and air can be controlled as good as possible. So, the level
of public health can always be optimal. However, RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village is facing some problems
of waste which can affect the level of public health there.
Payaman village is divided into four hamlets namely Tinggang, Ketawang, Merbong, and Payaman.
The population of Payaman village is 3,168 inhabitants. Payaman village has 122,862 hectares and
326,085 hectares are productive rice fields, it makes the majority of villagers works as a farmer.
Payaman village also has an industry furniture which sawdusts of woods are produced everyday, but
in the other side those sawdusts have been used as a media for proliferation of mushroom by the
mushroom farmers. The largest contribution of wastein Payaman Village is derived from household
waste.
The waste can be public health problems or issues when it cannot be managed properly or well. The
impact or the risks of improper waste management can reduce the qualities of the environment,
cause the public health problems such as diarhea, and it can reduce asthetic value of the
environment (Departement Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 1987)
The waste needs to be managed properly because it will not cause public health problems or issues.
Waste management is an activity by setting, stockpiling, saving temporarily, collecting, removing,
transporting, processing, and disposing of waste through some good ways which according to best
principles of public health, attitude, economy, technicality, aesthetics, and more environment
considerations.
Based on Undang – Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia No. 18 Tahun 2008 about waste management,
it was stated that each person, who managing the waste, has to do waste management of household
by reducing and handling the waste in environmentally sound manner. The villagers of RT 08 – 14
Payaman Village did not yet manage their household waste properly because they burn their
household waste in their garden. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the waste problems or
issues and then find the solution and manufacture of community-based interventions. Interventions
were arranged by using Dignan Theory (Dignan and Carr, 1992) and Payaman Managed Waste
(PAMITAN) program was generated.
2 METHODS
 [Type here]

This descriptive study was conducted in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro in
August 2016. The population of this study was 248 heads of household in RT 08 – 14 Payaman
Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro. The technique of primary data collecting was obtained by
interviewing the population or targets and observing by using questionnaire and observation sheet.
The technique of secondary data collecting was obtained from head of Payaman Village, and
Payaman Village Health Centre (Ponkesdes). The situational analysis was conducted by using
Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) Method. The analysis of priority issues was
conducted by using Urgency, Seriousness, Growth (USG) Method. The priority of issues in the
Payaman Village was a waste. Ishikawa or Fishbone method and Capability, Accessibility, Readiness,
Leverage (CARL) method were used to determine the problem’s root causes and to make the
alternative solutions of problems in RT 08-14 Payaman Village, so the alternative solutions can be
generated. Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was used to determine the problems which exist in
Payaman Village by inviting the leaders of comminity, health workers, and community representative.
It was conducted to find the solution and manufacture of community-based interventions.
Interventions were arranged by using Dignan Theory.
3 RESULTS
Based on the data from the questionnaire sheets, amounting to 99% of the Payaman villagers destroy
the rubbish or garbage by burning it and the remainder is discharged into the river. It can be seen on
figure 1.

Figure 1. Distribusi Teknik Pemusnahan Sampah

Source: Primary Data, 2016
From figure 1, it can be seen that Payaman Villagers in RT 08 – 14 chose destroying the rubbish or
garbage by burning it in the garden and it became a habit or tradition for them. Moreover, they use
the dust of rubbish or garbage burning as a fertilizer for their fields.
Based on the observation, 68% of 248 heads of household in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village did not
have final waste landfill and in the order side, 95% of 248 heads of household also did not have the
availability of a closed trash can.
Based on the situational analysis in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village through Strenght, Weakness,
Opportunity, Threat (SWOT), it can be seen that RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village is located in Weakness
 [Type here]

Opportunity (WO) Quadrant that means RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village has the opportunities to
improve or repair the weaknesses associated with the waste problems or issues.

