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ΔΕΞΙΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΠΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΟΥ ΛΟΓΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΟΡΘΟΓΡΑΦΗΜΕΝΗ ΓΡΑΦΗ ΛΕΞΕΩΝ ΣΤΙΣ

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 ϭŽɅɲʆɸʄʄɼʆɿʉȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃʊɇʐʆɹɷʌɿʉ

ɈŽɇʑɶʖʌʉʆʉɇʖʉʄɸʀʉ
ʅɹʍɲɲʋʊʏʉʋʌʀʍʅɲʏʘʆȰʆɽʌʘʋɿʍʏɿʃʙʆ
ʃɲɿȾʉɿʆʘʆɿʃʙʆȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʙʆ͗
ʋʊʏɻɽɸʘʌʀɲʍʏɻʆʃɲɽɻʅɸʌɿʆɼʋʌɲʃʏɿʃɼ

ɅɆȰȾɈȻȾȰɇɉɁȵȴɆȻɃɉ

ʋɿʅɹʄɸɿɲɹʃɷʉʍɻʎ͗
ɇʋʑʌʉʎɍ͘Ʌɲʆʏɲɺɼʎ
ȵʄɹʆɻɅ͘ɀɲʌɳʃɻ
ɀɲʌʀɲȻ͘Ⱦɲɷɿɲʆɳʃɻ
ȵʅʅɲʆʉʐɼʄȴ͘ɀʋɸʄɲɷɳʃɻʎ

ȸɆȰȾȿȵȻɃϮϬϭϱ

1
 ǻǿǻǹȀȉǿȀǾȂǼĬȅǻȅȁȅīǿǹ

ǻǼȄǿȅȉǾȉǼȈȆȇȅĭȅȇǿȀȅȊȁȅīȅȊȀǹǿȅȇĬȅīȇǹĭǾȂǼȃǾ
īȇǹĭǾȁǼȄǼȍȃȈȉǿȈǻȊȅȆȇȍȉǼȈȉǹȄǼǿȈȉȅȊǻǾȂȅȉǿȀȅȊ
ȈȋȅȁǼǿȅȊ
ǿȦȐȞȞȘȢīȡȘȖȠȡȐțȘȢ
grigor2@hotmail.com
ȈȤȠȜȚțȩȢȈȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢȆǼ

īİȫȡȖȚȠȢȂĮȞȦȜȓIJıȘȢ
gmanolitsis@edc.uoc.gr
ǹȞĮʌȜȘȡȦIJȒȢȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȆĮȞȝȓȠȣȀȡȒIJȘȢ

ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ
Ȃİ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮ ıȣȖȤȡȠȞȚțȒ ȝİȜȑIJȘ İʌȚįȚȫțİIJĮȚ Ș įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ IJȠȣ ȕĮșȝȠȪ ıȣȝȕȠȜȒȢ IJȦȞ
įİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ȜȩȖȠȣ IJȦȞ ȝĮșȘIJȫȞ țĮȚ İȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮ IJȘȢ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢIJȠȣȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢıIJȘȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢıIJȚȢǹǯțĮȚǺǯIJȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣ
įȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ ǻȚĮțȩıȚȠȚ įİțĮʌȑȞIJİ ȝĮșȘIJȑȢ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒșȘțĮȞ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ ʌȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩ țĮȚ IJȠ
İțijȡĮıIJȚțȩIJȠȣȢȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠIJȘȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣȢıIJȘȞIJĮȤİȓĮțĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮȠʌIJȚțȫȞİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞIJȘ
ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ țĮȚ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȐ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ
ȖȡĮijȒȜȑȟİȦȞȉĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮȑįİȚȟĮȞȩIJȚIJȩıȠȘijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȩıȠțĮȚȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ
IJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞıIJȚȢįȪȠʌȡȫIJİȢIJȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪȑȤȠȣȞȝȚĮȝȚțȡȒĮȜȜȐıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒıȣȝȕȠȜȒıIJȘȞ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ įİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ȜȩȖȠȣ
ȂȐȜȚıIJĮ Ș ıȣȝȕȠȜȒ IJȘȢ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ıIJȚȢ ʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțİȢ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȐȜȑȟİȚȢĮȞĮįİȚțȞȪȠȞIJĮȢȑIJıȚIJȘȞİʌȓįȡĮıȘIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢįȠȝȒȢIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞ ıIJȘȞ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒ įİȟȚȩIJȘIJĮ ȈȣȞȠȜȚțȐ IJĮ İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮ ĮȣIJȐ İȞȚıȤȪȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȐʌȠȥȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ
ȡİʌİȡIJȠȡȓȠȣ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ıIJĮ ĮȡȤȚțȐ ıIJȐįȚĮ IJȘȢ ȝȐșȘıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ
ȖȡĮijȒȢ.
ȁȑȟİȚȢ țȜİȚįȚȐ: įİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ȜȩȖȠȣ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒ

1 ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
Ǿ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȘȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȘ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ
ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJȘıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒʌȠȚțȓȜȦȞȖȜȦııȚțȫȞįİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞȩʌȦȢIJȘijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒțĮȚIJȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȘ ȖȞȫıȘ IJȦȞ țĮȞȩȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȚȑʌȠȣȞ IJȠ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘ
ȖȞȫıȘIJȘȢȚıIJȠȡȚțȒȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢǻȚĮȝĮȞIJȒ
Ǿ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ țĮȚ Ș ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ıȣȞȚıIJȠȪȞ ȝİIJĮȖȜȦııȚțȑȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ įȘȜĮįȒ
ĮȞȫIJİȡİȢ ȖȜȦııȚțȑȢ įİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢ țȪȡȚȠ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩ IJȦȞ ȠʌȠȓȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩȢ
ıȣȜȜȠȖȚıȝȩȢ Ș ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ țĮȚ Ƞ ıțȩʌȚȝȠȢ ȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ʌȐȞȦ ıIJȘ įȠȝȒ țĮȚ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȘȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢ Ș
șİȫȡȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢȦȢ ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ıțȑȥȘȢ țĮȚ Ș ȝİIJĮIJȩʌȚıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒȢ IJȠȣ ȣʌȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ
Įʌȩ IJȠ ȞȩȘȝĮ ıIJȠȞ ȓįȚȠ IJȠ ȖȜȦııȚțȩ IJȪʌȠ ȂĮȞȦȜȓIJıȘȢ  ǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩIJİȡĮ Ș ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ țĮȚ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠȪ ȤİȚȡȚıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ
ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȫȞ ıȣȜȜĮȕȫȞ ijȦȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ IJȦȞ ȖȜȦııȚțȫȞ ȝȠȞȐįȦȞ (Goswami,
2000). Ǿ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȘ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ įȠȝȒ IJȘȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȐ IJȠȣ ȞĮ ȤİȚȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıțȩʌȚȝĮ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ įȠȝȒ
ǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮ, ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȐ IJȠȣ ȞĮ įȚĮțȡȓȞİȚ IJĮ ȝȠȡijȒȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ȜȩȖȠȣ
șİȝĮIJȚțȐ ȝȠȡijȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȡȠșȒȝĮIJĮ İʌȚșȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJĮ ıȣȞįȣȐȗİȚ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ țĮȞȩȞİȢ
ıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞIJȘȢȖȜȫııĮȢʌȠȣȠȝȚȜİȓ(Carlisle, 1995 . Kuo, Anderson, 2006).

197
ǿǹȀǼȠȆǹȃǼȁȁǾȃǿȅǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȅȃǿȀȅȈȊȃǼǻȇǿȅ

Ǿ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ıȣȝȕȐȜȜİȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮșȫȢ

ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȘȕȐıȘIJȘȢijȦȞȠȖȡĮijȘȝȚțȒȢĮȞIJȚıIJȠȓȤȚıȘȢțĮȚİʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚıİİțİȓȞȠȞʌȠȣȖȡȐijİȚȝȚĮȜȑȟȘ
ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚ IJȠȣȢ ȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȒȤȠȣȢ IJȘȢ ȜȑȟȘȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJȠȣȢ ĮʌȠIJȣʌȫȞİȚ ıIJȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ȝİ IJĮ
ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮ ȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ Ȓ ȖȡĮijȒȝĮIJĮ. DzIJıȚ ȝȚĮ ȜȑȟȘ ĮțȩȝĮ țȚ ĮȞ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȡĮȝȝȑȞȘ ȝİ IJȠ
ıȣȝȕĮIJȚțȩ IJȡȩʌȠ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ıȦıIJȒ İijȩıȠȞ ĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚ ıȦıIJȐ ȩIJĮȞ įȚĮȕȐȗİIJĮȚ
ǻȚĮȝĮȞIJȒ . ǺȑȕĮȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ įİȞ Įȡțİȓ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ țĮșȫȢ ıİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ
ȖȜȫııİȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞȠʌȠȓȦȞțĮȚȘİȜȜȘȞȚțȒȘ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚİʌȓıȘȢțĮȚıIJĮȝȠȡijȒȝĮIJĮ
țĮȚıİʌȡȩIJȣʌĮȚıIJȠȡȚțȒȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢ. ȍȢĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞʌȠȜȜȑȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢ
ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȖȡĮijIJȠȪȞ ıȦıIJȐ ȠȚ ȜȑȟİȚȢ įİȞ ĮȡțȠȪȞ ȠȚ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ĮȜȜȐ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢ. ǾȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȞĮįȚİȣțȠȜȪȞİȚIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒ
ȩIJĮȞ Ș ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮ  ȝȚĮȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ Ș İȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ĮȞIJȚțĮIJȠʌIJȡȓȗİȚ ıİ țȐʌȠȚȠ
ȕĮșȝȩIJȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒįȠȝȒIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞǻȠȣțȜȚȐȢȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȠȣ.
ȅȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ ʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȚĮIJȣʌȦșİȓ ıIJȘ įȚİșȞȒ ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ
ȖİȞȚțȐIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢȝȑıĮĮʌȩįȚĮțȡȚIJȐıIJȐįȚĮțĮșȑȞĮĮʌȩIJĮȠʌȠȓĮ
įȚĮțȡȓȞİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȝȚĮ ȚįȚȐȗȠȣıĮ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ ȖȡĮijȒȢ Frith, 1985 . Ehri, 1992). ȅȚ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢ įİȞ
İȟİȜȓııȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȠȣȢ İʌİȚįȒ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȣʌȠȤȡİȦIJȚțȒ įȚȑȜİȣıȘ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȝȚĮ
ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ ʌȤ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ıIJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ʌȤ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒ ǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮ ıIJĮ ʌȡȫIJĮ ıIJȐįȚĮ
țĮIJȐțIJȘıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ  IJĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȣȟȚĮțȐ ȝȠȞIJȑȜĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȠȣ
ȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘIJȑȢ İʌȚțİȞIJȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ țȪȡȚȠ ȜȩȖȠ ıIJȠ ijȦȞȘIJȚțȩ
İʌȓʌİįȠ IJȘȢ ȖȡĮʌIJȒȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢ İȞȫ įİ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ʌȡȩıșİIJĮ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚĮțȐ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ įȠȝȒ IJȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ İʌİȟİȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ıİ
ȝİIJĮȖİȞȑıIJİȡȠ ıIJȐįȚȠ (Schlagal, 2001 . Ehri, 2002). ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ țȐʌȠȚȠȚ İȡİȣȞȘIJȑȢ
ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ Įʌȩ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȫȞ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȘȢ
IJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĮțȩȝȘțĮȚıIJĮʌȡȫȚȝĮıIJȐįȚĮĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢIJȦȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȫȞIJȠȣȢ
įİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ. ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ șİȫȡȘıȘ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ĮȞ țĮȚ ıIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ İʌȓ IJȠ ʌȜİȓıIJȠȞ ıIJȘ
ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ Ȓ ıIJȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ Ȓ ıIJȘ ȜİȟȚțȒ ȖȞȫıȘ ıİ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢ ijȐıİȚȢ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ IJȘȢ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒȢIJȠȣȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢİȞIJȠȪIJȠȚȢȩȜİȢȠȚȖȜȦııȚțȑȢȖȞȦıIJȚțȑȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢĮȞIJȜȠȪȞIJĮȚıİ
ʌȡȫȚȝȘȘȜȚțȓĮ (Sulzby, 1996 . Apel, et al., 2004).
ǹıijĮȜȫȢ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ țĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ IJȠ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȝȚĮȢ ȖȜȫııĮȢ ȈIJȠ İȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȜȩȖȦ IJȦȞ ʌȠȜȜȫȞ
ĮȞĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤȚȫȞ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ijȦȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ ȖȡĮijȘȝȐIJȦȞ (ȀȜĮȓȡȘȢ ȂʌĮȝʌȚȞȚȫIJȘȢ  Ș
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ IJȦȞ IJȡȚȫȞ ijȦȞȘİȞIJȚțȫȞ ijșȩȖȖȦȞ Ƞ/, /i țĮȚ e ıIJĮ ȠȞȠȝĮIJȚțȐ țĮȚ
ȡȘȝĮIJȚțȐțȜȚIJȚțȐİʌȚșȒȝĮIJĮIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞĮʌĮȚIJİȓĮʌȩIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐIJȘȤȡȒıȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞȖȞȫıİȦȞ
(Porpodas, 2006). ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ ȝȑȡȘ IJȘȢ ȜȑȟȘȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ İȓįȘ
ȖȞȫıȘȢȖȚĮȞĮȖȡĮijIJȠȪȞıȦıIJȐʌȤ©ȝȒȜȠª țĮȚ©ȝȚȜȫªǹȣIJȒȘįȚĮijȠȡȐıIJȠșİȝĮIJȚțȩȝȩȡijȘȝĮ
ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İIJȣȝȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȕȜİijșİȓ ȠȪIJİ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ȠȪIJİ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȐĮȜȜȐĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJȘȖȞȫıȘıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞȝȠȡijȘȝȐIJȦȞȆȡȦIJȩʌĮʌĮȢ
ǼȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȐ įİįȠȝȑȞĮȑȤȠȣȞįİȓȟİȚȩIJȚIJĮİȜȜȘȞȩʌȠȣȜĮĮʌȩIJȘȞǹǯįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪİȓȞĮȚȚțĮȞȐȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJȡİȚȢIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢIJȘijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒIJȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒțĮȚ
IJȘıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒIJȘȢĮʌȠȝȞȘȝȩȞİȣıȘȢǹȧįȓȞȘȢȆĮȡȐıȤȠȣ. ǻȚĮțȠȖȚȫȡȖȘțȐ, 2005). ǺȑȕĮȚĮȘ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ įİ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ıİ ȩȜİȢ IJȚȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȐ țĮȚ
ĮȞIJĮȖȦȞȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȘijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒİțİȓȞȘıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒʌȠȣȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠ©ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮª
ȘȠʌȠȓĮțĮȚȣʌİȡȚıȤȪİȚIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢıIJȚȢįȪıțȠȜİȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢǻȚĮțȠȖȚȫȡȖȘ
țȐ  ȈIJȘ Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ IJȠȣ įȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ ȠȚ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢ İȟĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ıȣȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȝİ IJȚȢ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ȣʌİȡȚıȤȪİȚ țȐʌȠȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ įȪȠ Chliounaki, Bryant,
2007). DzȡİȣȞĮ IJȦȞ ǹȧįȓȞȘ țĮȚ ǻĮȜĮțȜȒ  țĮIJȑįİȚȟİ İʌȓıȘȢ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȝȚĮȢ ȝİȡȚțȫȢ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȝĮșȘIJȑȢ ıIJȚȢ įȪȠ ʌȡȫIJİȢ IJȐȟİȚȢ IJȠȣ įȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȚȢțĮIJĮȜȒȟİȚȢIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞ
ǺȑȕĮȚĮ Ș ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȘ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ țĮȚ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ
İʌȘȡİȐȗİIJĮȚ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ıȣȞIJĮțIJȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȠ ȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ țĮȚ Ș

