KAS REVIEWER
thoughts as a means to solve existing
alyana daquioag
Filipino Nationalism
In the history of the Philippines, the
birth of nationalism went rather
slowly due to topography, language
problems and colonial policy.
- Like a seed nourished by common ideals
and aspirations for national unity.
- Belief, creed or political ideology that
involves an individual identifying with,
or becoming attached to one’s nation.
a. Opening of the Philippines to
International Trade
- Provincial ports were opened to
foreign merchants – rice, sugar, abaca ,
tobacco and indigo
- Broke dependency on the treasury
of Mexico, economies developed
b. Rise of middle class (education –
only for elite (intelligentsia or ilustrado)
– intellectuals in other countries)
- Comprised of the Chinese and Spanish
mestizo
- Middle class took advantage of the
economic boom of the Phil.
Acquired material wealth; improve
social standing; able to send their
children in Europe, children became
members of Propaganda movement
c. European Liberalism: Tatlong
Sangkap: Equality, Liberty, Fraternity
- Throughout Europe and in the Western
Hemisphere, liberalism inspired
nationalistic aspirations to the
creation of unified, independent,
constitutional states with their own
parliaments and the rule of law
Influx of Liberal ideas: applying Western
problems in the country; due also to
opening of Suez Canal; they gained
access from the books and newspapers
brought by foreign travelers
d. Racial Prejudice
e. Secularization: Filipinos have access
to education (Foreign priests are being
replaced by Filipinos)
- Regular priests (belonged to religious
orders, spread Christianity)
- Secular Priests (trained to run
parishes and were under the supervision
of bishops)
- Conflict: when Bishops visited the
parishes that were run by regular
priests; secular priests must fill in the
vacancy left by regular clergy
- Christian converts >> # of clerics
- Due to lack of personnel, the various
religious orders opened membership
to young native Filipinos.
- Conflict: Spanish friars and Filipino
priests (Father Pedro Pelaez – defended
Filipino rights)
f. Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela
Torre – most loved (freedom of press)
(1869 – 1871)
- Liberal Spaniards who practiced liberal
and democratic principles; closed
relationship with ilustrados; peaceful
settlement of agrarian unrest in Cavite
g. Cavite Mutiny and GOMBURZA:
Age of enlightenment – scientific
revolution (nagpaliwanag sa bagay
bagay); church during those times are
the one most trusted in explaining
everything but…
- Liberal govt established by Dela Torre
ended; abolition of exemption from tax;
41 mutineers were executed
 Father Mariano Gomez, Father
Jose Burgos; Father Jacinto
Zamora – executed on charges of
subversion (refers to an attempt to
transform the established social order
and its structures)
Garotte – weapon used to strangle a
person
THEIR DEATHS AWAKENED STRONG
FEELINGS OF ANGER AND
RESENTMENT AMONG FILIPINOS.
Propaganda Movement:
Main aim: Assimilation
Specific: equality of Filipinos and
Spaniards; transform the Philippines to
a province of Spain; representation to
the Spanish Cortes; secularization;
freedom of expression; institute reforms
in commerce
THE GREAT REFORMISTS
 Jose Rizal – Dimas-Alang/Laong-Laan
- Most cultured among the reformist
- Noli Me Tangere (describe the
happenings during that time – abuses)
and El Filibusterismo
(reactions/prescriptive – rebel)
- Philippine A Century Hence; Mi Ultimo
Adios; A La Juventud Filipino (Para sa
Kabataan)
- Play: El Consejo de los Dioses (best
entry): not awarded because he was
Filipino
- He observed early in life how the
Spaniards maltreated the Filipinos.
He saw, too, how the Spanish authorities
ordered his aging mother to walk from
Calamba to the town of Santa Cruz, the
capital of the province, because of a false
charge made against her by Spanish
provincial officials. He saw all the
injustices being committed against the
Filipinos. He swore for the freedom of
his country.
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar – Dolores
Manapat/Plaridel
- Caiingat Cayo; Dasalan at Taksahan –
Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Barya; Ten
Commandments
- succeeded López Jaena as editor of the
La Solidaridad
- Died on July 4, 1896; greatest journalist
- Majority of the famous patriots
supported the leadership of Del Pilar not