Figure 2. SWOT Analysis RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village

Source: Primary Data, 2016
Based on the analysis of the priority problems or issues in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village which was
done by using Urgency, Seriousness, Growth (USG) Method, it generate three priority issues that are
waste issue, smoking behavior, and mosquito net issue used. Waste became the highest priority
problems or issues with the total score was 10.
Table 1. The Result of USG Method.
Problems Urgency Seriousness Growth Total
Waste Issues 5 3 2 10

Smoking Behavior 2 2 1 5

Mosquitos Nets Used 2 3 2 7

Source: Primary Data, 2016

Ishikawa or Fishbone Method and was used to determine the problem’s root causes in RT 08 – 14
Payaman Village by discussing together with the targeted villagers through Nominal Group Technique
(NGT). It results that the problem’s root cause of waste is lack sense of community responsibilities,
the initiatives of community development do not exist yet, the waste is burnt by villagers, habit or
tradition, there are no refuse collectors and no waste collection vehicles.

Table 2. The Result of CARL Method.

Capabilit Readines Leverag
Solutions Accessibility Total
y s e

Availability of dustbin 1 3 1 2 6
 [Type here]

Making a compost or
fertilizers from organic 4 3 4 5 240
waste of household
Getting a help from the
4 1 1 1 4
government
Collecting the waste to
2 5 2 3 60
be brought to the fields
Source: Primary Data, 2016
The villagers of RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village decided together the alternative solutions from waste
problems through Capability, Accessibility, Readiness, Leverage (CARL) Method. Based on table 2, the
results four alternative solutions, there are the availability of dustbin, making a compost or fertilizers
from organic waste of household, collecting the waste to be brought to the fields, and getting a help
from the government. The alternative solution which has the highest total score will be implemented
in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village, it is making a compost or fertilizers from organic waste of household.
4 DISCUSSIONS
Waste is a part of something that has not been used, must be discarded, it generally solid and comes
from human activities including industrial activities, but it is not something biological (Azwar, 1995).
Waste, from household including the residue of groceries, wrapping household items, and the
residue of plants, is produced and discharged without through sorting processes, managing, and
processing first in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village.
Determining the intervention programs to solve waste problems or issues in RT 08 – 14 Payaman
Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro need a theory that can be the basis of the reasoning and
thinking. Dignan Theory can be a basis to determine intervention programs, Dignan theory
mentioned that the intervention programs of health must through several stages. It begins from
analyzing the community or community analysis to get and to know what the community target
needed, developing and implementing the intervention programs, and last is evaluating the
intervention programs (Dignan and Carr, 1992)
In community analysis, it has to be known and understood what the community target needed by
knowing the geographical conditions, social conditions, educational analysis, employments, and
situational analysis (Dignan and Carr, 1992). Analysis of the conditions must be done through
interview and observation from the leaders of community in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village. The results
of the interview and observation were organized into Strenght, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat
(SWOT) Matrix which aims to aims to identify the strengths and the weaknesses of the community
from an internal apraisal. SWOT Method also has the aims to identify the opportunities and threats
of the community from an external apraisal. Having identified these factors strategies are developed
which on the strengths, eliminate the weaknesses, exploit the opportunities or counter the threats
(Neil Ritson, 2008).
 [Type here]

In targeted assessment, the determination of priority issues from the discussion with community
target through Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Urgency, Seriousness, Growth (USG) Method
results that waste has not been managed well. That waste problems or issues have root causes, it can
bee known by using Ishikawa or Fishbone Method which can assist to identify the possible causes of
waste problems whcih exist in target location (Tague, 2005).
There are five root causes of waste problems in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village through the Ishikawa
Diagram or Fishbone Diagram. Those problems are lack sense of community responsibilities, the
initiatives of community development do not exist yet, the waste is burnt by villagers, habit or
tradition, there are no refuse collectors and no waste collection vehicles. These root causes consist
with the results of observation that are many villagers who burn the garbage or rubbish (waste) in
the morning and in the afternoon, and then dust of that waste is brought to their fields because they
think that dust can be used as a fertilizer. The condition of RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village through
Strenght, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) is located in Weakness Opportunity (WO) Quadrant
that means RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village has the opportunities to repair or improve the weaknesses
associated with the waste problems or issues. Community target has weaknesses such as less
awareness of waste separating benefits, waste management is still less than optimal, and the lack of
community development which related to handle of waste problems. However, the condition of
Payaman Village’s street is good, so the villagers has an easy access to do some intervention
programs.
Program plan development through Plan of Action (POA) should be done after community analysis
and targeted assessment. The best of Plan of Action (POA) must be Spesific, Achievable, Relevant,
and Timely (SMART), it means that intervention planning through the program which should be
described in detail and definite, measurable, achievable, and can be applied on time. Program
development plan through the Plan of Action (POA) can be executed when the target communities
have determined the alternative solutions through Nominal Group Technique (NGT). Furthermore,
the alternative solutions to the priority can be set by using Capability, Accessibility, Readiness,
Leverage (CARL) Method with the technique of scoring the criteria such as Capability, Accessibility,
Readiness, Leverage is then multiplied and obtained a total score. On the criteria of capability to see
the availability of required resources such as funding, facilities, and equipment. Accessibility is
noticed how easily solve the problem by the method, manner, regulatory, and technology. Readiness
is how ready the health executors or personnel and community target such as skill, ability, and
motivation. Leverage is how much the influence of each criteria (one criteria to one another criteria)
in problem solving. The highest total score means the priority alternative solution was selected.
 [Type here]