198
 ǻǿǻǹȀȉǿȀǾȂǼĬȅǻȅȁȅīǿǹ

IJĮȤȪIJȘIJĮĮȞȐȖȞȦıȘȢ(Plaza, Cohen, 2004). ȈIJȚȢ įİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣİȞIJȐııİIJĮȚİʌȓıȘȢ

țĮȚ Ș IJĮȤİȓĮ țĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮ İȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȞȐıȣȡıȘȢ IJȘȢ
ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘȢ İȞȩȢ ȠʌIJȚțȠȪ İȡİșȓıȝĮIJȠȢ ǹȧįȓȞȘȢ  ǼȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȐ įİįȠȝȑȞĮ
ıIJȘȞ İȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ȖȜȫııĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ įİȓȟİȚ ȝȚĮ ȚıȤȣȡȒ ıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȘȢ IJĮȤİȓĮȢ țĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮȢ
İȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒȢ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ Ǿ ȖȡȒȖȠȡȘ ĮȞȐıȣȡıȘ IJȦȞ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
ĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȦȞ IJȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȝİ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȆĮʌĮįȩʌȠȣȜȠȢīİȦȡȖȓȠȣ
ȈțȠʌȩȢ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ įȚİȡİȣȞȒıİȚ IJȘ ıȣȝȕȠȜȒ IJȘȢ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢıIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢıIJȚȢįȪȠʌȡȫIJİȢ
IJȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ ǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮİʌȚįȚȫțİȚȞĮĮȞȚȤȞİȪıİȚ IJȘıȣȝȕȠȜȒIJȠȣȢıIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ
ȖȡĮijȒȝİIJȐIJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠIJȘȢİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢȐȜȜȦȞįİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣȩʌȦȢIJȠȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠțĮȚ
ȘIJĮȤİȓĮțĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞİʌȚȤİȚȡİȓȞĮİȟİIJȐıİȚIJȘıȣȝȕȠȜȒIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢıIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒȜȑȟİȦȞįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒȢȝȠȡijȘȝȚțȒȢįȠȝȒȢțĮȚıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȅȚȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢʌȠȣįȚĮIJȣʌȫșȘțĮȞȒIJĮȞȠȚİȟȒȢ:
ĮȅȚįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣIJȦȞȝĮșȘIJȫȞıIJȚȢįȪȠʌȡȫIJİȢIJȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪșĮ
ıȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞİʌȓįȠıȒIJȠȣȢıIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒȜȑȟİȦȞ
ȕǾijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒțĮȚȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȦȞȝĮșȘIJȫȞ IJȩıȠıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘȩıȠțĮȚıIJȘ
Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ IJȠȣ įȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ șĮ ıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ıIJȘȞ İʌȓįȠıȒ IJȠȣȢ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒȜȑȟİȦȞıIJȘȞĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘIJȐȟȘ
Ȗ ǾıȣȝȕȠȜȒIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢșĮİȓȞĮȚȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘĮʌȩİțİȓȞȘIJȘȢijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ȝİ ʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ įȠȝȒ IJȩıȠ
ıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘȩıȠțĮȚıIJȘǺǯIJȐȟȘIJȠȣįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ.

ȂȑșȠįȠȢ
ǻİȓȖȝĮ
ȉȠ įİȓȖȝĮ ıȣȖțȡȠIJȒșȘțİ Įʌȩ  ȝĮșȘIJȑȢ ( ĮȖȩȡȚĮ țĮȚ  țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ 6;1- 7;1
İIJȫȞ, ȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚțĮIJȐIJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘijȐıȘIJȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢ ijȠȚIJȠȪıĮȞıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘǻȘȝȠIJȚțȫȞȈȤȠȜİȓȦȞ
IJȠȣȃȠȝȠȪǾȡĮțȜİȓȠȣțĮȚİȓȤĮȞȦȢȝȘIJȡȚțȒȖȜȫııĮIJȘȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȒ.

2.2 ǻȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ
Ǿ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ IJȘȢ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ ȑȖȚȞİ ıİ įȪȠ ijȐıİȚȢ Ǿ ʌȡȫIJȘ ijȐıȘ ǹǯ IJȐȟȘ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ țĮIJȐ IJȠ ıȤȠȜȚțȩ ȑIJȠȢ - țĮȚ ʌİȡȚȜȐȝȕĮȞİ įȪȠ ıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ȝĮșȘIJȑȢ IJȠȣ įİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢ ȈIJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘ ȠȚ ȝĮșȘIJȑȢ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒșȘțĮȞ ĮIJȠȝȚțȐ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ
ʌȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩțĮȚİțijȡĮıIJȚțȩIJȠȣȢȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠIJȘȞIJĮȤİȓĮțĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞIJȘijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘțĮȚIJȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȈIJȘįİȪIJİȡȘıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒșȘțĮȞȠȝĮįȚțȐȦȢʌȡȠȢ
IJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒȆĮȡȩȝȠȚĮįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȒșȘțİțĮȚıIJȘǺǯijȐıȘǺǯIJȐȟȘțĮIJȐ
IJȠıȤȠȜȚțȩȑIJȠȢ-12.

ǵȡȖĮȞĮȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢ
1. ȉȠʌȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ Ȇȁ ȝİIJȡȒșȘțİȝİIJȘȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȒȑțįȠıȘ IJȠȣ PPVT-R(Simos et al.,
2011).
2. ȉȠ İțijȡĮıIJȚțȩ ȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ Ǽȁ ȝİIJȡȒșȘțİ IJȘ ıIJĮșȝȚıȝȑȞȘ ©ǻȠțȚȝĮıȓĮ ǼțijȡĮıIJȚțȠȪ
ȁİȟȚȜȠȖȓȠȣ» ǺȠȖȚȞįȡȠȪțĮȢ țȐ2009).
3. Ǿ IJĮȤİȓĮ țĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮ İȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞ ȉȀǼ ȝİIJȡȒșȘțİ ȝİ įȪȠ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ: IJȘȞ ©IJĮȤİȓĮ
țĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮȥȘijȓȦȞªțĮȚ IJȘȞ«IJĮȤİȓĮțĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞª (Papadopoulos et al.,, 2009).
4. Ǿ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ĭǼ ıIJȘȞ ǹǯ IJȐȟȘ ȝİIJȡȒșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠ țȡȚIJȒȡȚȠ «ǹʌĮȜȠȚijȒ
ijȦȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ» IJȠȣıIJĮșȝȚıȝȑȞȠȣ©ȉİıIJǹȞȓȤȞİȣıȘȢțĮȚǻȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȢǹȞĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȫȞǻȣıțȠȜȚȫȞ»
ȆȩȡʌȠįĮȢ  ȈIJȘ Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ ȝİIJȡȒșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠ țȡȚIJȒȡȚȠ ©ǹʌȐȜİȚȥȘ ȥİȣįȠȜȑȟİȦȞª
(Georgiou, Manolitsis, 2010).

199
ǿǹȀǼȠȆǹȃǼȁȁǾȃǿȅǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȅȃǿȀȅȈȊȃǼǻȇǿȅ

5. Ǿ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ȂǼ ȝİIJȡȒșȘțİ ıȣȞȠȜȚțȐ ȝİ İijIJȐ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ ȝİ IJĮ
ȠʌȠȓĮĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒșȘțİȘİʌȓȖȞȦıȘțĮȚIJȦȞIJȡȚȫȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞțȜȓıȘʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒıȪȞșİıȘIJȠȣ
IJȠȝȑĮ IJȘȢ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ǹȣIJȐ ȒIJĮȞ Į ǹȞĮȜȠȖȓĮ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ȕ ǻȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢ ıȣȞșȑIJȦȞ, Ȗ
ǹȞĮıIJȡȠijȒ ıȣȞșȑIJȦȞ, į ȈȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ıȣȞșȑIJȦȞ, İ ȂİIJĮıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ țȜȚIJȫȞ IJȪʌȦȞ, ıIJ
ȈȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ-ĮʌȠıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȖȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ țĮȚ ȗ ȆĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȩ IJİıIJ
īȡȘȖȠȡȐțȘȢ.
6. īȚĮ IJȘ ȝȑIJȡȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ȑȞĮ țȡȚIJȒȡȚȠ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȝİȞȠ
ĮʌȩȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞİȢȜȑȟİȚȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢțĮIJĮȞİȝȒșȘțĮȞȚıȠȝİȡȫȢıİIJȑııİȡȚȢıȣȞșȒțİȢIJȦȞ
ȜȑȟİȦȞ Ș țĮșİȝȓĮ ȅȚ įȪȠ ʌȡȫIJİȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ıȣȖțȡȠIJȒșȘțĮȞ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ IJȘȞ ȠʌIJȚțȒ ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘ
IJȦȞ ȜȑȟİȫȞ IJȠȣȢ ıIJĮ ȖȜȦııȚțȐ İȖȤİȚȡȓįȚĮ IJȘȢ ǹǯ IJȐȟȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ IJȦȞ
ȜȘȝȝȐIJȦȞ IJȠȣȢ ıİ ĮȣIJȐ Į ǹʌȜȑȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ǹȁ  ȝİ ȝȠȞȠȝȠȡijȘȝĮIJȚțȩ șȑȝĮ ʌȤ ʌĮȓȗȠȣȝİ)
ʌȠȣȣijȓıIJĮȞIJĮȚȝİĮȣIJȒIJȘȝȠȡijȒțĮȚȕǹʌȜȑȢȜȑȟİȚȢǹȁȝİȝȠȞȠȝȠȡijȘȝĮIJȚțȩșȑȝĮʌȤ
țĮȚȡȠȓʌȠȣįİȞȣijȓıIJĮȞIJĮȚȝİĮȣIJȒIJȘȝȠȡijȒȈİĮȣIJȑȢĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJȠȘİʌȚȜȠȖȒIJȠȣțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣ
ȖȡĮijȒȝĮIJȠȢȖȚĮIJȘȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞIJȡȚȫȞijȦȞȘİȞIJȚțȫȞijșȩȖȖȦȞȠ/i/ țĮȚ/eȩIJĮȞĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤȠȪȞ
ıİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ țȜȚIJȚțȐ İʌȚșȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ șİȝĮIJȚțȐ ȝȠȡijȒȝĮIJĮ ȅȚ įȪȠ İʌȩȝİȞİȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
ıȣȖțȡȠIJȒșȘțĮȞ Įʌȩ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ȝİ țȠȚȞȑȢ șİȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ȡȓȗİȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ
İʌȚȜȑȤșȘțĮȞȫıIJİȞĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞijșȩȖȖȠȚʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJĮșȠȪȞȝİʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮIJȠȣ
İȞȩȢ ȖȡĮijȒȝĮIJĮ Į ȆĮȡȐȖȦȖİȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȆȁȋȈ ȝİ ʌȠȜȣȝȠȡijȘȝĮIJȚțȩ
șȑȝĮ ʌȤ ȞȣȤIJȚțȩ țĮȚ ȕ ȂȘ ȣʌĮȡțIJȑȢ ıȘȝĮıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȖİȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ȂȊȈȆȁ ȝİ
ʌȠȜȣȝȠȡijȘȝĮIJȚțȩ șȑȝĮ ʌȤ ȞȣȤIJİȡȒ Ȉİ ĮȣIJȑȢ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJȠ Ș İʌȚȜȠȖȒ IJȠȣ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣ
ȖȡĮijȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞ IJȡȚȫȞ ijȦȞȘİȞIJȚțȫȞ ijșȩȖȖȦȞ Ƞ /i țĮȚ /e ıIJĮ țȜȚIJȚțȐ
İʌȚșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚȘȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞșİȝĮIJȚțȫȞȝȠȡijȘȝȐIJȦȞ īȡȘȖȠȡȐțȘȢ

ǹʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ
ǹȡȤȚțȐʌĮȡĮIJȓșİȞIJĮȚȠȚİʌȚįȩıİȚȢIJȦȞȝĮșȘIJȫȞıIJȠțȡȚIJȒȡȚȠȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ
ȖȡĮijȒȢIJȩıȠıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘȩıȠțĮȚıIJȘǺǯIJȐȟȘǵʌȦȢįȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJĮıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȠȣȆȓȞĮțĮ
ȠȚȝȑıİȢİʌȚįȩıİȚȢțĮȚıIJȚȢįȪȠIJȐȟİȚȢȒIJĮȞȤĮȝȘȜȑȢȈİțȐșİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘȩȝȦȢȠȚİʌȚįȩıİȚȢIJȦȞ
ȝĮșȘIJȫȞıIJȘǺǯIJȐȟȘıİȩȜİȢIJȚȢİʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢȒIJĮȞȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡİȢĮʌȩIJȚȢĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤİȢıIJȘȞǹǯ
IJȐȟȘ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȠ ʌȠȣ įİȓȤȞİȚ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮʌIJȣȟȚĮțȒ ʌȠȡİȓĮ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮȟȚȠıȘȝİȓȦIJȘȘȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡȘİʌȓįȠıȘıIJȚȢȜȑȟİȚȢȝİʌȠȜȣʌȜȠțȩIJİȡȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒįȠȝȒȆȁȋȈțĮȚ
ȂȊȈȆȁıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȚȢȜȑȟİȚȢȝİĮʌȜȠȪıIJİȡȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒįȠȝȒǹȁțĮȚǹȁțĮȚıIJȚȢįȪȠ
IJȐȟİȚȢ
ȆȓȞĮțĮȢȂȑıȠȚȩȡȠȚȂIJȣʌȚțȑȢĮʌȠțȜȓıİȚȢȉǹĮȞȫIJĮIJİȢIJȚȝȑȢǹȉ), țĮIJȫIJĮIJİȢIJȚȝȑȢȀȉ) țĮȚ
įȚĮijȠȡȑȢ IJȦȞİʌȚįȩıİȦȞIJȦȞıȣȝȝİIJİȤȩȞIJȦȞıIJȚȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȘȞIJȐȟȘ
ijȠȓIJȘıȒȢIJȠȣȢ

ȂİIJȡȒıİȚȢ ǹǯIJȐȟȘ ǺǯIJȐȟȘ

ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ z
ȖȡĮijȒȢ Ȃ ȉǹ ǹȉ Ȁȉ Ȃ ȉǹ ǹȉ Ȁȉ
ǹȁ ȃ  2,89 1,57 8 0 4,38 1,74 8 1 -10,56***

ǹȁȃ  2,68 1,14 6 0 3,49 1,74 8 0 -6,77***

ȆȁȋȈ ȃ  0,60 0,95 4 0 2,10 1,85 8 0 -10,61***

ȂȊȈȆȁȃ  0,74 1,09 5 0 2,20 1,71 7 0 -10,54***

***p< 0,001

ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ ĮȞĮȜȪıİȚȢ ıȣıȤİIJȓıİȦȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȟİIJĮıIJİȓ Ș ıȤȑıȘ IJȦȞ
įİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣȝİIJȘȞİʌȓįȠıȘıIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒǹʌȩIJĮįİįȠȝȑȞĮIJȠȣ

200
 ǻǿǻǹȀȉǿȀǾȂǼĬȅǻȅȁȅīǿǹ

ȆȓȞĮțĮʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚȩIJȚȩȜİȢȠȚįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣıİțĮșİȝȚȐIJȐȟȘıȤİIJȓıIJȘțĮȞșİIJȚțȐ
țĮȚ ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȫȢ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌȓįȠıȘ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ įİȓȤȞȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ ʌȡȫIJȘ
ȝĮIJȚȐȩIJȚȠȚįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣʌȠȣİȟİIJȐıIJȘțĮȞıIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȪıĮȑȡİȣȞĮ İȓȞĮȚįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢ
ʌȠȣ İȞįİȤȠȝȑȞȦȢ ȞĮ ıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȘȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ.
ǺȑȕĮȚĮȠȚįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢĮȣIJȑȢįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȠȕĮșȝȩıȣıȤȑIJȚıȒȢIJȠȣȢȝİIJȚȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ
IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ ǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮ Ș ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ țĮȚ Ș ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ
İȝijȐȞȚıĮȞȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠȣȕĮșȝȠȪıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢȝİȩȜİȢIJȚȢİʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ
ȖȡĮijȒȢ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠ ʌȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩ ȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ IJȠ İțijȡĮıIJȚțȩ ȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ țĮȚ IJȘȞ IJĮȤİȓĮ
țĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞıİțĮșİȝȚȐIJȐȟȘȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȐȅȚıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢĮȣIJȑȢȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢțĮȚıIJȚȢįȪȠIJȐȟİȚȢȦıIJȩıȠİȓȞĮȚȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠȣȕĮșȝȠȪıIJȘǺǯIJȐȟȘ