only in the propaganda but also in the
establishment and management of
Philippine Masonry, all for the liberty of
the ountry through the power of the
press; translated books to Filipino
language
 Graciano Lopez Jaena – He wrote a
long story about a certain friar he named
Fray Botod, who was greedy,immoral,
and cruel. The story was circulated in
Iloilo and soon, the friars hated him for
it. He went to Manila toescape the
prosecution and to continue his studies.
But the Spanish authorities harassed
him, which compelled tohim to secretly
sail for Europe in 1880.
Lopez Jaena was the great orator: Rizal
was the great thinker: and Del Pilar
was the greatpolitical analysts and
journalist.
Philippine historians regard López
Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar and
José Rizal, as the triumvirate of
Filipino propagandists. Of these three
ilustrados, López Jaena was the first to
arrive in Spain and may have begun the
Propaganda Movement which advocated
the reform of the then-Spanish colony of
the Philippines and which eventually led
to the armed Philippine Revolution that
begun in Manila in 1896. The
Propaganda Movement was a key step
 towards a Philippine national
identity.
- First Filipino lodge in the Philippines is
LA SOLIDARIDAD
 Jan. 6, 1891 through Pedro Serrano
- Official newspaper of Propaganda
Movement
 First Filipino woman to become Mason
- First issue – Feb. 15, 1889
- Dedicated to the exposition of the
Philippine conditions
- First editor: Graciano Lopez Haena
- to collect, to gather, libertarian ideas
which are manifested daily in the field of
politics, science, art, literature,
commerce, agriculture and industry
Other contributors: Mariano Ponce
(Tikbalang Naning, Kalipulako);
Antonio Luna (Taga-ilog); Jose Ma.
Panganiban (Jomapa)
Aims:
1. Removal of the friars
2. Active participation in the affairs of
the govt.
3. Freedom of speech, of the press and
of assembly
4. Wider social and political freedom
5. Equality before the law
6. Assimilation (the process whereby
individuals or groups of differing ethnic
heritage are absorbed into the dominant
culture of a society)
7. Representation in the Spanish Cortes
Other aims:
- Right to vote, freedom of commerce,
removal of the friars from Ph because
they were obstacles to progress; extol
liberal ideas
Role of Masonry
- Procurement of funds; recruitment of
members
- First Filipino lodge (meeting place) in
Spain was the Revolucion, established
by Graciano in Barcelona on April 1,
1889. In Madrid, they established the
lodge of La Solidaridad
Nilad
Laktaw
is Rosaria Villaruel – lodge Walana
(July 18, 1893)
The first Masonic lodge established in
the Philippines - 1856. It was followed
shortly thereafter by lodges organized in
Manila. All these lodges, however, were
composed of Spaniards and
foreigners. Only a handful of Filipinos
were admitted into membership. It was
not until 1892 that the first lodges
composed of Filipinos were set up in the
country. But while the doors of the early
lodges were closed to the Filipinos, the
Spaniards and foreigners who
comprised their membership gave the
Filipinos a foretaste of the libertarian
ideals of the Fraternity and aroused in
them a craving for the "new liberties".
This was especially true during the
terms of Governor Generals Carlos
Maria de la Torre. The Masons spread
among their newly-found Filipino
friends such dangerous ideas as
"liberty, equality, fraternity and
independence."
They joined Masonry and realized for
the first time that they were treated as
equals by their Spanish brothers.
Rizal, del Pilar, Mariano Ponce and
others saw the liberalism pervading in
the very seat of colonial power, in stark
contrast to the manner in which the
Philippine colonial government was
being run by the friar-influenced
Spanish governors. (La solidaridad)
Hispano-Filipino Association
 Leader: Propagandists
- Composed of Spaniards and Filipinos
who have been working in the
Philippines as merchants (buyer and
seller of commodities for profit) or civil
servants
- Madrid (Jan. 12, 1889)
- Prominent Spanish members were
Miguel Morayta, professor of History
at Unibersidad Central de Madrid who
served as first President and Felipe
dela Coste as author
Association is divided into three:
1. Political – Marcelo H. del Pilar
2. Literary – Mariano Ponce
3. Sports – Tomas Arejelo
Objectives:
a. Through reform of the Philippines
