GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Fiilin isim olarak kullanılmasına isim fiil denir.

Türkçede isim fiil ekleri: mek / mak

me / ma
iş / ış

Onu ilk görüşümü hatırlıyorum.

zamir Nesne yüklem
(neyi, kimi sorusuna cevap verir)

isim > özne veya nesne olur

ÖZNE YÜKLEM NESNE

İsim Tense >
Zamir Modal > passive
Isim fiil

Infinitives > to V1
Gerund > V ing

GERUNDS
Gerunds en genel anlamı ile fiili ing eki ile isimleştirme.

V ing:

1.Continuous Tense ve Modal larda kullanılır.

Be + Ving modal be + Ving
Stative fiiller ing almaz. Cümlenin fiilindeki stative fiiller ing almaz

2. Gerunds
özne veya nesnede kullanılır. Her türlü fiil ing alır. (isim fiiller)

Knowing everything is impossible

Özne yüklem

Konular:

1. Gerund ların özne olarak kullanımı

2. Gerund ların nesne olarak kullanımı

3. Gerund alan bazı yapılar

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 11.. G
Geerruunndd llaarrıınn Ö
Özznnee O Kuullllaannıım
Ollaarraakk K mıı
Herhangi bir cümlenin öznesi gerund dan oluşuyorsa şu noktalara dikkat edilmesi gerekir

1. Yüklem tekil olur.

Am / is / are
Was / were
Have / has
2. İki adet gerund and bağlacı ile bağlanıyorsa yüklem çoğul; but veya or bağlacı ile
bağlanıyorsa yüklem yine tekildir.
3. Herhangi bir gerund’ı negatif yapmak istiyorsak önüme not eki getiririz (not V ing)
Not Türkçesi > me / ma
4. Herhangi bir gerund ı nitelemek istiyorsak yani o gerund ın kim tarafından yapıldığını
söylemek istiyorsak iyelik sıfatı kullanırız (my, your)

*Growing flowers is fun.

(çiçek yetiştirmek)

*Growing flowers and vegetables is fun.

*Running and swimming are my favourite sports

*Living in the same house but not sharing the housel hold chores is unjust (adaletsiz)
(aynı evde yaşamak ama evişlerini paylaşmamak adaletsizdir)

*Listening to music or reading a book is relaxing after a hard day’s work

İyelik sıfatları: İsmin kime ait olduğunu gösterirler.

My
Your
His
Her + Ving / isim’s (Ahmet’s) Türkçesi in / ın
It’s
Our
Your
Their
His(Ahmet’s) not wanting to go abroad doesn’t concern us
Özne yüklem nesne

Onun yurt dışına gitmek istemeyeşi bizi ilgilendirmez.

*Her being able to pass the exam astounded (şaşırtma) us

Onun sınavı geçebilmesi bizi şaşırttı.

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Geerruunndd llaarrıınn N
Neessnnee O Kuullllaannıım
Ollaarraakk K mıı
1. Nesne olarak kullanılan bir gerund negatif yapmak için yine not ekini kullanırız ve o
gerund a herhangi bir özne kazandırmak istiyorsak yine iyelik sıfatlarını ya da isim’s
yapısını kullanırız
2. Gerund nesne olarak kullanıldığında 2 tür yapının nesnesi olabilir:
Nesne gerund
A. Preposition + V ing B. Verb + V ing
(edat=at,in,on)

A. Preposition + Ving : İngilizcede herhangi bir prep dan sonra herhang bir isim fiil
istenmesi durumunda bu her zaman gerund olur. (infinitive değil)

Prep 3 tür yapıdan sonra gelebilir:

1. V + prep + V ing : Kendinden önce fiil prep olabilir

She accused me of stealing the money.

V prep

Last night we talked about selling

2. Adj + prep + V ing

I’m afraid of flying in a plane

Adj prep

I’m interested in collecting stamps

3. Noun + prep + Ving : herhangi bir isim olabilir.

What’s the technique for learning these preposition by heart (ezbere)

Isim prep

Preposition görevi yapan to

to – V ing

1. be used to >
be accustomed to > V ing

I am used to getting up early on weekdays

She is accustomed to answering a lot of questions

be yerine get gelebiliyor

get used to > =

get accustomed to > V ing = adjust to V ing (alışmak)
Don’t worry ! You’ll adjust to living in Antalya soon

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 2. have an objection to V ing = ...itirazı olmak
object to V ing = ...itiraz etmek

Do you have an objection to spending our vacation in Bodrum this year?

3. be opposed to V ing = be against V ing = ...karşı olmak

X
be in favour of V ing = be for V ing = ...den yana olmak

I’m opposed to killing animals just for fun

4. In addition to V ing >

Besides V ing >
As well as V ing > ilaveten, Yanısıra, ek olarak
Apart from V ing >
Aside from V ing >

In addition to working part time at a restaurant at nights Sam goes to scholl full-
time

5. Look forward to V ing = dört gözle beklemek

We are looking forward to hearing from you soon

6. When it comes to V ing >

As for V ing > ...e gelmek

I’m not good at sports, but when it comes to playing cards, there is no one that I
can’t beat.

