POWER HOUSE – GAS TURBINE

CATALYTIC CRACKING

To convert low value gas oils to valuable products (naphtha and diesel) and slurry oil.
FLUDISED CATALYTIC CRACKING
FLUDISED CATALYTIC CRACKING
CATALYTIC CRACKING
CATALYTIC CRACKING
CATALYTIC CRACKING
 CATALYTIC CRACKING
Basic reaction — carbon‐carbon scission of paraffins & cycloparaffins to form
olefins & lower molecular weight paraffins & cycloparaffins

Paraffin Paraffin+Olefin
Alkyl Naphthene Naphthene+Olefin
Alkyl Aromatic Aromatic+Olefin

Example CH3 CH2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 === > CH32 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH=CHCH3

Olefins exhibit carbon‐carbon scission & isomerization with alkyl paraffins to

form branched paraffins

Cycloparaffins will dehydrogenate (condense) to form aromatics

Small amount of aromatics & olefins will condense to ultimately form coke
CATALYTIC CRACKING PARAMETERS

Reactor Space Velocity (lb/hr/lb) 1.1-13.4

C/O (v/hr/lb) 5-16
Recycle/Fresh Feed 0-.5
Catalyst Requirement, lb/bbl Feed .15-.25
Cat. Crclt. Rate, ton Cat./BBl total feed .9-1.5
On-Steam Efficiency 96-98
Reactor Temp. (F) 885-950
Regenerator Temp. (F) 1200-1500
Reactor Pressure (psig) 8-30
Regenerator Pressure (psig) 15-30
RON 92-99
MON 80-85
 HYDROCRACKING

The hydrocracking of paraffins into smaller molecules as exemplified by the

cracking of normal heptane into isopentane and ethane
 CATALYTIC REFORMING

To convert low-octane naphtha into a high-octane reformate for gasoline blending

and/or to provide aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylene) for petrochemical plants.
Reforming also produces high purity hydrogen for hydrotreating processes.
CATALYTIC REFORMING
CATALYTIC REFORMING
 CATALYTIC REFORMING

Dehydrogenation & Dehydrocyclization: Highly endothermic, cause decrease in

temperatures, highest reaction rates, aromatics formed have high B.P so end point
of gasoline rises

Dehydrogenation reactions are very fast, about one order of magnitude faster than
the other reactions. The reaction is promoted by the metallic function of catalyst

Methyl cyclohexane  Toluene + H2

MCP  Benzene + H2
CATALYTIC REFORMING

Favorable conditions for different reforming

Reaction temperature
Space velocity
Reaction pressure
H2/HC ratio
Feedstock Characteristics
 CATALYTIC REFORMING

Reaction Pressure Temperature

Dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics Low pressure High temperature

Isomerisation of naphthenes Indeterminate Indeterminate

Dehydrocylistion of paraffins to aromatics Low pressure High temperature

Hydrocracking High pressure High temperature

 PYROLYSIS

Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen.

This process requires an external heat source to maintain the pyrolysis process.

Typically, temperatures of between 300 C to 850C are used during pyrolysis of

materials such as MSW.

The products produced from pyrolysing materials are a solid residue and syngas