b. To let the Spaniards hear the voices of
Filipinos
c. Abilition of diezmos prediales and the
santorum
d. The establishment of agricultural banks
Several Reforms:
- Compulsory teaching of Spanish
- Suppression of inhuman punishment
- Establishment of secondary schools
- Initiation of reforms in public ad.
La Liga Filipina (July 3, 1892, Tondo)
- First document of nationalism
- President: Ambrosio Salvador; Fiscal
Agustin dela Rosa; Treasurer: Bonifacio
Arevalo
- Jose Rizal as founder
Aims:
a. To unite the whole archipelago into one
homogenous body
b. Mutual protection in every want and
necessity
c. Defense against all violence and
injustice
d. Encouragement of agriculture
e. Study and application of reforms
- July 6, Rizal was arrested and was
deported to Dapitan; divided – Cuerpo
de Compromisarios and Katipunan
- La Liga Filipina became inactive
Failure of Propaganda Movement
a. Lack of funds
b. Conflict among members
c. Friars were too powerful
d. Mother Spain was preoccupied with its
own internal problems
- Spain itself was undergoing a lot of
internal problems all that time, which
could explain why the mother country
failed to pay attention to Filipino’s
petitions.
KATIPUNAN – July 7, 1892, Tondo
- KKK – Andres Bonifacio, Deodato
Aullano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata,
Ladislao Diwa
- The only way to gain independence is by
revolution
- root word "tipon", an indigenous
Tagalog word, meaning: "society" or
"gather together"
Aims:
1. Political separation of Philippines from
Spain
2. Moral teaching of good manners,
hygiene, and good morals
3. Civic defense for the poor and the
oppressed
- Until October 1892
 Deodato – President; Valentin –
Treasurer; Ladislao – fiscal; Bonifacio –
Comptroller; Teodoro – Secretary
December 31, 1895 – Andres Bonifacio
was elected as Supremo
First Grade: Katipon – Anak ng Bayan
Second Grade: Kawal – GOMBURZA
Third Grade: Bayani – Rizal
- Katipon could go to kawal if he
recruited members (kamag-anak
enterprise)
- Kawal to Bayani if elected as officer
ANDRES BONIFACIO
- Tondo (Nov. 30, 1861)
- Parents: Catalina de Castro and Santiago
Bonifacio
- Clerk messenger of Fleming and
company then to Fressel and Company
- Fell inlove with Monica, whom he
married
GREGORIO DE JESUS – Lakambini
ng KKK
EMILIO JACINTO – brains of
Katipunan (Tondo, December 15, 1875)
- Son of Mariano Jacinto and Josefa
Dizon
- San Juan de Letran – UST
- Youngest member of Katipunan at 18
years old
- He wrote Kartilla ng Katipunan
Women Members: Josefa Rizal –
President; Gregoria – Vice; Martina
Dizon – Secretary; Angelica Rizal Lopez
– fiscal
Melchora Aquino – Tandang Sora –
Mother of Katipunan
Role of Women
1. Took care of wounded
2. Served as fronts during meetings
3. Served as keepers of Katipunan’s
documents
4. Participated in actual battle
Jose Rizal suggested that the
Katipunan obtain the support of wealthy
and influential Filipinos first, in order to
gain financial assistance. He also
recommended Antonio Luna as
commander of its armed forces, since
Luna had much knowledge and
expertise in military tactics.
Katipunan newspaper – Kalayaan
- Emilio Jacinto (editor) but Marcelo’s
name appeared
- Printed in Manila but Yokohoma was
the name
- Jan. 18, 1896 – date of first issue but
MARCH
- Emilio-Dimas – Ilaw, Andres-Agap-ito
- Bonifacio was tried and executed in
Mount Tala
BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC
- Emilio Aguinaldo established
headquarters at Biak-na-Bato in San
Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan
- They established a republican
government
- Provisional constitution prepared by
Felix Ferrer and Isabela Astacho, who
copied the Cuban const. of Jimaguaya –
November 1, 1897
Demands: Expulsion of the friars and
the return of lands to Philippines;
Representation in Spanish Cortes;
Freedom of the press and tolerance of all
religious sect.; equal treatment and pay
for peninsular
 Nov. 18, 1897 – Pedro Paterno asked
if he could as mediator between Spanish
and Filipino;
Final agreement: Dec. 15, 1897
Surrender weapons and went to
Hongkong (400k)
Tejeros Convention - March 22, 1897,
a convention was held in Tejeros in
order to settle the dispute between the
two councils and to decide on what type
of government should be installed.
a. Bonifacio was assigned to preside in
the election of the officers of the new
government; he laid down the rule that
