Plumbing Design

SAB 2032
FKM
SAB 2032
Mechanical and
Electrical System
LECTURER: DR. MAZLAN ABDUL WAHID

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan
UTM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Dr Mazlan 2011
SAB 2032
FKM
Water Systems
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mazlan Abdul Wahid

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
www.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan
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SAB 2032
Contents
FKM
• Water Consumption and Demands

• Pipe Sizing and Water Storage
• Pumping Systems and Performance
• Other Design Considerations
• Exercise
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SAB 2032
Water Consumption & Demands

FKM
• Common water supply systems

• Cold water system
• Potable/fresh water
• Flushing (salt water in Malaysia)
• Cleansing water
• Swimming pool filtration
• Irrigation (e.g. for landscape)
• Fountain circulation
• Make-up water of cooling tower, etc.
• Hot water system (e.g. in hotels & hospitals)
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Major tasks of water systems design:

• Assessment & estimation of demands
• Supply scheme & schematic
• Water storage requirements
• Piping layout
• Pipe sizing
• Pump capacity
• Designers require a wide range of info.
• Water usage, patterns of use, flow loads
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Practical info on water usage

• Very few experimental studies on this!
• Theoretical framework
• Fit the data & provide a design method
• Based on statistics & probability, e.g. binomial
distribution
 n!  m
Pm =   × P (1 − P ) n −m
UTM
 m!(n − m)! 
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FKM
 n!  m
Pm =   × P (1 − P) n − m
 m!(n − m)! 
Pm = Probability of occurrence
And n is the total number of fittings having the
same probability and m is number of fitting in
use at any one time.
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Designers have to make do with very limited

practical info. & make up by engineering
judgement
• Many design guides are from western countries
• Need to understand the context/circumstance
• Is it similar to average/typical?
• Any foreseeable special requirements?
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FKM
Estimated
total water
use in England
& Wales
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Simultaneous demands
• Most fittings are used only at irregular intervals
• No need to size pipework on continuous max.
• Evaluate the ‘probable maximum’ using a
‘loading unit’ rating
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Apply probability theory

• Assume random usage with fittings (true?)
• Determine max. frequencies of use
• Estimate average water usage rates & time
• The theory is valid with large nos. of fittings
• Often expect to be exceeded at 1% time only
• Reliability and risk management
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Loading Units
• Definition – A factor or number given to an appliance
relating the flow rate at its terminal fitting to
• the length of time in use
• the frequency of use for a particular type and
• use of building.
• WC flushing cistern = ? L.U.

• The answer may be 1 or 2 or 5 L.U.
• Shower head = ? L.U.
• The answer may be 2 or 3 or 6 L.U.
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Why there are 3 values on loading units??

• The answer is the assumption of use, that is, low, medium or
high rate of use.
• Low use assumes 20 min interval between use
• Med use assumes 10 min interval between use
• High use assumes 5 min interval between use
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FKM
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FKM
• Design flow considerations

• A small increase in demand over design level will
cause a slight reduction in pressure/flow (unlikely
to be noticed by users)
• Exceptional cases, such as:
• Cleaners’ sinks
• Urinal flushing cisterns (constant small flow)
• Team changing rooms at sport clubs
• Special events
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Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

FKM
• Pipe sizing procedure

• Assume a pipe diameter
• Determine the flow rate
• Determine the effective pipe length
• Calculate the permissible loss of head
• Determine the pipe diameter
• Usually, flow velocities shall be < 3 m/s
• The higher the temperature of the water, the lower would be
the limit of flow velocity
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Avoid oversizing & undersizing
Oversizing
• High cost – extra but unnecessary
• Delay in getting at outlets
• Increase heat loss from distributing piping
Undersizing
• Slow or even no water during peak demand
• Variation in temperature & pressure at outlet (obvious in
mixer for shower)
• High noise level
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SAB 2032

FKM
Pipe Sizing – parameters to be listed out (page 1 of 3)
1. Pipe reference -Mark pipe reference on the schematic

drawing and enter the pipe reference on the table
2. Loading units- Determine the loading units according to the
outlet fittings
3. Flow rate (l/s) - Convert loading units to flow rate
4. Pipe size (mm diameter) - Make assumption to the pipe size
5. Loss of head (m/m run) - Find friction resistance per metre
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FKM
6. Flow velocity (m/s)- Find the flow velocity
7. Measured pipe run (m)- Measure the straight pipe length
8. Equivalent pipe length (m) - Find the frictional resistance in
fittings (as equivalent length)
9. Effective pipe length (m)- Total length (= straight +
equivalent length)
UTM 10. Head consumed - total length x metre/ metre loss

