Tittle: CNC Contouring

Measuring Machine
OBJECTIVE

The objective of this experiment is to check the profile and measure the major, minor,
effective and pitch diameter of screw thread M24 × 3.0 by using horizontal profile
projector.

INTRODUCTION

Profile projector is created by James Hartness and Rusell W.Porter which idea
came from mixing optics and measurement in a device. Profile projectors and optical
comparators is used for examining a magnified the image of an object.The profile
projector is an optical instrument that can be used for measuring. It can produce an
enlarged projection shadow of an object. The methods of examination are well
adapted to the examination of form tools, profile gauges, press-tool,gear teeth, screw
thread etc. Sizes of the object may be checked by direct measurement on the
enlarged shadow and subsequent division by the multiplication factor. The
magnification factor is accurate and and that the design of the apparatus permits
maximum latitude in holding and adjusting of the object. The object that will be used
are screw thread. Nowadays the principle is been utilizing regarding the engineering
scope. The tightening of a fasterner’s screw thread is comparable to driving a wedge
into a gap until it sticks fast through friction and slight plastic deformation. In most
applications, the pitch of a screw thread is chosen so the friction is sufficient to
prevent linear motion being converted to rotary that is so the screw does not slip
even when linear force is applied so long as no external rotational force is present.
 Figure 1: Screw Thread Terms

The diameter of a pitch of a parallel thread is the diameter of the imaginary

cylinder which intersects the surface of the thread that the intercept on a generator of
the cylinder, between the points where it meets the opposite flanks of a thread
groove. The point is equal to half the nominal pitch of the thread. The diameter of a
major of a thread is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder that just touches the crest
of an external thread or the root of an internal thread.The minor diameter is the
diameter of an imaginary cylinder that just touches the roots of an external thread
and the crests of an internal thread.

The crest of a thread is the essential part of a thread, whether internal or

external. The root is the bottom of the groove between the two flanking surfaces of
the thread. The flanks of a thread are the straight sides that connect the crest and the
root. The angle of a thread is the angle between the flanks. The pitch of a thread is
the distance when it measured parallel to its axis and between corresponding points
on adjacent surfaces which in the same axial plane.

APPARATUS
 1

4
7

Figure 2: Profile Projector

10
8

Figure 3: Tools Required for Profile Projector

List of Apparatus:

1. Main Head

2. Projection Screen

 Display projected image of screw thread.

 Figure 4: Projection Screen

3. Fine Scale

 The reading value of Y-Axis and X-Axis.

4. X-Axis Control

 To adjust the X-axis either to going left or right.

 Figure 5: X-Axis Control

5. Light Source

6. Y-Axis Control

 To control the Y-Axis either to going up or down.

Figure 6: Y-Axis Control

7. Condensing Lens

 To focus the light onto the specimen to produce sharp image of screw thread.
 Figure 7: Condensing Lens

8. Brush

 To sweep the dust on the specimen.

9. Blower

 Remove the dust by flow of air.

10. Magnifying glass

 Use to see the dust or any unwanted particles on the specimen.

11. Screw Thread

 As a specimen.
 Figure 8: Screw Thread

INDUSTRIAL APPARATUS

INDUSTRIAL APPARATUS DESCRIPTION

1 Presto’s Profile Projector

 In industry, this machine can

assess and contour all
images easily such as small
defects. It will also
highlighted the defect so, the
defect is easily can be
known .

 This machine is different from

the laboratory as the
machine can produce greater
Figure 9: Presto’s Profile Projector images with the small defect
on the specimen.
2 PV-5110 Profile Projector

 This machine is a floor

standing machine and
projected images can be
easily traced with overhead
illumination. It also provided
with digital reading with zero
setting and free angle
measurement.

 In laboratory, our machine is

placed on table while the
machine is floor standing and
provide clear images and
easy inspection rather than in
laboratory.

Figure 10: PV-5110 Profile Projector

3 Standard Profile Projector

 This profile projector machine

can be used in large working
distances and large load
capacity also with screen
sizes to 1.5 metre.

 The machine can support

larger working distance and
load weight of specimen than
in laboratory.
 Figure 11: Standard Profile Projector

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Keep the specimen on the glass table and switch on the machine.