the assembly should respect whatever
would be the outcome of the election.
When Bonifacio was elected Secretary
of Interior, Daniel Tirona contested and
argued that a lawyer should handle the
position. Bonifacio felt insulted and
demanded an apology from Tirona. He
declared that all matters were null and
void.
Biak na Bato
- very ideal hideout for Emilio and his
troops because the area had cave
network and river systems; natural
defensive properties
- Emilio declared a republic here – the
first ever republic of PH
Goals:
- The removal of friars and the return of
their lands to the rightful Filipinos
- Representation in the Spanish court
- Freedom of the press and of religious
expression
- Equal treatment for peninsulares (those
born in Spain) and insulares (those born
in the Philippines) civil servants
- Abolition of the banishment system
- Equality for all people in legal terms
The success of this ‘second’ Katipunan
made the Spanish government realise
that breaking Biak-na-Bato will not
necessarily break the revolutionary
cause. Governor-general Primo de
Rivera then planned to forge a peace
pact with Emilio.
With the help of lawyer Pedro Paterno,
Spain and the Philippines nevertheless
made the peace through the Pact of
Biak-na-Bato.
HONGKONG JUNTA
- They formed a Junta with aim of
preparing for the eventual return
to Ph. And the continuance of their
struggle ahainst Spain
- Return of Ph with Americans
- Emilio agreed to exile in Hong Kong in
exchange for 400,000 pesos
- Many promises made like the granting
of reforms were not honored, along with
the agreed indemnity which was only
partially paid. Also, released prisoners
on amnesty were re-arrested and
hundreds were executed.
RESULT OF PH REVOLUTION
- Declaration of independence
- Establish of government
- Filipinization of the Catholic Church (Ph
independence Church – Gregorio
Aglipay)
American Imperalism
5D’s
a. Destiny – destined to civilize the
uncivilized
b. Democracy – all men should be equal
and be treated equally (Spain –
champion)
c. Dollar – ready market – patronize
American; currency – aim:universal;
Economic industrialization
d. Defense – why Ph is Strategic?
- Cam get back up to from near countries;
can easily get out of Ph; Military bases:
- location for defense system; stopover
e. Doctrine – Protestantism (pari) -
adherence to the forms of Christian
doctrine that are generally regarded as
Protestant rather than Catholic or
Eastern Orthodox
- Protestant religion
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Battle of Manila Bay
- The United States went on to win the
war, which ended Spanish colonial rule
in the Americas and resulted in U.S.
acquisition of territories in the western
Pacific and Latin America.
- Aguinaldo was left in HK, his
companion started a battle in Manila
against American
- Defeat of Filipinos (Americans don’t
need us)
 Aguinaldo returns – went back and
get everything that they pastly own
 Renewal of struggle
 Mock battle of Manila Bay
Dictatorial Government – May 24,
1898 (isa lang kakausapin – Dictator
and yun ang masusunod)
Declaration of Independence – June 12
Apolinaro Mabini – “Dark chamber
of the President”; “Brains of the
Revolution”
Revolutionary Government: June
23, 1898
- Objective of the government was to fight
for Philippine independence
- Drafted a constitution through the
Malolos Congress
- August 29, 1898 – Aguinaldo decreed
the opening of school
- October 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo created
the Literary University of the
Philippines with Dr. Joaquin Gonzales
(first president)
- June 24 and August 10, 1898 –
Aguinaldo designate the Hongkong
Junta to represent Philippines
Felipe Agoncillo – US; Mariano Ponce –
Japan; Antonio Regidor – England;
Juan Luna and Pedro Roxas – France;
Edilberto Zacal – Australia
Malolos Constitution
- First important document by congress
- Legislative (representative of all) >
Executive and Judicial
- Created a unicameral (one
government – faster) form of legislative
body
- Main provisions: separation of church
and state; establishment of a Literary
University of Philippines
- Remnant commission to sit as a
legislative body
- Bicameral is upper and lower house
(but this used unicameral)
Philippine Republic – January 27,
1899
January 23 – inaugurated in Malolos
Treaty of Paris – December 10, 1898;
ratification (confirmation) – February 6,
1899