SAB 2032

FKM
11. Progressive head (m) - Add head consumed to progressive head
12. Available head (m) - Check available head available at point of delivery
13. Final pipe size (mm) - Compare progress head with available head to
confirm any correction of pipe diameter.
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FKM
Pipe Fitting Loss :

1) K value
2) Equivalent
length
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FKM
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FKM
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FKM
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FKM
•Useful formulae for pipes:

•Relative discharging power D
5
N=  
d
•Thomas Box formula d5 ×H

q=
25 × L ×105
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Water storage allowance depends on:

• Type and use of buildings
• Number of occupants
• Type and number of fittings
• Frequency and pattern of use
• Likelihood and frequency of breakdown of supply
• Often design for 24-hour reserve capacity
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SAB 2032
FKM
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FKM
• Recovery rate and hot water storage

• Recovery period = time to heat up the stored water
• Too high a storage volume: unnecessary costs
• Inadequate storage: loads not met
• Need to consider these factors:
• Pattern of use
• Rate of heat input to the stored water
• Recovery period for the hot water storage vessel
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SAB 2032
FKM
• Need to consider these factors:

•Any stratification of the stored water
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SAB 2032
FKM
Pipe Sizing & Water
Storage
Water heater – good

mixing of water
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Formula to calculate recovery period

• M = V T / (14.3 P)
• M = time to heat the water (min.)
• V = volume of water heated (litres)
• T = temperature rise (oC)
• P = rate of heat input to the water (kW)
• It can be applied to any pattern of use
• It ignores heat losses from storage vessel
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SAB 2032
Pump Systems & Performance

FKM
• Centrifugal pumps are commonly used

• Two types of systems:
• Closed systems
• Recirculation
• Open systems
• Open to atmosphere
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Neutral point
= h x density x 9.81
= atmospheric
= 101,325 Pa
Thus, h = 10.33 m
Pump pressure effects in an open system
SAB 2032

FKM
• Pump considerations
• Practical suction lift is 5 m maximum
• Also known as net positive suction head (NPSH)
• Pump location is important for both closed and open
systems
• Open system: not excessive to avoid cavitation
• Power
• Close system: Influence water level of open vent pipe &
the magnitude of antiflash margin (temp. difference
between water & its saturation temp.)
• ‘Self-priming’ to evacuate air from suction line
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Pump characteristics
• Characteristics curves (e.g. from catalogue):
• Total head
• efficiency
• No-flow conditions (flow = zero)
• Close valve pressure
• Need to prevent over-heat
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Pump
characteristics
curves
(centrifugal)
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FKM
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FKM
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FKM
Q = Flow, p = Pressure, P = Power
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Main characteristics of centrifugal & positive displacement pumps
Centrifugal pumps Positive Displacement pumps

(very few using in plumbing
system)
- Capacity varies with head - Capacity substantially

- Capacity proportional to pump independent of head
speed - Capacity proportional to speed
- Head proportional to the square - Self-priming
of pump speed - Suitable for various liquids
- Non self-priming (reduced speeds usually necessary
- Suitable for low-viscosity liquid for high viscosity
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SAB 2032

FKM
• Pump characteristics (cont’d)

• Pumps connected in series:
• Double the pressure
• Pumps connected in parallel:
• Double the flow
• Dissimilar pumps may not be in parallel
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Pumps in
series
Pumps in
Parallel
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SAB 2032

FKM

• Pumps with steep characteristics
• Change in pressure -> small change in flow rate
• Useful where pipes tend to scale up
• Pumps with flat characteristics
• Change in flow -> small change in pressure
• Useful where extensive hydraulic balancing is needed
• For closed systems, pressure at zero flow shall be
greater than static height of the system to ensure
initiation of flow
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SAB 2032

FKM

• Pumps with constant speed cannot respond to
changes in load
• Require a bypass to ensure constant flow
• Variable speed pumps
• Provides for savings in pumping costs during partial
load
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FKM
Types of centrifugal pumps:-

1) Vertical and horizontal
2) Single and multiple stages
Pump materials to suit the

environment, e.g. stainless steel
pumps for salt water system
Vertical, multiple stages pump

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FKM
Pump impeller
Horizontal centrifugal pump