The results of the alternative solutions through CARL Method then it can be set the priority of
alternative solutions by looking at the highest score about organic waste is made into fertilizer and it
will be applied in Payaman Managed Waste (PAMITAN) program which is community-based
interventions to solve waste problems in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village. The implementation of the
program is influenced by several factors such as knowledge of the community target, behaviors or
practices, and environmental condition which can support the success of Payaman Managed Waste
(PAMITAN) program. Payaman Managed Waste (PAMITAN) program has three programs, they are
Saget Milah Sampah (SMS) which educate community target about how to separate garbage or trash
(waste) based on the types of waste such as organic waste and anorganic waste, Let’s Change the
Rubbish! or Yuk Tukar Sampah! (Yuk Tus) by collecting good anorganic garbage or rubbish or trash to
be exchanged for money from the waste or junk collectors, and Making Takakura (PETAKU) from
household organic waste.
5 CONCLUSIONS
Waste is a priority problem in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village, District Ngraho, Bojonegoro, it’s based on
the results of the problem analysis by using Urgency, Seriousness, Growth (USG) Method which was
held together with the community target through Nominal Group Technique (NGT). That waste can
impact public health condition if it is not managed properly. Based on the discussion with the
community target in Nominal Group Technique (NGT), there are five root causes of waste problems
through the Ishikawa Diagram or Fishbone Diagram. Those problems are lack sense of community
responsibilities, the initiatives of community development do not exist yet, the waste is burnt by
villagers, habit or tradition, there are no refuse collectors and no waste collection vehicles. Based on
the result of the root causes, making the waste become a fertilizer is the alternative solution through
Capability, Accessibility, Readiness, Leverage (CARL) Method. Some efforts to manage that waste
must be done in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village, in order to solve the waste problems, so the level of
public health can always be optimum. Payaman Managed Waste (PAMITAN) is an intervention
program which can be used for waste problem solving in RT 08 – 14 Payaman Village based on
Dignan Theory which through community analysis, targeted assessment, program plan development,
and implementation.

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is supported by Faculty of Public Health Airlangga University Surabaya, the government
of Bojonegoro, and all societies of Payaman Village, Ngraho District, Bojonegoro. As well as, team 6
of Public Health on The Job Training (PKL FKM Unair) which has helped me in this research.

REFERENCES
 [Type here]

1. Azwar, A. 1995. Pengantar Kesehatan Lingkungan. Jakarta: Mutiara Sumber Widya.

2. Dignan, M. B and Carr, P. A. 1992. Program Planning for Health Education and Promotion 2nd Edition.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger.
3. Ritson, Neil. 2008. Strategic Management. New York: Neil Ritson & Ventus Publishing ApS.
4. Departemen Kesehatan RI. 1987. Pedoman Studi Pembuangan Sampah. Jakarta: Proyek
Pengembangan Pendidikan Tenaga Sanitasi Pusat.
5. Undang – Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Nomor 18. 2008. Pengelolaan Sampah. [online]
http://pkps.bappenas.go.id/ (Accessed on October, 29th 2016).
6. Tague, Nancy R. 2005. The Quality Toolbox 2nd Edition. Milwaukee, United State: ASQ Quality Press.