2. Adjust the condensing lens until a sharp image of contour of the specimen
appeared on the screen projection.

To determine the major diameter of Screw Thread

3. Adjust the Y-Axis until the axis touched the crest of external thread.

Figure 12: Y-Axis touch the crest of external thread

4. Then, reset the Y-Axis scale.

5. Turn the Y-Axis Control anti-clockwise until the axis touched the other side of crest
external thread.
 Figure 13: Y-Axis touched the other side of crest

6. The data is collected and step 3 until step 5 is repeated for the other three points
of major diameter to find its average.

To determine the minor diameter of Screw Thread

7. Adjust the Y-Axis until the axis touched the roots of external thread.
 Figure 14: Y-Axis touched the roots of external thread

8. Then, reset the Y-Axis scale.

9. Turn the Y-Axis Control anti-clockwise until the axis touched the other side of roots
external thread.

10. The data is collected and step 7 until step 9 is repeated for the other three points
of minor diameter to find its average.

To determine the effective diameter of Screw Thread

11. Adjust the X-Axis until the axis touched the flank of the thread.
 Figure 15: X-Axis touched the flank of the thread

12. Then, reset the X-Axis scale.

13. Turn the X-Axis Control to the opposite flanks of a thread where the distance
were equal.

14. Reset the Y-Axis scale.

15. Then, turn the Y-Axis Control anti-clockwise until the axis touched the other side
of flank.

16. The data is collected and step 11 until step 15 is repeated for the other three
points of effective diameter to find its average.

To determine the pitch of Screw Thread

17. Adjust the X-Axis until the axis touched the point of the adjacent surface of
thread.

Figure 16: X-Axis touched the adjacent surface of thread

18. Then, reset the X-Axis scale.

19. Turn the X-Axis Micrometer anti-clockwise until the axis touched the other side of
adjacent surface which is in same plane.

20. The data is collected and step 17 until step 19 is repeated for the other three
points of pitch to find its average.
RESULTS & DATA ANALYSIS

DIAMETER(mm)
PARAMETERS
1 2 3 4 AVERAGE

MAJOR DIAMETER 23.965 23.989 23.969 23.983 23.977

MINOR DIAMETER 19.557 19.684 19.667 19.655 19.641

EFFECTIVE DIAMETER 22.080 22.083 21.754 22.061 21.995

PITCH DIAMETER 3.000 2.983 2.993 3.001 2.994

Theoretical value from Metric Standard table:

Major diameter

- Maximum: 23.952mm
- Minimum: 23.577mm

Minor diameter: 19.855mm

Effective diameter

- Maximum: 22.003mm
- Minimum: 21.808mm

Pitch diameter: 3mm

PERCENTAGE ERROR

i. Major diameter
 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentage error = | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
| × 100%

 Maximum diameter:
23.977−23.952
Percentage error = | 23.952
| × 100%

= 0.1%

 Minimum diameter:
23.977−23.577
Percentage error = | 23.577
| × 100%

= 1.7%

ii. Minor diameter

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentage error = | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
| × 100%

19.641−19.855
=| | × 100%
19.855

=1.08%

iii. Effective diameter

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentage error = | | × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

 Maximum diameter:
21.995−22.003
Percentage error = | 22.003
| × 100%

=0.04%
 Minimum diameter:
21.995−21.808
Percentage error = | 21.808
| × 100%

= 0.86%

iv. Pitch diameter

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentage error = | 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
| × 100%
 2.994−3.000
=| 3.000
| × 100%

=0.2%

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

From this experiment, we have study about to measure screw thread by using
the profile projector. The major diameter average value is 23.977 mm and for minor
diameter average value is 19.641mm and the effective diameter average value is
21.995 mm. Lastly is the pitch diameter average value is 2.994mm. The percentage
error for major diameter value for maximum diameter is 0.1% while for minimum
diameter is 1.7%. For minor diameter is 1.08%. The maximum of the effective
diameter is 0.04% and the minimum diameter is 0.86%. Lastly, 8s the pitch diameter
percentage error is 0.2%.

Some of the errors that can occur during the experiment. The first errors involved
include the miss alignment of the workpiece where the workpiece were not placed at
the correct coordinate or axis. There is no fix location to place the workpiece and
scale to align workpiece. Second errors are the position of the student’s eyes during
the time the reading is taken may contribute to the error itself. Miss position
measured surface may also be the possible error for this experiment. Temperature in
the laboratory may also affect the metal size due to thermal contraction that will vary
the measurement.