7. Devote one self to V ing > ...kendini ...e / a adamak

Tim has devoted himself to improving his communication skills for the last six
mounts.

8. Prefer V ing to V ing > (to var ise V ing)

Prefer to V1 rather than (to) V 1 > (rather than var ise V 1)

In my spare time, I prefer listening to music to watching TV

I prefer to listen to music rather than (to) watch TV.

9. Refer to V ing = mention V ing > ...den bahsetmek

e / a hakkımda konuşmak

At the last committee meeting, the president referred to selling our company to a
rival firm.

B. Verb + Ving: (Tam liste için bakınız syf. 168)

I enjoy watching TV in my spare time.
ana fiil Ving

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 33.. G
Geerruunndd llıı Y
Yaappııllaarr
1. Go + V ing
Hobi, faaliyet

Last weekend we went hunting to the mountains.

If you are free, let’s go window shopping.

Go swimming > go for a swim

hunting > a hunt
running > a run
walking > a walk
dancing > a dance

go to > dan sonra YER

go for > dan sonra FAALİYET

go to + yer > go abroad

Ankara home
the cinema somewhere

2. By + V ing > How? (nasıl)

..erek / arak

We show people we are happy by smiling

We decided who would take the last piece of the cake by flipping a coin.

3. Without + V ing
meden / madan
meksizin / maksızın

4. It’s no use V ing

It’s no good V ing
-nın faydası yok / yararı yok

He is no use studying for the test at the last minute; you want succeed

What good V ing > nın faydası ne?

What good learning these prepositions by heart, if we don’t use them?

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5. There is no point in V ing
... nın anlamı yok

There is no point in insisting your father on taking you to the theatre; he won’t accept.

Normalde;
point of alır > ... nın gereği

What is the point of buying a second car when you have one which is very new?
be on the point of V ing > ... mek / mak üzere
be on the verge of V ing > ... in / ın eşiğinde

The company is on the point of going bankruptcy (banka iflası).

A lot of workers will lose their livelihood (geçim kaynağı).

Misdemeanour : hafif suç, kötü davranış

embezzle : zimmetine geçirmek
declaration : bildiri

6. It’s worth V ing ... değer

It’s not worth V ing ... değmez
It was worth seeing the film “Matrix” especially its visual effects were excellent.
It’s not worth repairng that watch. Throw it a way / out

7. be busy V ing ... ile meşgul olmak

Please don’t come at 8:00 to night. I will be busy watching my favourite documentary
then.

8. Have a good time >

Have fun > V ing ... iyi zaman geçirmek, eğlenmek

Last night we had fun watching TV and playing cards

9. Have a hard time >

Have a difficult time >
Have trouble > V ing > zorlanmak, sıkıntı çekmek
Have difficulty (in) >

I sometimes have trouble understanding the people around me

What about you? (peki ya sen)

Do you sometimes have a hard time understanding the structures in English grammar?

10. Spend >

Waste > V ing > zamanı / parayı boşa harcamak

Let’s not waste our time watching this ridiculous program?

Last night we spent three hours doing our English homework.

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11. sit / sat / sat >
stand / stood / stood > yer ifadesi > V ing
lie / lay / lain >

(lie=yalan söylemek / lied / lied)

I sat at my desk writing a letter to my girlfriend

The man stood on the corner of the street waiting for a taxi
I lay on my bed thinking about my future life.
12. find (bulmak) / found / found >
catch(yakalamak) / cought / cought > KİŞİ + Ving
leave (bırakmak) left / left >

sadece catch öfke içerir (annoyance=kızgınlık).

When I entered my office, I found my brother using my phone.

When I entered my office, I cought a man looking through my desk drowers

I left my son watching TV this morning

Since then I haven’t seen him

13. After > + V ing, özne + yüklem (+ nesne) preposition olarak kullanılıyor
Before > temel cümle
Since > bağlaç (ise) özne + yüklem (+ nesne), özne + yüklem + nesne
While > zaman cümlesi temel cümle

After I finished my homework, I went out

After finishing my homework, I went out
prep

Before she went to bed, Sally took a shower

Before going to bed, Sally took a shower

While I was walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.
While walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.

Buraya kadar olanlarda özne hep aynı. Özne farklı ise olmaz. Preposition lu yapıların
kullanılabilmesi için her iki eyleminde öznesinin aynı kişiler olması gerekir.

While I was watching TV, a mouse ran across the floor

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 INFINITIVES
To V1 / not to V1
Temel cümle ile infinitive cümlenin negatifi farklıdır.

I have decided not to go out

I haven’t decided to go out get

I promised not to see her

I didn’t promise to see her

1) Özne olarak kullanımı

2) Nesne olarak kullanılması
3) Infinitive alan yapılar

11.. IInnffiinniittiivvee nniinn öözznnee oollaarraakk kkuullllaannıım

mıı::
Gerund gibi infinitive de herhangi bir cümlenin öznesini oluşturabilir.
Cümlede genel bir anlam varsa özne hem gerund dan hemde infinitive den oluşabilir.
Ancak gerund tercih edilir.
Cümlede özel bir anlam (bir kere olan eylem) varsa infinitive kullanılır. Gerund
kullanılmaz.