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Other Design Considerations

FKM
• Noise & vibration

• Pipe noise
• Pipe should not be fixed rigidly to lightweight panels
• Flow noise
• Keep velocities under control
• Pump noise
• Use rubber hose isolators, resilient inserts, acoustic
filters
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SAB 2032
FKM
• Water hammer
• Such as when a valve is closed rapidly
• Pulsating type of noise by shock waves
• Preventive measures:
• Prevent sudden closing of the valve
• Absorb pressure peaks (e.g. by pneumatic vessels)
• Increase the attenuation of pressure waves when
transmitted through the pipework
• Design the pipework to avoid long straight pipe runs
• Restrict water velocities (e.g. to a maximum of 3 m/s)
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SAB 2032
FKM
• Back siphonage
• Occur when water mains pressure reduce greatly
• Contamination of water may happen
• Contamination might also occur due to gravity &
backpressure backflow
• Anti-siphonage device and design precautions
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SAB 2032
FKM
• Water economy & energy conservation

• Economy of water
• A key factor in the design (to conserve water)
• Measures:
• Detect water leakage
• New & innovative flushing arrangements (e.g. low-water and
pressure flushing cisterns)
• Water plugs, self-closing taps, spray taps, aerators, etc.
• Energy conservation
• Insulation of hot water pipe, fittings & vessels
• Use of fresh water for cooling tower make-up
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SAB 2032
Further Reading
FKM
• Garrett, R. H., 2000. Hot and Cold Water Supply,

2nd ed., Blackwell Science, Malden, MA
• Hall, F., 1994. Building Services and Equipment, 3rd

ed., Vol. 2
• Moss, K. J., 1996. Heating and Water Services

Design in Buildings
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SAB 2032
Design of Cold & Hot Water System–
System–
Exercise One
FKM
Assume that a cold water storage cistern of 9000 litres capacity installed at
the roof of the building is to be refilled very two hours.
The vertical height and the horizontal run from the water main to the ball
valve is 26 m and 9 m respectively. The friction loss of pipe and fitting
may be taken as 10.5 m.
It is given that the pressure on the main supplying cistern is 300 kPa at the
time of refill.
Calculate the diameter of this supply main by making use of Thomas Box
formulae.
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SAB 2032
Design of Cold & Hot Water

FKM
System–
System– Exercise Two
Water supply from a cistern is shown on

the right diagram.
Fill in the blanks of the below table.
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SAB 2032
Design of Cold & Hot Water System–

System–
FKM Exercise Three
A storage type water heater has the following characteristics: -
Heat input to water is 3 kW.
Hot water sufficient for 2 baths (each bath draws off 60 litres at 60oC and 40
litres supply main water to give a mixed water temperature of 40oC) & one
kitchen sink (10 litres) followed by one further bath (also draw-off 60 litres at
60oC and 40 litres supply main water which is at 10oC to give a mixed water
temperature of 40oC) after 30 minutes.
Determine the minimum capacities of a storage type water heater of a

residential flat assuming that there is good mixing of the stored water.
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SAB 2032

LECTURER: DR. MAZLAN ABDUL WAHID

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mazlan Abdul Wahid

• Water Consumption and Demands

Water Consumption & Demands

• Common water supply systems

Water Consumption & Demands

• Major tasks of water systems design:

Water Consumption & Demands

• Practical info on water usage

Water Consumption & Demands

Water Consumption & Demands

• Designers have to make do with very limited

Water Consumption & Demands

Water Consumption & Demands

• Apply probability theory

Water Consumption & Demands

• WC flushing cistern = ? L.U.

Water Consumption & Demands

• Why there are 3 values on loading units??

Water Consumption & Demands

• Design flow considerations

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

• Pipe sizing procedure

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

Pipe Sizing – parameters to be listed out (page 1 of 3)

1. Pipe reference -Mark pipe reference on the schematic

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

7. Measured pipe run (m)- Measure the straight pipe length

8. Equivalent pipe length (m) - Find the frictional resistance in

fittings (as equivalent length)

9. Effective pipe length (m)- Total length (= straight +

UTM 10. Head consumed - total length x metre/ metre loss

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

Pipe Sizing – parameters to be listed out (page 3 of 3)

11. Progressive head (m) - Add head consumed to progressive head

confirm any correction of pipe diameter.

Pipe Fitting Loss :

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

•Useful formulae for pipes:

•Thomas Box formula d5 ×H

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

• Water storage allowance depends on:

• Recovery rate and hot water storage

• Need to consider these factors:

Water heater – good

Pipe Sizing & Water Storage

• Formula to calculate recovery period

Pump Systems & Performance

• Centrifugal pumps are commonly used

Pump pressure effects in an open system

Pump Systems & Performance

Pump Systems & Performance

Pump Systems & Performance

Pump Systems & Performance

Q = Flow, p = Pressure, P = Power

Main characteristics of centrifugal & positive displacement pumps

Centrifugal pumps Positive Displacement pumps

- Capacity varies with head - Capacity substantially