Philippine-American War
February 4, 1899 – Nebraskan Soldier
shot a Filipino
Reasons: secret agreement between US
and Spaniards protocol of peace;
benevolent assimilation; military
reinforcement; demarcation line
designated; tension between Filipino
and Americans
Filipino – Emilio; American side –
President William Mckinley
Revolutionary forces
Antonio Luna – Luzon (military leader)
Visayas: Negros constitution and
Balangiga Massacre
Mindanao: Bates Treaty
- Aguinaldo captured – March 24, 1902 to
July 4, 19020
- Kabaong Sandata (killed Americans)
Establisment of American Rule
Pacification and Exploitations
- Benevolent Assimilation ("future
control, disposition, and government of
the Philippine islands were ceded to the
United States" and that "the military
government is to be to the whole of the
ceded territory.") ; Suppressed
Nationalism
 December 21, 1898 – Pres. Mckinley
issued a proclamation
 January 4 – Gen Elwell Otis issued a
proclamation
 January 5 – Aguinaldo issued a counter
proclamation
- Aim of the military administration to
win confidence, respect and affection of
Filipinos by assuring them full measure
of individual rights and liberties
-
Mission of US: benevolent assimilation
Suppressed Nationalism:
Sedition Law (1901) - the federal
crime of advocacy of uprising or
overthrow against the government or
support for an enemy of the nation
during time of war, by speeches,
publications and organization. Sedition
usually involves actually conspiring to
disrupt the legal operation of the
government and is beyond expression of
an opinion or protesting government
policy. Sedition is distinfuished from
treason, which requires actual betrayal
of the government, or "espionage."
Brigandage Act (1902) - isang batas
na nagbabawal sa mga Filipino na
magtayo o bumuo ng mga samahan at
kilusang makabayan
Reconcentration (1903) – power
given to local authorities to disciple its
people
Flag Law (1907) – no waving of flag
(any show of independence)
a. Juan Matapang Cruz – Hindi Aco Patay
b. Aurelio Tolentino – Kahapon, Ngayon at
Bukas
c. Severino Reyes – Walang Sugat
Establishment of American Rule
Schurmann Commission – conduct
investigation on Philippine condition
- Supremacy of US must be enforced and
those who resist can accomplish no end
other than their own ruin
- Jan. 20, 1899
- Commission arrived in Manila on March
1899 (Ph-american war)
 Enforcement of sovereignty over the
islands
 Trainings of Filipinos for self govt.
 Protection of Civil rights
 Promotion of Filipino welfare
 Report (Jan. 3,1900 – PH is not yet
ready for self-government)
Steps:
a. Establish Civil Government
b. Establish Bicameral government
(Bicameral legislature makes it possible
for public opinion to be properly
expressed on the issues concerned
before bills are passed by delaying the
bills in the two chambers.)
c. Establish public school system
d. Finances should be separate from US
TAFT COMMISSION
- June 3, 1900
- Set aside P2M for roads and etc.
- Municipal and provincial codes –
established
- Municipal and provincial government
- Laws organizing PH constabulary (A
civil, non-paramilitary force consisting
of police officers called constables –
military force) and judicial system
- First Civil Government by William
Howard Taft as first governor general
on July 4, 1901
- Filipinization
- McKinley wanted to hasten the
transition of the Philippine military
government into a civil one. The Taft
Commissions was given executive and
legislative powers it could use to achieve
the President’s objective.
Establishment of Bicameral
Legislature
Ph Commission – Upper House
Ph Assembly – Lower House
(Legislative)
Executive – US
Judicial – Cayetano Arellano – First
Supreme Court Justice
- Establish education
- Public school system
- Free education for primary, secondary
and normal schools to train teachers
- Thomasite – first teacher of Filipinos
- Pensionado System – handle finance
Civil Service: September 1900 (kamag
anak enterprise)
 Political – Establish political parties;
federal party (propagandists),
nationalist (independence), communist
and socialist
 Jones Law of 1916 – didn’t specify date
but promised independence; ated the
first fully elected Philippine legislature.
 Filipinization – civil service and judicial
and legislative; gradual replacement of
Americans by Filipinos in government
service for Filipinos to have more
participation in the colonial
administration
 Economic – expansion of American
Trade in PH
 “Economy of special relations” –
dependency theory
 Purchase of friar lands
 Abaca (hemp, barko) and gold –
kinikuha sa PH
 1904 – Internal Revenue Law, Land Tax
(source of income)
 Cultural – public school system
(thomasites); 1908 – UP
 Health and Sanitation – vaccination
(originally for Americans), medicine,
family planning
 Improve in transportation (easy way of
getting resources) and communication
 Movies and food – instead of welga
 Religious – Protestantism, Freedom of
Worship, Emergence of diff
denominations, Missionary Schools
Result of American Occupation
a. Loss of Filipino identity
b. Colonial mentality
c. Neglect of PH industry
d. Materialism – advertisement (billboards
to entice Filipinos)
e. Protestantism
f. Economic dependency
g. Commonwealth
h. Avelardo – fluent in English but goes
back to Filipino culture; cant be
identified as an American
Independence Missions to the US
OS rox Mission – Dec. 6, 1931 headed
by Sergio Osmena and Manuel Roxas
During this time, US is experiencing
depression
- American Farm and Labor Pressure
groups demanded immediate Philippine
independence
- American interviewed Manuel Quezon
(di naming kaya magka-independence)
- We did not become a state of US
- Os-Rox group went to the United States
in 1931 and was able to influence the