*Riding with a drunk driver is dangerous.

To ride with a drunk driver is dangerous.(genelleme yapılıyor)
*To ride with that drunk driver is dangerous (özel bir durum, bu sarhoşun arabasına binmek
tehlikelidir)
*Going to the circus is exciting
To go to the circus is exciting
(genel)
*To go to the circus tonight is a good idea

Cümleye infinitive ile başlamak (formal) resmidir. Bunun yerine cümleye “ it ” boş öznesi ile
başlayıp yüklemi vermek arkasından infinitive kullanmak informaldir, daha yaygındır.

It + yüklem + infinitive > Informal

*It is dangerous to ride with a drunk driver

özne
*To chat with friends is fun
It is fun to chat with friends
Özne (çeviri burdan başlar)
*It is a good idea to go to circus tonight

*To learn a foreign language is essential for me

It is essential for me to learn a foreign language
özne

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If be sıfat for sb to V1
of sb to V1
*------Æ
özne
somebody > isim > Tom, Ayşe
> nesne zamirleri > me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

• Söz konusu sıfat kişi karakterini anlatan sıfat ise infinitive öznesi olarak of sb
kullanılır

brave cesur = bold >

cowardly korkak >
careless dikkatsiz >
clever zeki = inteligent >
considered düşünceli >
in considered >
foolish aptal >
generous cömert >
mear cimri >
good iyi >
kind yardımsever = friendly, kindful > of somebody + to V1
unkind >
polite kibar >
impolite kaba = rude >
right doğru >
wrong >
selfish bencil >
silly aptal >
thoughtful düşünceli >
wicked kötü (JR dallas) >

It is kind of you to help me carry that boxes

It was brave of Jim to save that girl from drowning.

• Söz konusu sıfat durum anlatan sıfat ise infinitive öznesi olarak for sb kullanılır

important = significant : önemli >

mandatory = obligatory : zorunlu >
essential = necessary : gerekli >
vital = crucial : hayati derecede önemli >
easy : kolay >
difficult = hard : zor > for somebody + to V1
exciting : heyecan verici >
interesting : ilginç >
usual : sıradan >
unusual : sıradışı >
dangerous : tehlikeli >

It is mandatory for every child to attend school until 16

It is difficult for me to understand this subject without your help

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 22.. IInnffiinniittiivvee nniinn N
Neessnnee O Kuullllaannıım
Ollaarraakk K mıı::
*------------Æ
Özne yüklem nesne (inf)
1 2

Nesne olarak 3 tür yapıyı takip eder:

A) Fiil + inf
B) Sıfat + inf
C) İsim + inf

A. Fiil + Infinitive
Infinitive bazı fiillerden sonra nesne olarak kullanılabilir:

1) Özne + yüklem + infinitive:

Özne hem yüklemin hem infinitivenin öznesi dir. İki eylemide yerine getiriyor.

*----Æ
She agreed to marry him
*--------------Æ

I couldn’t afford to buy that ring

*---------Æ
*----------------------Æ

2) Özne + yüklem + nesne + infinitive:

Özne yüklemi yapıyor, nesne infinitive nin öznesidir.

Nesne > 1. Kişi ismi

2. Nesne zamirleri: me, you, him, her, it, us, your, them

He forced us to leave the room

*---Æ *---Æ

She advised me to buy that car

*-----Æ *----Æ

Bazı fiiller her ikisinide alır. Hangi yapıya girdiğine göre cümlenin anlamı değişir???****

He wanted to go
He wanted us to go

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Hem Gerund Hemde Infinitive Alabilen Fiiller:

A) Anlam Değişikliğine Uğramıyanlar:

like intend (niyet etmek)

love can’t stand (katlanamamak)
hate can’t bear (katlanamamak)
continue attempt (teşebbüs etmek)
believe
start
prefer

1) begin
start > başlamak

*I began to rain
raining

Sadece bu fiillerde continuous tense ile kullanılırsa to V1 ile kullanılır (gerund

olmaz).

*Please turn the TV down. I am beginning to study

2) like > V ing (daha tercih edilendir)

love > to V1
hate > anlam farkı yok

*To love watching TV at nights

To watch TV

Ancak başına would gelirse

would like istemek >

would love seve seve istemek > hep to V1 gelecek
would hate istememek >

A: I am going out for a walk. Would you like to come along?

B: Yes I’d love to come

*I’d hate to go out as it is raining heavily

Outside

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3) prefer > V ing >neyi neye tercih ettiğimiz söylenmiyorsa fark etmez.
to V1
I am my separetime, I prefer chatting on the internet to chat.

Neyi neye tercih varsa ortadaki bağlac “to” olmak zorunda.

Prefer V ing .....to V ing >

Prefer to V1 .....rather than (to V1) > anlam aynı

I always prefer reading to watching TV to read rather than (to) watch

Would prefer to V1
would varsa Æ to gelmek zorunda

= would rather V1
= would sooner V1

would prefer to V1 >

prefer V ing > arada 2 fark var
to V1

1. Prefer > fiili ile genel tercih söylüyoruz

would prefer > anlık tercih

I always prefer reading something in my free time

to ready
I would prefer to read something to night.

