EXPERIMENT NO.

AIM:

Measurement of angle with sine bar.

THEORY:

Sine bars are always used along with slip gauges as a device for the
measurement of angles
very preCisely. They are used to measure
angles very accurately and locate the work piece to a
given angle with very high precision.
Generally, sine bars are made from high carbon, high
chromium, and corrosion resistant steel. These materials are
highly hardened, ground and
stabilized. In sine bars, two cylinders of
equal diameter are attached at lie ends with its axes
are mutually
parallel to each other. They are also at equal distance from the
upper surface of
the sine bar mostly the distance
between the axes of two cylinders is 100mm, 200mm or
300mm. The working surfaces of the rollers are
finished to 0.2um R value. The
cylindrical
holes are provided to reduce the
weight the
of sine bar.

End face Relief holes Upper face

OOO.0
Seting 100 or 200 imm o 300 0wer surfac

Fig 2.1 SINE BAR

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the surface plate.

2. Clean the sine bar.
3. Clean the workpiece, and ensure that there are no damages and burrs on the surfaces of

workpiece.
4. If there are any burrs remove them by means of oilstone.

5. Place the workpiece on surface plate with taper surface facing the surface plate.

6. Place the sine bar on tapered surface of workpiece with the rollers.of sine bar in upward

direction.
7. Clean the base of height gauge properly.
 8. Mount the dial indicator on the height gauge.
9. Set the dial indicator on the
highest point of one of the sine bar roller and put some
pressure on dial indicator.
10. Note the reading of dial indicator and height gauge scale.
11. Set the dial indicator on second roller of sine bar.
12. Bring the same reading on dial indicator by adjusting the height gauge.
13. Note the reading of height gauge at the highest point of both the rollers of sine bar.
14. Calculate the difference of two height gauge readings, which will give the height (h) of

one roller with respect to other.

15. The centre distance between the two rollers is known for a standard sine bar.

16. Divide the height in step (n) by centre distance between two rollers. This will give the

sine of taper angle sin -

Sin bar

Surface
plate

Stp gauge conbination

Fig 2.2 PRINCIPLE OF SINE BAR

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Improper cleaning of instruments or workpiece.
2. Damaged instruments and damaged workpiece surface.

3. Improper setting of instrument.

4. Initial error in measuring instrument.

5. Wrong observation of height gauge measuring head.
6. Uneven pressure at two points of reading may lead to eror.

.PRECAUTION
1. All the instruments should be cleaned properly.
2 Any burrs and damage on workpiece surfaces should be tectified.
. Zero error in any instrument likely to be checked and if so correct it.
4 In case of cireular workpiece sine bar should be clamped firmly with the angle plate

OBSERVATION:

CALCULATIONS:

Sin = h/l=

sin()

RESULTS:

e
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3.

AIM:

Measurenment of gear elements using profile

projector.
THEORY:

The optical comparator is device that

a
applies the principle of optics for the inspection of
manufactured parts. The profile projector is
basically an optical instrument which makes use
of enlarged images. The
purpose of the optical projector is to compare the shape or profile of
relatively small engineering compound with an accurate standard or drawing. The projector
magnifies the profile of specimen and shows this on the built-in projection screen. From this
screen there is usually grid that could be rotated 360 degrees. Therefore, the XY axis of the
screen could be aligned correctly using
straight edge of machine part to analyse or measure.
Dimension can be directly measured on the screen or compared to the standard reference.

-A

- B

- C

A:Projection screen C: Movable stage

B:Projection lens D:Stage movement handles(X andYhandles)

Fig 4.1 Profile Projector

 Working Principle:
A beam of parallel light, produced by a tungsten or filament lamp (and with a
large enough
diameter to provide
coverage of the test piece) along with a system of condensers, lenses, and
mirrors is used to create and
project a shadow of the test
piece onto a built-in projection screen.
The optical system
magnifies the profile of the small part, making it easy to do measurements.
The built-in table on which the test piece is kept is called a work stage that can be moved in x-

y directions and has integrated linear encoders to precisely measure the x-y movements which
are then displayed on a digital read-out or a computer screen using metrology softiware. The

operators using their visual acuity and perceptiveness identify and marka reference point on
the shadow (screen has crosshair reference). They then move the work stage along the length
of the shadow, the dimension of which is to be measured. Alternatively, they can identify and
mark points, and the system automatically calculates the distance, angle, arc length, etc. of the
shadow and consequently calculates the same for the part.
Gear Terminology:
1. Pitch surface: The surface ofthe imaginary rolling cylinder (cone, etc.) that the toothed gear
may be considered to replace.
2. Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
3. Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth, in a right section ofthe gear
4. Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the spaces between the teeth, in a right section
of the gear.
5. Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle.
6. Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the root circle.
7. Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear and the addendum of the mating

gear
8. Face ofa tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the pitch surface.
9 Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the pitch surface.
10. Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The thickness ofthe tooth measured on the

pitch circle. It is the length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
11. Tooth space: The distance between adjacent teeth measured on the pitch circle.
12. Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one gear and the tooth space of the

mating gear.
13. Circular pitch p: The width of a tooth and a space, measured on the pitch circle.
14. Diametral pitch P: The number of teeth of a gear per inch of its pitch diameter. A toothed gear
must have an integral number of teeth. The circular pitch, therefore, equals the pitch
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