U.S. Congress to pass a pro-
independence bill by Representative
Butter Hare
Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
- January 1932, Rep. Butler B. Hare
introduced a bill providing for an 8 year
transition period
- In the senate, Sen. Harry Hawes and
Bronson Cutting
- Bill called for immediate establishment
of a Filipino Constitution Convention,
subject to approval of US Pres (interest
of people) to formulate constitution for
commonwealth
- Established 50 immigrants annual quota
during 10 year period
- Free entry of American Products to PH
while PH products are subject to
approval
- Free trade would end after grant of
independence
HHW in PH
- Opposed by Quezon – immigrants
quota and sugar limitation
- March 1933, Quezon made a hasty trip
to Washington
- Pros – Camilo Osias, Jose Laurel,
Maxima Kalaw
- Antis: Emilio Aguinaldo, Gregorio,
Jeorge Bocobo
- Phillipine legislature rejected HHW
- Trade provisions would imperil
economic, social and political institution
- Immigration clause is offensive
Tydings-Mcduffie Law
- Quezon went to US in Dec 1933
- Allowed one provisions: eliminate
military base and inclusion of permitting
final settlement
- President Franklin Roosevelt
signed the law
Steps:
a. Holding of a CONCON later than Oct. 1,
1934
b. Upon President’s approval, a plebiscite
(direct vote of all the members of an
electorate on an important public
question such as a change in the
constitution) would be held for the
 ratification or rejection of the
constitution
c. After plebiscite, Filipino people will
choose their leader
d. After 10 years, US will relinquish its
sovereignty
CONCON – July 10, 1934 – People
elected 202 delegates; Claro M. Recto –
President
Constitution – influenced by Biak-na-
bato, Malolos Constitution
Provisions – grant American citizens
equal to Filipino citizens
- Right of US to control all matters
pertaining to trades, immigration and
foreign affairs
- Constitution was imitation of American
Charter
Local Provision – separation of
church and state
- Limit the size of agricultural lands
- Feb. 8, 1935 – the convention approved
constitution
- Sakdalistas opposed the constitution
and commonwealth
Election
- September 1935, Manuel Quezon – Pres;
Sergio - Vice
- November 15, 1935 – Philippine
commonwealth was inaugurated
Commonwealth
Problems:
- Need for political stability, national
security, underdeveloped economy – US
dependent economy
- National Security: National Defense
Act: first law enacted by government
- Because of fear of foreign aggression
(Japan)
- General Douglas McArthur (Field
Marshall of Phil Army) – responsible
for defense system
Philippine Armed Forces
2 forces: Regular Force (10,000 men
– including Phil constabulary) and
Reserved Force (40,000 a year, 24 yr
old men trained for 5 ½ months)
Philippine Navy
- Douglas suggested that Quezon
purchase 50-100 torpedo boats – basis
of country’s off-shore patrol
- Requires million dollars
In 1935, CONCON recognized urgent
need for native national language
- Study different language and come up
with National language Act No. 184
Problem:
- Economic dependence on American
economy
- Development of natural resources
- Diversification and increase in
agricultural products
- Expansion of domestic markets
- Improvement of transportation and
communication
- Scientific research, industrialization
- Development of foreign markets outside
US
National Development Company
- Expansion of credit facilities
- Installation of hydro-electric power
plants
Problem:
- Foreign stranglehold of Ph economy
- American and Chinese Controlled
Foreign Infiltration
- Japanese followed the Chinese in trade
and other investments
Anti-dummy law
- Japanese followed the Chinese in trade
and other investments
- Punish Filipinos who allow themselves
to be used as dummies or fronts by alien
businessmen
Social Problems:
Peasants of Mindanao (Colorum) –
against government
Colorum of Pangasinan (Pedro Calosa) –
protest agrarian grievances
Sakdal Movement (Benigno Ramos) –
campaigned against maldistribution of
property, excessive taxes, land
ownership (government and church)
- Political party
Social Justice Program – minimum
wage law
- Limiting work hours: 8 hours; contract
between landowners and tenants
Suffrage for Women
- Voting privilege to women; 21 yrs old:
able to read and write and resident of
Philippines for a year and municipality
for 6 months
PHILIPPINES UNDER JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
- Japan invaded Manchuria in 1932
- In 1937, Japan invaded China
- 1940, Japan invaded northern part of
French indio-china
- Filipino and American leaders feared
that Philippines might be the next target
USAFFE
- July 26, 1941 – the Philippines Reserve
and Regular Forces were incorporated to
US army under General Douglas
- United States Forces in the Far
East
- Britain, US and Allies imposed sanctions
on Japan
- US froze Japanese assets (ari-arian)
- September 1941, Japanese sent
Admiral K. Namura to discuss
peaceful agreement with US
- While Namura was presenting
government peace proposal, Japanese
bombers surprised Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii (December 17, 1941)
- US declared war without dissenting vote
(Franklin Roosevelt)
Great Britain
- England Prime Minister Churchill
– declare war against Japan
- European war (1939) - start of second
world war
- Initially, Asia was included but Japan
interfered
- Plan of Japan: strike Dutch and
British possessions of in SEA
- Japan needed to destroy the American
Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor in order to
neutralize it and attack Philippines to
cut American’s line of communication in
Pacific
-
Conquering rich countries of SEA –
Natural resources to bolster Japan’s war
machine