2. Past ***
Prefer fiili geçmişe yönelik kullanılıyorsa tercih ettiğimiz > yaptığımız
Would prefer geçmişe yönelik kullanılıyorsa tercih edileni > yapmadığımız

Last night I preferred to go to the cinema (sinemaya gitmeyi tercih ettim)

Last night I would prefer to have gone to the cinema (sinemaya gitmeyi tercih ederdim)

4) Advise = recommend (tavsiye etmek, önermek) > V ing

Allow = permit (izin vermek) > KİŞİ + to V1
Forbid (yasaklamak) > (özel isim
Nesne zamirleri)
Eğer bunlardan sonra direk isim fiil kullanılmak gerekiyorsa V ing
Eğer araya kişi giriyorsa to V1

She advised buying that house

She advised us to buy that house

I was forbidden to see her

(passive olduğundan) (someone forbade me to see her)
Kişi + passive + to V1
Jack advised me to talk a plane
I was advised to take a plane

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B) Anlam Farkı Olanlar:

1. Remember Ving ...işin/ışını hatırlamak

II I(olmuş)
Geçmişte yapmış olduğumuz bir işi hatırlıyoruz derken remember V ing kullanırız.
Recall > anımsamak, hatırlamak > remember yerine bunlarda
Recollect > anımsamak, hatırlamak > kullanılır

Å------*
I sometimes remember scoring the winning goal at the last second of the championship
game
Last night I remembered carrying my wife over the threshold when we got married.

Remember to V1 ...meyi hatırlamak

I II
Herhangi bir ödevi, görevi, sorumluluğu yerine getirmeyi hatırlamak (recall ve recollect
anlamında değil)
Please remember to phone us when you reach there
I am sorry I didn’t remember to book seats for play but I’ll do it now.

2. Forget V ing ... Yapılmış olan bir işi unutmak

II I
I’ll never forget >
I can’t forget > V ing
How can I forget >

I’ll never forget your shouting at me as if I were a child

How can I forget your lending me TL 100.000.000 when I was desperately (çaresiz) in
need(muhtaç)?

Forget to V1 yapılacak olan bir ödevi, görevi, sorumluluğu yerine getirmeyi

I II unutmak
I forget to bring my books to the class this morning, so the teacher got exasperated
(öfkeden kudurmak, çileden çıkmak)
Please don’t forget to phone us when you reach there.

3. Regret + V ing yapılmış olan işten pişman olmak

II I
I regret confiding in him
I’m sure he’ll give my secrets away

Confide (güvenerek sırrını vermek)= entrust a secret

Entrust = given confidence
Give a secret a way = başkasına sırrını sırrını açıklamak
Promise = söz vermek
Keep a promise = sözünü tutmak
Break a promise = sözünde durmamak

I regret no taking my father advice, he was absolutely right

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 Regret + to V1 üzgün olmak
Say >
Tell > aktarım fiilleri
Inform >
... >
Birazdan vereceğimiz kötü haberdeb dolayı üzgün olmak.

We regret to inform you that your loan application has been denied
I regret to say that you failed the test

4. Try V ing ...denemek

Herhangi bir problem için herhangi bir yöntemi deneyip sonucunu görmek anlamı vardır.
Mutlaka problem olmalı.

A: I can’t get thin wine stain out of my new dress. What do suggest I do?
B: Try washing it with ACE.

Try to V1 = endavour to V1 çabalamak, gayret etmek, çalışmak

= struggle to V1
= strive to V1
= make an affect to V1

For the past four months, we have been trying to learn and understand English grammar
I’ve been trying to get in touch with Jim for the last three hours but I can’t.

5. stop V ing ...meyi / mayı durdurmak, ara vermek

when the professor walked into the room, all the students stopped talking.
After working incessantly for six hours, the secretary got tired and stopped working.

Stop to V1 > ...mek / mak için durmak ara vermek

In order to V1 >
So as to V1 > amaç yapılar > mek / mak için

While walking down the street, I saw an old friend and stopped to talk to him
After working incessantly for six hours, the secretary got tired and stopped to have a
break.

6. mean V ing ...anlamına gelmek

Özne hiçbir zaman kişi olmaz

My accepting their job after means my having to get up early every day

Mean to V1 = intent + V1 (V ing) > niyet etmek, istemek

Özne her zaman kişidir.

I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings

While I was on holiday in Paris, I meant to send you a postcard but I didn’t have your
address with me

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7. need V ing > ihtiyaç duymak
to V1 > ihtiyaç duymak

Özne ihtiyaç duyduğu eylemi kendisi yapabiliyorsa need to V1

Yapamıyorsa need V ing. Dolayısı ile need V ing
ler passive anlam taşır ve = need to be V3 ile aynı anlamdadır.

