Ingles test

Alumnos: Sánchez Mendoza Jorge Alberto

Jessica Zetina Martinez Commented [1]: Pónganlo como quieran pero si

empiezan por nombre propio ambos deben de ir así, o
por apellidos.

A new study on whales suggests Darwin

didn't quite get it right
Evolution is too complicated to plot out like a family tree.

By Kat Eschner April 9, 2018

Gray, blue, big, bigger: baleen whales put the mega in “megafauna.” In a new
study published on April 4 in the journal Science Advances, researchers discuss
the whole-genome sequencing of several of these mammoth species, including the
blue whale—the largest animal alive. They found that these marine mammals are
related in surprising ways, which could suggest that the most traditional view of
evolution isn’t quite right.

Six of the species the researchers studied, including the humpback, fin, sei, minke
and blue whale, are part of a family known as rorquals—they’re the baleen whales
that have pleated throats, allowing them to gulp huge mouthfuls of seawater that
they strain for food using baleen plates. Another baleen whale species, the gray
whale, is currently separated into its own taxonomic family. But by sequencing the
genomes of these species and applying a new form of scrutiny known as
evolutionary network analysis, the researchers were able to demonstrate that the
gray whale is also a rorqual, and that it’s closely related to fin and humpback
whales: more closely, in fact, than those whales are to other rorquals.

These findings provide further support for the thesis that "Evolution is much more
complicated than Darwin had envisioned," says study lead author and evolutionary
geneticist Axel Janke, who is affiliated with the Senckenberg Biodiversity and
Climate Research Center as well as Goethe University. Janke made headlines a
few years ago when genetic analysis led him and colleagues to argue that there
were actually four species of giraffe, not just one. Researchers in his lab are still
trying to figure out how and why the giraffes speciated. Commented [2]: ¿Esto es un subtítulo? Si es así,
fin whales resáltenlo y ponga mayúsculas. Si no es así, entonces
falta algo en el texto.
Charles Darwin posited that evolution can be represented by a tree, with each
species as one of the branches. He thought that speciation happened when
creatures were forced to adapt by geographic separation; slightly different habitats
favored slightly different adaptations, and a great physical divide would keep
populations from mixing. Over time, different ecological influences would mold
each group into something new. In the case of giraffes, Janke’s group theorized
that some obstacle in their evolutionary history—say, a river that turned
uncrossable as water levels rose—sparked their division into four species. In the
absence of proof one way or the other, that’s still possible.

But in the case of the whales, who share the oceans of the world, evidence for a
process called sympatric speciation—where a progenitor species can create new
offshoots in the same geographic space—is much clearer. Evolutionary network
analysis takes the tree metaphor and turns it into a complex web, which
acknowledges the different kinds of familial connections shown by whole-genome
sequencing. Comparing the whole genomes of rorquals shows that genetics is
much more fluid than the Darwinian “tree” model, Janke says.

Darwin wasn't wrong, per se: he worked with the tools available to him, primarily
observation. But modern biologists have other tools that have enabled them to see
different, subtler distinctions than those of appearance and behavior that Darwin,
and generations of biologists since, have relied on.

"Gene flow and hybridization is more common than biologists usually think," Janke
says. Analysis of the rorquals’ genes shows that they’ve interbred in different ways
at various times in their evolutionary history. This doesn't make much sense if you
rely only on Darwin’s model, where branches of the family tree never touch again
after they separate. But many of these whales share the same vast oceans, and
have speciated in spite of their ability to continue intermingling.

These results show that whole genome sequencing might be especially important
for marine life, because it shows how misunderstood the genetic relationships
between different kinds of marine creatures can be. In the case of the gray whale,
the reason it speciated seems to have been finding a new ecological niche. Gray
whales are bottom feeders who suck up sediment and food from the sea floor
rather than taking big gulps higher up, like the other rorquals in the study. Filling
that niche drove the whale to evolve differently, either losing the unnecessary
pleats in its throat or failing to develop them in the first place. Their unique looks
and behavior led biologists to believe they weren’t part of the same family as
rorquals, which got them their own branch on the traditional evolutionary family
tree. A more complex web, however, shows that they’re still intimately connected
with rorquals on a genetic level.

The exact catalysts for speciation among these whales could be things like
behavior, food, or breeding time, Janke says, “but this is not well known and
understood.” Further study is required, he says, but very few cetacean genomes
have been sequenced.

In addition to bringing about a family reunion of sorts, the research also kicked up a
hopeful fact about the rorquals, including the gray whale. It shows that the almost
worldwide moratorium on commercial whaling, put in place by the International
Whaling Commission in the early 1980s, saved enough of them to stabilize the
population. "We found rorquals are [genetically] diverse," Janke says. That genetic
diversity produces a species-wide resilience that has allowed them to weather
changing seas.

Glosario:

Gene flow: flujo de genes

Balaenopteridae o rorcuales: Los balenoptéridos, conocidos comúnmente como

rorcuales, son la familia más abundante y diversa de cetáceos misticetos, que
incluye, entre otros, el rorcual azul y la yubarta. Fue descrita en 1864 por el
zoólogo británico John Edward Gray.

Humpback: jorobada.

I. Coloca V (verdadero) o F (falso) conforme a la lectura

La ballena jorobada y la ballena azul no están relacionadas en el árbol Párrafo

evolutivo. II
La evolución es como había previsto Darwin. Párrafo
IV
Darwin trabajó solo con las herramientas de la observación Párrafo
VII
La ballena barbuda se alimenta aspirando los sedimentos en el fondo Párrafo
marino, en grandes bocados IX
La ballena gris y la ballena jorobada no están relacionadas. Párrafo Commented [3]: Supongo que hubo un error de dedo.
III Ya corregí.
 El flujo de genes y la hibridación es más
común de lo que los biólogos pueden
pensar

La evolución puede ser representada por

un árbol, con una especie en cada rama

Es un rorcual

Se pensaba que estaba separado de las

ballenas rorcuales

Es un zoólogo británico.

II. Relaciona las columnas Commented [CGC4]: Está muy raro el ejercicio. Pongan
ambas columnas juntas
1. Axel Janke
2. Charles
Darwin
3. La ballena
azul
4. La ballena
gris
5. John
Edward

III. Contesta las preguntas en completo español.

1 . ¿A qué institución pertenece Axel Janke?

2. ¿Qué otras especies de animales investigó Axel Janke?

3. ¿Qué famoso científico es mencionado en el texto?

4. ¿Sobre la anterior pregunta, ¿cuál fue la principal herramienta de este
investigador?

5. Menciona al menos tres tipos de ballenas que están citadas en el texto.

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Facultad de Estudios superiores Acatlán

Licenciatura en Historia

Semestre 2018-2

Materia: Nueva España Siglo XVIII

Profesor: Cerón Ruíz Miguel Ángel

Alumno: Sánchez Mendoza Jorge Alberto