Japanese in SEA
- Japanese entered Malaysia and
Singapore (1941)
- Bombed Clark Field, Davao, Baguio
Sangley point
- To spare Manila, McArthur declared
Manila as an open city (pasok ng walang
laban)
- Japanese did not respect Manila as an
open city
Japanese Major Landings: Three
task forces are to land in Philippines
December 8 – Batan Island; December
10 – Aparri and Vigan; December 20 –
Davao and jolo; December 22 –
Lingayen and Damortis, Rosario and
Central Luzon, Lamon Bay
Japanese in Manila
Northern Part: Lingayen
Southern part: Lamon Bay
January 2, 1942 – they occupied Manila
WAR PLAN ORANGE (levels)
- General McArthur save his forces by
retreating to Bataan
- December 2, 1941 – General informed
Quezon about War plan Orange
- December 30 – Quezon’s party headed
to Corregidor via S.s Mayon
Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
Europe first policy of US and allies
(demoralization among the Bataan
fighters)
- Ration becomes scarce: Diarrhea,
Malaria and other diseases led to
casualty bigger than that inflicted by
many bullets
- McArthur left for Australia – succeeded
by General Jonathan Wainright
Surrender
- April 9, General Edward King
surrendered (forces in bataan)
- Death March – march from Bataan to
San Fernando
- May 6, 1942 – General Jonathan
surrendered to General Masahaur – far
rail of train
Government Re-organization
- January 3, 1942 – Manila was occupied,
General Homma announced the end
of American occupation
- Japanese force purpose: emancipate
Filipinos from oppressive domination of
US and establish “Philippines for the
Filipinos”
- January 23 – General Homma
appointed Jorge Vargas as Executive
Commission
National Government
- Central Administrative Organization – 6
departments
- Interior, Finance, Justice, Agriculture,
and Commerce, Education, Health and
Public Welfare, Public Works and
Commission
Education Re-orientation
Military Order No. 2 – February 17, 1942
- Erase western cultural influences
Re-opening of School
- Elementary school, next vocational and
normal schools; higher learning –
agricultural, medicine, fisheries and
engineering
- Lawyers are useless
Educational reforms
- June 1942, schools were reopened
- Laurel – Filipino as national language
- Filipinos – teaching Philippine history
Majority of board members
Philippine independence – KALIBAPI
June 20: President Jose Laurel
Vice: Benigno Aquino and Ramon
Avancena
Constitution provided unicameral National
Assembly
Jose Laurel – pinalaya si Marcos
Independent Philippines
Manifestations: State, President,
Constitution, Member of UN, Elections,
National symbols
Neocolonialism – economic and
political policies by which a great power
indirectly maintains or extends its
influence over other areas or people.
- Use of economic, political, cultural or
other pressures to control or influence
other countries
Political – election; Economic – WB-
IMF; transnational and multinational
corporations; trade arguments
Cultural – education, media; military –
military bases
Umangat US (supply of food and war
machine)
- Privatization (way of repaying the
debts of Ph to US); for us to loan from
US successfully – gadget cut and
education
Transnational corporations – binuo
sa ibang bansa kasi readily available ang
resources
- Colgate around the world
Preferential trade agreement –
kahit mas mababa benta ng Japan, sa
US parin dapat bumili
Media molds how we think
Election reality
- The fate of any election depended on the
tao not on the sophisticated voter
- Properly exploited the vote of the tao
divided the election
Manuel Roxas – January 1, 1892,
Capiz
- UP Law; member of municipal council
of Capiz; became the youngest governor
of his province and served in this
capacity from 1919 – 1922
- Elected Philippine House of
Representative
- Relation to US: friend and protector for
48 years
Programs:
- March 11, 1947 – amended the parity
(equal) rights in the constitution
- March 14, 1947 – military base
agreement
- March 21, 1947 – military assistance
agreement
 Elpidio Rivera Aquino – Nov. 16,
1890 (Vigan, Ilocos Norte)
Carlos Palestico Garcia – Nov. 4,
1896 (Taliban, Bohol)
- UP Law 1915
- Law at NU; became a teacher
- Elected a member of PH house of
- Representative in Philippine congress
representative in 1919-25 and senator in
1925-31 - Governor of his province (bohol) and
senator
Programs and issues:
Programs/Issues:
1. Mutual Defense Treaty – pinagpatuloy
trainings etc. 1. Filipino first policy – develop ourselves
2. Hulk issue – HUKBALAHAP – gusto 2. Austerity – tipid
mawala ang influence ng Hapon 3. Midnight apppointees
3. Corruption – gold arinola 4. Corruption