You smell terrible. You need to take a shower

Your car looks filthy. It needs washing to be washed.
Your shirt is wrinkled. It needs ironing / to be ironed)
The diaper is wet. It needs changing / to be changed
It needs V ing / to be V3
want > de kullanılabilir. Tek V ing aldığı durumdur. Hep to
requre > V1 alırdı.
It wants changing / to be changed
It requres changing / to be changed

8. dread V ing = be afraid of V ing > korkmak

her zaman V ing alır

I dread flying in a plane

I dread walking home alone at nights

Dread to think : düşüncesi bile korkutması (tek bu V ing almaz)

I dread to think how furious he will become. What he has learnt what happened.

B. Sıfat + Infinitive
İngilizce de sıfatlardan sonra özelliklede duygu ve tavır anlatan sıfatlardan sonra herhangi
bir preposition geliyorsa Æ gerund,
gelmiyorsa Æ infinitive kullanılır.

I am afraid of playing in a plane = I am arfaid to fly in a plane

I was surprised at seeing in him at the labour union meeting (emekli sandığı)
I was surprised to see him at the labour union meeting

Be anxious about >

Be worried about > kaygılı olmak
Be concerned about >

Be anxious to V1 > hevesli, gönüllü olmak, can atmak.

I am anxious about leaving my family for a long while

The children are anxious to go to the park.

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C. İsim + Infinitive
Bazı isimlerden sonra nesne olarak infinitive kullanırız. Burada kullanılan infinitive o ismi
açıklayan o isim hakkında bilgi veren sıfat görevindedir. Bunlar şunlardır:

Ability : yetenek, yeterlilik

Ambition : hırs, azim
Anxiety : endişe
Attempt : girişim, teşebbüs
Decision : karar
Demand : talep, istek
Desire : arzu
Determination : kararlılık
Eagerness : heves
Effort : çaba, gayret
Failure : başarısızlık
Offer : teklif
Plan : plan
Promise : söz, vaat
Refusal : red
Request : rica, istek
Right : hak
Scheme : şema, plan
Time : zaman
Willingness : isteklilik, gönüllülük
Wish : dilek

Her ambition to be top student in class made her ill.

My determination to pass the KPDS surprises everyone.

It’s time to be : Tam zamanı

It’s time somebody simple past (V2) > unreal past
(gecikmişliği vurgulamak)
12:00 It’s time to have lunch > öğle yemeği vakti
It’s time for us to have lunch > öğle yemeği vaktimiz
12:45 It’s time we had lunch > öğle yemeği vakti gelmiş geçiyor
22:00 It’s time to go to bed
24:00 It’s time you went to bed > yatağa gitme vakti gelmiş geçiyor.
It’s time we took a break

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 33.. IInnffiinniittiivvee’’ llii Y
Yaappııllaarr
A. Amaç Gösteren Infinitive

In order to V1 > informal >...mek / mak için Özne her iki fiilin de öznesi
So as to V1 > formal >
to V1 > amaç gösteren infinitive
Kişi aynı
I am attending a course in order to learn English
*-----Æ So as to learn English

Sall went to the market in order to buy some bread

*---Æ so as to
*---------------------------------------Æ

Negatif amaç:
In order not to V1 > mek / mak için
So as not to V1 >
I turned the TV down in order not to disturb my roommate

Özne yüklem for sb to V1

In order for somebody to V1
So as for somebody to V1
1. İsim
2. Nesne zamirleri (me, you, him, her....)

I turned the TV down in order for my roommate to be able to study for his exam
My father gave me 20 million Turkish Liras so as for me buy my text books

Prep > for >için

Amaç gösteren “for” , proposition dan sonra isim gelir. “V ing, to V1, V1” gelmez

I went to the market for buying some bread > yanlış olur
For some bread > doğru

Forgive sb for > affetmek

Used toV1 > eskiden erdi, ardı

Be used to V ing > alışkın olmak
Use > kullanmak
Be + V3 > passive
Be used > kullanılmak
Be used to V1 > mek için kullanılmak
Be used for V ing >

Herhangi bir şeyin genel kullanım amacını söylüyorsak to V1 veya for V ing;
Özel (bir kere) kullanım amacını söylüyorsak sadece to V1 kullanılır.

Genel : A saw is used to cut wood

is used for cutting wood
Özel : A chain-saw was used to cut the old oak (meşe) tree in the backyard

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B. Yeterlilik ve Yetmezlilik yapıları:

Yetersizlik > too sıfat / zarf (for sb) to V1 > meyecek/ mayacak kadar
Yeterlilik > sıfat / zarf enough (for sb) to V1 > ebilecek kadar

Sıfat > ismi niteler, isim hakkında bilgi verir (a beatiful girl, an old man, a red car,
my father, two people)
Zarf > 1. fiili niteler, fiil hakkında bilgi verir (durum / yer / zaman / sıklığı
>nasıl, nerede, ne zaman, ne sıklıkla)
My mother is a good cook
My mother cooks well (nasıl?)
Ali come here, yesterday
2. sıfat ve zarfları niteler.
She is beatiful
She is very beatiful
Zarf sıfat

Adverbs of Degree > sıfat veya zarfın derecesini azaltır veya artırır

I am tired
I am a little tired
I am very tired

Too / enough > derece zarfıdır. Çünkü kendileriyle birlikte kullanılan sıfat ve zarflara
yeterlilik ve yetersizlik katar.

