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Calculus Formula Sheet Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
d x
F ' x f t dt f x where f t is a continuous function on [a, x].
dx a
Derivative Rules:
d d
c 0 x n nx n 1
f x dx F b F a , where F(x) is any antiderivative of f(x).
b
dx dx
a
d d
sin x cos x cos x sin x
dx
d
dx
d
d x
a a x ln a
sec x sec x tan x csc x csc x cot x dx Riemann Sums:
dx
d
dx
d
d x
e ex n n b n
dx
tan x sec2 x
dx
cot x csc 2 x dx
ca
i 1
i c ai
i 1
f ( x)dx lim f (a ix)x
n
a i 1
d d d d d n n n
dx
cf x c f x
dx dx
f x g x f x g x
dx dx a i bi ai bi x b a
i 1 i 1 i 1 n
f g d
f g f g f g
f
g
fg
g2 dx
f g x f g x g x
n
1 n
height of ith rectangle width of ith rectangle
i
i 1 Right Endpoint Rule:
n
n(n 1)
i
n n
Properties of Integrals: i 1 2 f (a ix)(x) (
i 1 i 1
(b a )
n
) f (a i (b n a ) )
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
i 2
Left Endpoint Rule:
kf (u )du k f (u )du f (u ) g (u )du f (u )du g (u )du i 1 6 n n
a b a n
n( n 1)
2
f (a (i 1)x)(x) ( (b a )
) f (a (i 1) (bn a ) )
n
i
f ( x)dx 0 f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
3
i 1 i 1
i 1 2 Midpoint Rule:
a a b
f (a x)(x) (
c b c b n n
( i 1) i (ba ) ( i 1) i (ba )
1 ) f (a
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a a b
f ave
b a a
f ( x) dx
i 1
2
i 1
n 2 n )
a a a
a
f ( x)dx 2 f ( x) dx if f(x) is even
0
a
f ( x) dx 0 if f(x) is odd
Net Change:
b f (b )
a f (a)
Displacement: v ( x) dx
a
Distance Traveled: v( x) dx
a
s (t ) s (0) v( x)dx Q (t ) Q (0) Q( x)dx
0 0
Integration Rules:
Trig Formulas:
e du e C u
u u
du 1
csc u cot u du csc u C u u 2 a 2 a arc sec a C Geometry Fomulas:
1 u
a du a C sec u tan u du sec u C
u
a a ii. Convert the remaining factors to
d d ii. Convert the remaining factors to
cos( x ) (using sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x .)
V R ( y ) r ( y ) dy if slices are horizontal V 2 rhdy if slices are horizontal
2 2
tan( x ) (using sec x 1 tan x .)
2 2
Mass = Density * Area (for 2‐D objects) b b
i. sin ( x )
2 1
1 cos(2 x ) to convert one tan x to sec x
2 2