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Integral Calculus Formula Sheet - 0 PDF
Integral Calculus Formula Sheet - 0 PDF
Derivative Rules:
d d
dx
c 0
dx
x n nx n 1
d d
sin x cos x cos x sin x
dx
d
dx
d
d x
a a x ln a
sec x sec x tan x csc x csc x cot x dx
dx
d
dx
d
d x
e ex
tan x sec2 x cot x csc 2 x dx
dx dx
d d d d d
cf x c f x f x g x f x g x
dx dx dx dx dx
f g d
f g f g f g
f
g
fg
g2 dx
f g x f g x g x
Properties of Integrals:
f ( x)dx 0
a
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a b
c b c b
1
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a a b
f ave
b a a
f ( x) dx
a a a
a
f ( x)dx 2 f ( x) dx if f(x) is even
0
a
f ( x) dx 0 if f(x) is odd
b f (b )
g ( f ( x)) f ( x)dx
a f (a)
g (u )du udv uv vdu
Integration Rules:
e du e C u
u u
du 1
csc u cot u du csc u C u u 2 a 2 a arc sec a C
1
a du ln a a C sec u tan u du sec u C
u u
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
d x
F ' x f t dt f x where f t is a continuous function on [a, x].
dx a
f x dx F b F a , where F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x).
b
Riemann Sums:
n n b n
ca
i 1
i c ai
i 1
f ( x)dx lim f (a ix)x
n
a i 1
n n n
a i bi ai bi x b a
i 1 i 1 i 1 n
n
height of ith rectangle width of ith rectangle
1 n
i 1
i
Right Endpoint Rule:
n
n(n 1)
n n
i 1
i
2 f (a ix)(x) (
i 1 i 1
(b a )
n
) f (a i (b n a ) )
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
i2
i 1 6
Left Endpoint Rule:
n n
n
n( n 1)
2
f (a (i 1)x)(x) ( (b na ) ) f (a (i 1) (bn a ) )
i
i 1
3
2
i 1 i 1
Midpoint Rule:
n n
i 1
f (a ( i 1) i
2 x)(x) ( (b n a ) ) f (a
i 1
( i 1) i
2
(ba )
n )
Net Change:
b b t t
Displacement: v ( x) dx
a
Distance Traveled: v( x) dx
a
s (t ) s (0) v( x)dx Q (t ) Q (0) Q( x)dx
0 0
Trig Formulas:
Geometry Fomulas:
Area in terms of x (vertical rectangles): Area in terms of y (horizontal rectangles):
b d
(top bottom)dx
a
(right left )dy
c
General Volumes by Slicing: Disk Method:
Given: Base and shape of Cross‐sections For volumes of revolution laying on the axis with
b slices perpendicular to the axis
V A( x )dx if slices are vertical b
V R ( x ) dx if slices are vertical
2
a
d a
V A( y )dy if slices are horizontal d
V R ( y ) dy if slices are horizontal
2
c
c
Washer Method: Shell Method:
For volumes of revolution not laying on the axis with For volumes of revolution with slices parallel to the
slices perpendicular to the axis axis
b b
V R ( x) r ( x) dx if slices are vertical V 2 rhdx if slices are vertical
2 2
a a
d d
V R ( y ) r ( y ) dy if slices are horizontal V 2 rhdy if slices are horizontal
2 2
c c
Physical Applications:
Physics Formulas Associated Calculus Problems
Mass: Mass of a one‐dimensional object with variable linear
Mass = Density * Volume (for 3‐D objects) density:
Mass = Density * Area (for 2‐D objects) b b
Work to lift liquid:
d
Work ( gravity )(density )(distance) ( area of a slice) dy
c volume
d
W 9.8* * A( y ) *(a y )dy (in metric)
c
Force/Pressure: Force of water pressure on a vertical surface:
Force = Pressure * Area d
Integration by Parts:
Knowing which function to call u and which to call dv takes some practice. Here is a general guide:
1
u Inverse Trig Function ( sin x, arccos x, etc )
Logarithmic Functions ( log 3 x, ln( x 1), etc )
( x , x 5,1/ x, etc )
3
Algebraic Functions
Trig Functions ( sin(5 x ), tan( x ), etc )
3x 3x
dv Exponential Functions ( e ,5 , etc )
Functions that appear at the top of the list are more like to be u, functions at the bottom of the list are more like to be dv.
Trig Integrals:
Integrals involving sin(x) and cos(x): Integrals involving sec(x) and tan(x):
1. If the power of the sine is odd and positive: 1. If the power of sec( x ) is even and positive:
Goal: u cos x Goal: u tan x
i. Save a du sin( x ) dx
i. Save a du sec ( x ) dx
2
ii. Convert the remaining factors to
ii. Convert the remaining factors to
cos( x ) (using sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x .)
tan( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)
2 2
i. sin ( x )
2 1
2
1 cos(2 x ) to convert one tan x to sec x
2 2
ii. cos ( x )
2 1
1 cos(2 x) Rules for sec(x) and tan(x) also work for csc(x) and
2
cot(x) with appropriate negative signs
If nothing else works, convert everything to sines and cosines.
Trig Substitution:
Expression Substitution Domain Simplification
a2 u2 u a sin a 2 u 2 a cos
2 2
a2 u2 u a tan a 2 u 2 a sec
2 2
u 2 a2 u a sec 0 , u 2 a 2 a tan
2
Partial Fractions:
Linear factors: Irreducible quadratic factors:
P( x) A B Y Z P( x) Ax B Cx D Wx X Yx Z
... m 1
2 2 ... 2 2
( x r1 ) m
( x r1 ) ( x r1 ) 2
( x r1 ) ( x r1 ) m ( x r1 )
2 m
( x r1 ) ( x r1 ) 2
( x r1 ) m 1
( x r1 ) m
If the fraction has multiple factors in the denominator, we just add the decompositions.