Proceeded > devam etmek ilerlemek

To V1 inf
Employ (v) : hire > ise almak (unemployed –adj : işsiz)
Employer > iş veren (unemployment-n : işsizlik)
Employer > işçi

On sale : indirimde
For sale : satılık
Order : sipariş

Neglect : ihmal etmek

Sıfat > prep + V ing

> to + V1 (prep yoksa)

busy V ing > önemli

it’s difficult to V1

keep confidential > gizli tutmak

18
happen to see tesadüfen

heard from haber almak

rewarding : kazançlı
reward : ödül
peace : huzur

prove : ispatlamak, kanıtlamak

Her proved his innocence
Prove to V1 = turn out to V1 > olduğu ortaya çıkmak
The man above us proved to be a spy (ajan olduğu ortaya çıktı)
Lose his temper : sinirlenip kendinden geçmek
Have to do without > ...sız idare etmek
Please have breakfast. You can’t do without it
Be entitled to V1 > ... meye / maya hakkı olmak
Entitle sb to V1 > ... hak vermek

An account of >
Because of > noun (isim) ...dığı için / ...dığından dolayı
Due to >
Owing to >

I am tired I can’t lift this box

I’m too tired to lift this box. (bu kutuyu kaldıramıyacak kadar yorgunum)

You are too young. You can’t go out alone at nights

You are too young to go out alone at nights

I am strong enough. I can beat him

I am strong enough to beat him

You are old enough. You can cope with (başa çıkmak) your problems
You are old enough to cope with your problems

This box is too heavy. I can’t lift it

This box is too heavy for me to lift it

The weather is worn enough. You can take a bath.

The weather is worn enough for you take a bath.

Enough + çoğul (sayılamayan) isim (to V1) ?????????????

Sıfat(yeterince)
There is enough bread. We can have breakfast
There enough bread for us to have breakfast

There are enough students. We can start the lesson

There are enough students for us to start the lesson

19
 Exercise:

The situation is complicated. No one can understand it.

The situation is complicated for everybady to understand it.

She is rehearsing regularly. She can give a good performance

???
The Sahra Desert is dry. The people there can’t grow any crops.

He isn’t well. He can’t travel to Ankara

She is unreliable. I can’t trust her with my lecture notes

The pitch is wet. They can’t play football

Are you sure he knows English well. Can he translate these documents?

Those plumps don’t look rise. We shouldn’t eat them

The doctors writing is illegiable. The pharmacist can’t read his prescription

The sea is polluted. You shouldn’t swim in it.

C. It take somebody SÜREÇ to V1 ...nın zamanı olmak

It took me 10 days to finish that report
How long will it take you to understand that I don’t like soup?

D. be about to V1 .. mek / mak üzere

be on the point of V ing
be on the werge of V ing

The patient being treated at the hospital now is about to die.

Be patient (sabırlı olun), we are about to finish the lesson.

E. Wh---- question to V1 I don’t know how..

Where to play piano
When let’s decide where to
What spend our vacatione
How this summer
Who

F. find it hard to V1 (zor gelmek / kolay gelmek)

easy
difficult
I sometimes find it hard to understand the structures in English grammer
Today coffee prices are far below the required rate; hence growers are unable to play their
debts and cooperatives find it hard to survive.

G. Reduction In Relative Clause

H. Have an Opinion Fiilleri

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 Think, feel, consider, assume, suppose, find, see, know, believe gibi fiileri that’li cümle
takip eder. Şayet that’li cümlenin içindeki fiil BE veya HAVE ise, that’li cümleyi to be ve
to have yapısına dönüştürebiliriz.

I find that he is a fraud. = I find him to be fraud.

I see that he has a lot of money = I see him to have a lot of money.

T
Tyyppeess ooff G
Geerruunnddss
2 Tip Gerunds var
Aktif Passive

Simple V ing being V3

Perfect having V3 having been V3
(have V3)

**Time Reference
Ana fiil + V ing
Å-----------------*
kıyasla

1. Anafiil + Gerundeş zamanlı ise Simple Gerund

I I
I sat (stand / lie) at my desk reading a book
I spent rhe night watching TV

2. Anafiil + Gerundise Simple Gerund

I II
I’m considering quitting my job next month
Last night we discussed selling our car next week

3. Anafiil + Gerundise Simple Gerund (Alternatif olarak Perfect Gerund)

II I

Remember V ing > having V3 yerine konulabilir.

I remember seeing you for the first time
having seen
Forget V ing > having V3 kullanılır
Perfect (önce)
Perfect + gerund
I’ll never forget your shouting at me
having shouted
regret V ing > having V3
2 1
I regret not studying for the test
having studied
admit V ing > having V3 : itiraf etmek doğruluğunu kabul etmek

21
I admit stealing the money
having stolen
deny V ing > having V3 : inkar etmek
accuse somebody of V ing suçlamak
charge somebody with V ing
blame somebody of V ing
having V3
He was accused of stealing the money
having stolen
suspect somebody of V ing
forgive somebody for V ing şüphelenmek
punish somebody for V ing
having V3
resent V ing > küsmek
be angry at / with somebody for V ing > kızgın olmak
remember = recollect V ing >
having V3

having > varsa ana fiilden önce olmuştur.