ȆȓȞĮțĮȢȈȣȞIJİȜİıIJȑȢıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘȢPearson r IJȦȞįİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣȝİIJȚȢİʌȚįȩıİȚȢıIJȚȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢIJȘȢ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘțĮȚıIJȘǺǯIJȐȟȘ

ȂİIJȡȒıİȚȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢ
ǻȆȁ ǹǯIJȐȟȘ ǺǯIJȐȟȘ
ǹȁ ǹȁ ȆȁȋȈ ȂȊȈȆȁ ǹȁ ǹȁ ȆȁȋȈ ȂȊȈȆȁ
Ȇȁ 0,29*** 0,30*** 0,24*** 0,21** 0,23** 0,26*** 0,32*** 0,30***

Ǽȁ 0,29*** 0,30*** 0,19** 0,17* 0,23** 0,26*** 0,33*** 0,34***

ȉȀǼ -0,42*** -0,38*** -0,32*** -0,33*** -0,42*** -0,36*** -0,39*** -0,40***

ĭǼ 0,54*** 0,50*** 0,40*** 0,43*** 0,57*** 0,54*** 0,56*** 0,54***

ȂǼ 0,52*** 0,44*** 0,43*** 0,42*** 0,49*** 0,49*** 0,60*** 0,59***

* p< 0,05, **p< 0,01, ***p< 0,001

ǺȑȕĮȚĮĮʌȩIJĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȜİȖȤșİȓȘįİȪIJİȡȘȣʌȩșİıȒȝĮȢīȚĮ
IJȠȜȩȖȠĮȣIJȩʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȚțȑȢĮȞĮȜȪıİȚȢʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮİȟİIJĮıIJİȓȘıȣȝȕȠȜȒ
IJȘȢ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮ Įʌȩ
IJȚȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣʌȠȣıȣȝʌİȡȚȜȒijșȘțĮȞıIJȘȝİȜȑIJȘȝĮȢȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ IJȑııİȡȚȢ ıİȚȡȑȢ ȚİȡĮȡȤȚțȫȞ ʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮȜȪıİȦȞ ıİ țĮșİȝȚȐ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ȠʌȠȓİȢ İȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞȘ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒ ȒIJĮȞ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȝȑIJȡȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ İȞȫ ȠȚ
ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJİȢ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ ȒIJĮȞ  ȆȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩ ȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ  ǼțijȡĮıIJȚțȩ ȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ  ȉĮȤİȓĮ
țĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞȀȐșİȝİIJĮȖȜȦııȚțȒȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȤȦȡȚıIJȐ
ȈIJȠȞȆȓȞĮțĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȐIJĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮIJȦȞʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȫȞʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȚțȫȞ
ĮȞĮȜȪıİȦȞ ǹʌȩ IJĮ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ IJȠȣ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚ ĮȡȤȚțȐ ȩIJȚ Ș ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ țĮȚ Ș
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘİȟȘȖȠȪȞĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮĮʌȩIJȚȢȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪȜȩȖȠȣȑȞĮ
ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȫȢ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ IJȘȢ įȚĮțȪȝĮȞıȘȢ IJȘȢ İʌȓįȠıȘȢ ıIJȚȢ ȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ IJȘȢ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢıİțĮșİȝȚȐIJȐȟȘȤȦȡȚıIJȐǺȑȕĮȚĮIJȠʌȠıȠıIJȩĮȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠıIJȘ
ǺǯIJȐȟȘțĮȚȖȚĮIJȚȢįȪȠȝİIJĮȖȜȦııȚțȑȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢʌȚșĮȞȩIJĮIJĮȜȩȖȦIJȘȢțĮȜȪIJİȡȘȢİʌȓįȠıȘȢIJȦȞ
ȝĮșȘIJȫȞıIJȚȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢıIJȘȞIJȐȟȘĮȣIJȒ
ȂȐȜȚıIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȆȓȞĮțĮ  ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ș ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ ȚıȤȣȡȩIJİȡĮ ȝİ
IJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ȝİ ĮʌȜȒ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ įȠȝȒ ǹȁ țĮȚ ǹȁ Įʌȩ ȩIJȚ Ș
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩIJİȡĮ Ș ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ İȟȘȖİȓ ȑȞĮ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ
IJȘȢ įȚĮțȪȝĮȞıȘȢ IJȘȢ İʌȓįȠıȘȢ ıIJȚȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ ıȣȖțȡȚIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ȩIJĮȞ
țĮșİȝȚȐİȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJȠʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȚțȩȝȠȞIJȑȜȠȦȢIJȑIJĮȡIJȘȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒ.