Some of the necessary precaution which must be done during the experiment is
firstly the measured surface must first be clean from all contaminant such as oil, dust,
moisture and etcetera to ensure the accurateness of each reading. Secondly, the
workpiece must be placed at the correct position where the projector can show the
image clearly so that we can take the reading correctly. Thirdly is the workpiece must
be clamped rigidly so that it is not moveable during the experiment done. Other that
to ensure the accuracy of the reading, this measurement is also taken to avoid or
minimize error. Lastly, the person who takes the reading must be in right position to
avoid parallax error.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the objective of this experiment is highly achieved. We

managed to measure the major, minor, effective and pitch diameter of the screw
thread M24 x 3.0 by using horizontal profile projector. The function of the horizontal
profile projector is to display the profile of the screw thread on the screen in order to
measure all the dimensions needed. The first step to measure the screw thread were
focusing the profile on the screen. This action is to make sure we can see clearly the
image on the screen. However, this projector can only measure 2D image. The
average value for all measurement of the screw thread were slightly different to the
theoretical value of the screw thread. Thus, this experiment is considered succeed
since the overall percentage of errors calculated were below than 10%. However,
there were several errors during this experiment that result in inaccurate values to be
compared to the theoretical value. The least percentage error of this experiment was
the maximum diameter of the major diameter that is 0.1%. Lastly, errors should be
minimized in the future experiment in order to get the best result.
RECOMMENDATION

There are several recommendations that can be proposed for this experiment
to get better result. Firstly, the projector lens needs to be improvised to be more
focused on the image because during the experiment, the image on the screen still
looks blur and make us hard to get the right measurement. Furthermore, when
moving the image either in x or y coordinate, the student may be in the reverse
position of the handle without they realise, hence the instrument is necessary to tell
that there is an overturned round and need to reset their measurement. Moreover,
since the edge of the profile should be on the grid line, the projector should mark
itself on the profile if it is already properly located on the grid line or not. Especially
during the measurement of the pitch of the screw thread.

Besides focusing on the improvement of the apparatus, students should also be

careful while conducting the experiment. Before they measuring the specimen, they
need to remove all the dirt and dust on the specimen in order to display a good
profile on the projector screen. Blower and brush can be used for the cleaning.
Moreover, to avoid parallax error, student need to stand straight in front of the display
profile. Before, doing any measurement, the x and y coordinate value need to be
calibrated first to get the right measurement.

REFERENCES
1. Abalbale (2014) Profile-Projector. Retrieved from
http://m.authorstream.com/presentation/Albablbale-151904-profile-projector/

2. Advantages and Applications of Profile Projectors in Industries (n.d).

Retrieved from http://www.prestogroup.com/blog/advantages-and-
applications-of-profile-projectors-in-industries/

3. . Advantages of Using a Profile Projector in PET Industries. (n.d.). Retrieved 5

October, 2018, from PRESTO: http://www.bottletesting.com/blog/advantages-
of-using-a-profile-projector-in-pet-industries/

4. . ANSI External Screw Threads Size & Tolerance Charts . (n.d.). Retrieved 5
October, 2018, from
https://www.engineersedge.com/screw_threads_chart.htm

5. . External Metrix ISO Thread Table Chart Sizes M20 - M55. (n.d.). Retrieved
5 October, 2018, from ENGINEERS EDGE:
https://www.engineersedge.com/hardware/metric-external-thread-sizes2.htm

6. . Information on Srew Threads. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 October, 2018, from

http://www.boltscience.com/pages/screw3.htm

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http://radicalscientific.com/profileprojector.html

8. . Profile Projectors & Measurement Projectors (Shadowgraphs). (2013).

Retrieved 5 October, 2018, from https://www.spectrum-metrology.co.uk/

9. . The Three Wire Method Of Measuring Pitch Diameter. (n.d.). Retrieved 3

October, 2018, from Thread Check: https://www.threadcheck.com/the-three-
wire-method-of-measuring-pitch-diameter/technicalinfo/
10. . Vertical Profile Projector CPJ-3000 Series. (28 February, 2016). Retrieved 4
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projector-82f856271aa6

11. Screw thread. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread

12. Profile Projector. Retrieved from

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_Projector

13. Profile Projectors. Retrieved from www.midland-metrology.co.uk/profile-

projectors.htm