After the end of the Galleon Trade, by 1830s, Manila was opened to foreign merchants

almost without restriction. The demand for products like sugar and abaca (hemp)
increased and the volume of exports to Europe expanded even further after the
opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.

The growth of the cash-crop economy resulted in the appearance of a new class, the
principalia or the "middle class."

Principalia- Chinese-Filipino Mestizos

By 1863, public education in the Philippines will be introduced which will pave the way
for the rise of Ilustrados

19th Century

Rise of Philippine Nationalism

● Nationalism defined
● Progressive political ideologies
● Liberal vs conservative; secular (Fil) vs regular (Spanish) priests
● Discrimination

Changes in Economic Policies

- result of instability in the mother country
- adaption of the Ph of the laissez faire policy; govt. has little influence on economic
activities which allowed Filipinos to do trade w/o much interference

Opening of the Philippines to World Trade

- Revolution of Mexico in 1810, end of Galleon trade
- Free trade by 1815 or earlier
- By 1834, Manila port will be open to other nations, as domino effect nagbukas na
rin ibang Philippine ports thus more involvement in trade from Filipinos and Chinese

Cash Crop economy

- Economy mainly based on agriculture
- Development of agricultural provinces that will profit from this economy=
Central and South Luzon provinces and Western Visayas
- Rice of new Principalia or middle class who led these haciendas etc

Opening of Suez Canal

- 1869
- Travel time was shortened for news and trade
- Liberal ideologies would enter our consciousness through this economic
trading
Social Change: 19th Century Filipino Women
- Women were viewed as reserved, shy, submissive bc Catholic Church imposed this
image of them; they were disempowered towards the 19th century
- But women also found power in entering the workforce:
Cigarreras
Criadas
Maestras
Matronas Titulares
Bordadoras
Prostitutes
- 3 k’s kuchen, kirche, kinder (Pecson-Fernandez, 1991)

Environmental Changes
- Rise of population from 800k to 3.8 million. Probably because of food security
- Because of increase in population, more pueblos/towns were created and forests
were cleared
- Instead of wood, stone was used to build more infrastructure
- Introduction of land registration that resulted in agrarian problems

19th Century Growth of Social Unrest

- Bc of introduction of liberalism
- Educational decree of 1863, gave Filipinos access to education and awareness
of injustice
- Robberies, kidnapping, violence
- Establishment of Guwardiya Sibil to control Filipinos

Folk Religious Moments

- Equal opportunities for Indios
- Hermano Pule who was a Filipino seminarian that was not ordained to become a
priest because of his race
- Apolonio Dela Cruz (Hermano) established Cofradia de San Jose where Chinese
and Spaniards weren’t allowed to enter- took place in 1840s

Liberalism in Spain and in the Philippines

- Revolution in Spain (1868) where liberals occupied the monarchy in the mother
country which reflected in the Philippines with the appointment of the first
liberal governor general Carlos Maria Dela Torre who was replaced immediately in
1871 w/ a conservative gov general

Cavite Mutiny 1872

- Removal of liberal gov gen resulted in workers of Fort San Felipe to revolt against
govt.
- Execution of GomBurZa who were pointed to be the perpetrators of this revolt
- Gomburza was the turning point for Filipino revolution and the fight for
independence from Spain
Propaganda Movement Objectives:

Organized for literary and cultural purposes more than for political ends, the
Propagandists, who included upper-class Filipinos from all the lowland Christian areas,
strove to "awaken the sleeping intellect of the Spaniard to the needs of our country"
and to create a closer, more equal association of the islands and the motherland.
Among their specific goals were representation of the Philippines in the Cortes, or Spanish
parliament; secularization of the clergy; legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; creation
of a public school system independent of the friars; abolition of the polo (labor service) and
vandala (forced sale of local products to the government); guarantee of basic freedoms of
speech and association; and equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service.

Indications of one’s social status

- Mostly defined by level of education
- Construction and location of houses
- House is beside the church- means you’re rich or your family has a lot of influence

Intramuros as religious and political center

- Office of gobernador heneral
- There are societies and communities extramuros or outside the walls as there’s also
one intramuros or inside the walls
- There were 6k indios inside who were mostly servants

Rise of Ilutsrados and the start of Propaganda Movement

- Enlightened Filipinos exposed to liberalism in Europe started the movement
- These are highly educated Filipinos whose families owned haciendas etc

Propaganda Movement (1880s-1895)

- Filipinos published writings in Europe
- Graciano Lopez Jaena would be paid to deliver speeches on current events
happening in Spain and the Phils, known as great orator
- Juan Luna painted art that called out atrocities suffered by filipinos
- MH Del Pilar founded Dasalan at Tocsohan, MH wrote majority of his stuff in
Tagalog not spanish contrary to Rizal
- Propagandistas used their writing skills to express their thoughts asking for
reforms
- This movement called for many reforms, particularly expelling friars and promoting
Filipino-Spanish equality

Rizal’s novels and other essays

- Jose Burgos already had publications of nationalist novels
- But it was Rizal who covered a lot of issues
- Indolence of the Filipino- justifying the ignorance of the Ph that was a result of
educational gatekeeping by the colonizers
- Philippines a century hence- Rizal, he predicted that the Ph would be colonized
by another bigger country
Laguna 19th century
- Dominicans owned and controlled haciendas which they leased out to
Inquilinos
- Inquilinos are principalia families renting out these haciendas which they also
leased out to aparceros or peasants
- Aparceros did the harvesting, planting, other farmwork
- Rizal’s family were inquilinos in Laguna
- Rise of tulisanismo= nationalism
- The case of Hacienda de Calamba