The doctor having done his duty relieved him

doing

GERUND AKTİF PASİVE AYRIMI

Özne + yüklem ...................fiil

-----------Æ
--------------------------------Æ
ortak özne

Özneye sor > yapabilirmi evet ise aktif

Hayıt ise passive

I hate being called “sissy”, so if you call me again like that I’ll beat you
Avoid giving your house plants too much water, or they will die
I am afraid of being bitten by a dog.

1. by tamlaması varsa > passive

2. fiilden sonra KİŞİ geliyorsa > aktif

Sally went to the party without being invited (having been invited)
Mr Smith has a good chance of being elected at least I know I’ll vote for him.

*-----------Æ
Özne yüklem + nesne fiil
*-----------Æ
Nesneye sorulur > yapabilirmi evet ise aktif
Hayır ise passive
Jane went to the party without people inviting (having invite) her
The workers shouldn’t have used the machinery without someone training them

22
 I admit my son being involve in the robbery yesterday

Involve: active anlamı > dahil etmek

Passive anlamı> dahil olmak

After some thought = on reflection > biraz düşününce

For fear of = korkusuyla
Popped out= habersizce hızlı gitmek

T
Tyyppeess ooff IInnffiinniittiivvee
Aktif Passive

Simple to V1 to be V3
Progressive to be V ing (-)
Perfect to have V3 to have been V3
Perf-Cont to have been V ing (-)

Anafiil + infinitive kıyaslanır:

1. Anafiil inf Æ simple Æ aktif

I I Æ passive
Æ progressive

2. Anafiil inf Æ simple Æ aktif

I II Æ passive
Æ progressive

3. Anafiil inf Æ perfect Æ aktif Æ simple

II I Æ passive Æ kesin
Æ perf-cont Æ kullanılmaz

• put into practice : uygulamaya koymak

• think of doing sth : bir şey yapmayı düşünmek
• scholarly : ayrıntılı
• look back nervously over his shoulder : sinirli bir şekilde omuzunun üzerinden arkaya
bakmak
• short of sth : ...sız kalmak
• at the expense of other : diğerleri ile aynı pahalılıkta
• focus on sth : bir şey üzerinde odaklanma
• based on sth : bir temelin üzerine kurmak
• talent : kabiliyet
• talented : kabiliyetli
• I would / much rather : daha çok tercih ederim
• Qualifical anough to tackle of crisis : krizle başa çıkabilecek kadar yetenekli
• By far the most capable of them all : büyük farkla hepsinin en yeteneklisi
• Quite impossible(adj) : oldukça imkansız > sıfat pekiştirici
Recruit : toplamak

23
 Efficient : etkili, verimli
• Quite (adv) : tümüyle
• Far too expensive : oldukça pahalı > sıfat pekiştirici
Depict : sözle betimlemek
• Final hard to V1
• On no account : asla hiçbir şekilde.
Burden : yük, ağır iş
• However + adj/adv :ne ölçüde, ne kadar
However well
• In view of :gözönüne alınarak, hesaba katılınca (noun phrase)
• However hard ho works : her ne kadar çalışırsa çalışsın
• As a matter of fact :aslında, işin doğrusu
Nevertheless : her şeye rağmen
Conversely : tam tersine
Consequently : bu sebeple, netice olarak
• Whatever decision he makes : her ne kadar alırsa alsın
• So that : .. ması amacıyla
The doctor advised him to have monthly check ups so that any return of symptoms might
be detected immediate
• So : bunun için
• Whoever : herkim olursa

Infinitive Çeşitlerinin En Sık Kullanıldığı Yerler

1. Nesnesi İsim Cümlesi (Noun Clause) Olan Fiillerin Passive Yapılmasında:
Say, believe, think, claim, allege, understand, suppose, assume, acknowledge, report,
estimate, consider

1 Newspapers report that three demonstrations were kept in custody

2 People say that she worked hard when she was a student at the high school
3 Everyone alleges that the new government is cheating everybody
4 People expect that the new president will be elected soon
5 People understood that the two men had been helped by the guard to rob the bank
1 Three demonstrators are reported to have been kept in custody (gözaltına almak)
2 She is said to have worked hard when she was a student at the highschool.
3 The new government is alleged to being cheated everybody
4 The new president is expected to be elected soon.
5 The two men were understood to have been helped

2. appear / seem > gibi görünmek

Intransive > İkiside asla passive olmaz.