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay – Diosdado Pangan Macapagal –

Aug. 31, 1907 (Castillejos, Zambales) Sept. 28, 1910 (Lubao, Pampanga)

- Engineering in UP, transferred to Jose - UP and UST – law degree

Rizal College and finished commerce - Elexted to a seat in Ph House of Rep.
- Elected as senator, secretary of national - Ph rep to United Nations general
defense, champion of the masses, assembly
military governor
Programs/Issues:
- President on the strength of the tao and
the material help of Americans 1. Changed independence from July 4 to
- Country must assure for its citizens the June 12
social and economic conditions that 2. Claim on Sabah
enable them to live in decency, free from 3. Land Reform Code
ignorance, disease and in want 4. Stonehill Scandal
5. Corruptions
Programs/Issues:

1. Improvement of land tenure system Ferdinand Edralin Marcos – Sept.

(farmers own land)
2. Easy term credit to peasants
3. Building of roads and other facilities for
rural folk benefit
4. Giving technical advice to farmers –
improve farm operations
5. Intensive community development with
self-help as the basic factor
6. Public lands – opened Malacanang (he
is the one who answers all calls and
convo directly) – FILIPINOS BECAME
LAZY
11, 1917 (Sarrate, Ilocos Norte)
- UP law; congressman and senator
Programs/Issues:
1. Self-sufficiency in the production of rise
and the diversification of crops
2. Implementation of the land reform
program
3. Intensification of community
development

Achievements:
1. Infrastructure
2. Increase in # of school houses
3. Increase in production of Rice-
Masagana

Issues:

1. Vietnam Aid Law

2. Deterioration of peace and order
3. Youth activism
4. Corruption
5. Martial

Filipino reactions:

- Establishment of labor unions – Bureau

of Labor, minimum wage, SSS
- Sympathy aspirations of all dependent
countries in Asia
- Close operation with UN