Ama it boş öznesi ile başlayıp kullanıyorsak arkasından that cümle geliyorsa:
It appear / seem that ---- cümle
Boş özne özne

Özne appear / seem + infinitive tamlaması (to go home)

*It seems that Tim is working hard these days
Görünen oki
Öyle görünüyorki

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 *Tim seems to be working hard these days
*It appears that Tim works hard all the time
Tim appear to work hard all the time
*It seems that Tim worked hard last night
Tim seems to have worked hard last night
*It appears that Tim has been working hard lately
Tim appears to have been working hard lately
*It seems that we were cheated
We seem to have been cheated
*Tim seems to have worked hard last night
3. Duygu ve Tavır Sıfatları (Syf 175)
Özne be sıfat – that – cümle (sıklıkla)
Özne be sıfat – when – cümle (bazen)

I’m pleased that you passed the exam

I was surprised when I saw my boss at the meeting
I was astonished when I hard that he was fired

Özneler aynı ise:

Ana özne > that / when özne
*Å-----------------Æ*
Özne be sıfat infinitive phrase

I’m pleased that. I passed the exam.

s.pres s.past
II I
*I’m pleased to have passed the exam
*I was surprised to see when my boss the meeting
I was astonished to heard

NOT: Özneler aynı, zaman eş olmalı

*You are lucky that you weren’t injured in the accident

You are lucky not to have been injured
*I’m fortunate to be send abroad (that I will be sent)
Yurt dışına gönderileceğim için şanslıyım
*I’m fortunate to have been sent abroad (that I was sent)
Yurt dışına gönderildiğim için şanslıyım.

4. be likely > büyük bir olasılıkla, muhtemelen

It be likely that cümlesi
Özne be likely + infinitive
To V1
It likely that GS will capture the championship in the tournament
GS is likely to capture the championship in the tournament
GS should capture the championship in the tournament
Ought to
Probably:
GS will probably capture the championship in the tournament

25
 Resing : den vazgeçmek
Point out : belirtmek
Impose : yüklemek
Troop :takım, sürü, asker
Frantic :çılgınca
Have a narrow escape :kılpayı katılmak
Find out :discover
Abstain from :sakınmak
A cheek for
Cover : karşılamak

Be worried about
Be concerned about
Be anxious about

Burn up : burn down : yanıp bitip kül olmak

Sooner : daha önceden
Soon : yakında (future tense ile kullanılır)

Infinitive Aktif Pasive Ayrımı

Özne yüklem.......................fiil
Å------------------------------*
ÖzneÆ Evet Æ active
Hayır Æ passive

Özne yüklem nesne.................fiil

Å-----------------*
Nesne Æ Evet Æ active

I would like the book to be reed immediately. (kitabın derhal okunmasını istiyorum)
Iwould like to read the book immediately (kitabı derhal okumak istiyorum)

There is no point in V ing > ...anlamı yok

The point of > ...nın gereği
Be on the point of > ...mek / mak üzere
Be on the verge of V ing > ...eşiğinde
Be about to V1 > ...mek / mak üzere

Have fun = have a good fine = enjoy

Isolation ward : izole edilmiş yer

Surprise = şaşırtmak
Be surprised = şaşırmak

Excide = heyecanlandırmak
Be excited = heyecanlanmak

26
Concern = endişelendirmek
Be concerned = endişelenmek

B
Biirr G
Geerruunndd’’ıı N
Niitteelleem
meekk
Özne yüklem Nesne
1. iyelik sıfatları 1. iyelik sıfatları > formal
(my, your, his, her, (my, your, his, her,
its, our, your, their) its, our, your, their)
2. isim’ s 2. isim’ s > formal
3. nesne zamirleri > informal
(me, you, him, her, it
us, you, them)
4. isim > informal

We (Tom) came to class late. Prof Smith complained about that fact
Prof Smith complained about our coming to class late
Prof Smith complained about us coming to class late
Tom’s coming .....
Tom coming ...
We (Tom) came to class late. That fact surprised us.
Tom’s coming to class late surprised us. His coming to class late.

SSeennssee PPeerrcceeppttiioonnss
(Algı Fiilleri)
Algı fiilerinden sonra hem gerund (V ing) hemde to suz infinitive (V1) gelebilir.
Gerund olayın bir kısmını algıladığımız, infinitive (V1) ise olayın tamamını algıladığımız
anlamına gelir.

Algı fiilleri: see hear feel smell

Notice (farketmek) listen to
Watch
Look at
Observe (gözlemlemek)

Yesteday I took my son to the park and there I sat on park bench and watched my son play
with the other children

When I looked out of the window, I saw some children playing football in the street

My father unlocked the safe and took out some money.

27
I saw thih
I saw my father unlock the safe and takeout some money

When I entered the room, my father had unlocked the safe and was taking out some money
I saw my father taking out some money

I saw my friend -------------- down the street

a) run b) running (her ikiside olur)

When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roommate singing in the shower

* let > izin vermek > let den sonra to V1 gelmez

let somebody V1 = allow somebody to V1 =permit somebody to V1

Please let me go

I let my son use my car

* help > yardım etmek

help somebody V1 / to V1 (V1 daha sık)

I helped my son do / to do his homework

Can’t / couldn’t help V ing > dayanamamak

I can’t help laughing

I couldn’t help my son to do / do his homework because I had o lot of work to do.

Herhangi bir algı fiilini passive yaparsak algı fiilinden sonra V1 geliyorsa >

Algı fiili + V1 > be (algı fiili)3 + to V1

Someone saw him run

He was seen to run

Gerund değişmiyor:
Someone saw him running
He was seen running

28