201
ǿǹȀǼȠȆǹȃǼȁȁǾȃǿȅǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȅȃǿȀȅȈȊȃǼǻȇǿȅ

ȆȓȞĮțĮȢ: ǹʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮIJȦȞȚİȡĮȡȤȚțȫȞʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȫȞʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȚțȫȞĮȞĮȜȪıİȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȩȕȜİȥȘIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ
ȖȡĮijȒȢıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘțĮȚıIJȘǺǯIJȐȟȘ ĮʌȩIJȚȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ȜȩȖȠȣıİțĮșİȝȓĮIJȐȟȘĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮ

ȂİIJȡȒıİȚȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢ
ǹǯIJȐȟȘ
ǻİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ǹȪȟȘıȘR2
ȜȩȖȠȣ ǹȁ ǹȁ ȆȁȋȈ ȂȊȈȆȁ
ȆȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ 0,08*** 0,09*** 0,06*** 0,05**
ǼțijȡĮıIJȚțȩȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01
ȉĮȤİȓĮțĮIJıȓĮİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞ 0,12*** 0,09*** 0,07*** 0,08***
ĭȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,11*** 0,09*** 0,06*** 0,09***
ȂȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,04*** 0,01 0,05*** 0,04**
4. ȂȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,12*** 0,05*** 0,10*** 0,10***
ĭȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,04** 0,05*** 0,01 0,03**
ǺǯIJȐȟȘ
ǻİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ǹȪȟȘıȘR2
ȜȩȖȠȣ ǹȁ ǹȁ ȆȁȋȈ ȂȊȈȆȁ
ȆȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ 0,05** 0,07*** 0,10*** 0,09***
ǼțijȡĮıIJȚțȩȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ 0,01 0,01 0,02* 0,03**
ȉĮȤİȓĮțĮIJıȓĮİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞ 0,14*** 0,10*** 0,11*** 0,12***
ĭȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,16*** 0,14*** 0,13*** 0,11***
ȂȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,02* 0,02* 0,06*** 0,06***
ȂȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,12*** 0,11*** 0,17*** 0,16***
ĭȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ 0,06*** 0,05*** 0,02** 0,01*
* p<0,05, **p< 0,01, ***p< 0,001

ǹȞIJȓșİIJĮȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘįİȓȤȞİȚȞĮıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȚıȤȣȡȩIJİȡĮȝİIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ
ȖȡĮijȒIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒįȠȝȒȆȁȋȈțĮȚȂȊȈȆȁțĮșȫȢİȟȘȖİȓ
ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ IJȘȢ įȚĮțȪȝĮȞıȘȢ IJȘȢ İʌȓįȠıȘȢ ıIJȚȢ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ıȣȖțȡȚIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘ
ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ȩIJĮȞ țĮȚ ȠȚ įȪȠ İȚıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ ʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȚțȐ ȝȠȞIJȑȜĮ ȦȢ IJȑIJĮȡIJȘ
ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒ IJȩıȠ ıIJȘȞ ǹǯ IJȐȟȘ ȩıȠ țĮȚ ıIJȘ Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ Ȉİ țȐșİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȟȚȠıȘȝİȓȦIJȘ Ș
ıȣȝȕȠȜȒIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢıIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȖȡĮijȒIJȦȞʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȦȞȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
ȜȑȟİȦȞıIJȚȢįȪȠʌȡȫIJİȢIJȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪĮțȩȝȘțȚȩIJĮȞİȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJĮʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȚțȐȝȠȞIJȑȜĮ
ȦȢIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒțĮȚİȜȑȖȤİIJĮȚȘijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ

4 ȈȣȗȒIJȘıȘ
Ǿ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȝȚĮ ʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȘ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJȐțIJȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȠʌȠȓĮȢ
ıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞʌȠȜȜȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢȈIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȪıĮȝİȜȑIJȘİȟİIJȐıIJȘțİȘıȤȑıȘIJȘȢȝİıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ
įİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ȜȩȖȠȣ IJȦȞ ȝĮșȘIJȫȞ ıIJȚȢ įȪȠ ʌȡȫIJİȢ IJȐȟİȚȢ IJȠȣ įȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ ǺȑȕĮȚĮ IJȠ
țȪȡȚȠ ȕȐȡȠȢ įȩșȘțİ ıIJȘȞ İȟȑIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ ıȣȝȕȠȜȒȢ įȪȠ ȕĮıȚțȫȞ ȝİIJĮȖȜȦııȚțȫȞ ȚțĮȞȠIJȒIJȦȞ IJȘȢ
ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ȝİ ʌȠȚțȓȜİȢ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢįȠȝȑȢ

202
 ǻǿǻǹȀȉǿȀǾȂǼĬȅǻȅȁȅīǿǹ

ȈIJȠȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȩȤȫȡȠİȓȞĮȚȜȓȖİȢȠȚȑȡİȣȞİȢʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞıȣȞİȟİIJȐıİȚIJȠȡȩȜȠIJȘȢijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ
țĮȚIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢıIJĮĮȡȤȚțȐıIJȐįȚĮIJȘȢʌȠȡİȓĮȢțĮIJȐțIJȘıȘȢIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ
ȖȡĮijȒȢ ǹȧįȓȞȘȢ ȆĮȡȐıȤȠȣ  ǜ ǹȧįȓȞȘȢ ǻĮȜĮțȜȒ  Ȓ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ țĮȚ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞIJȘȞȓįȚĮʌİȡȓȠįȠǻȚĮțȠȖȚȫȡȖȘțȐǜChliounaki, Bryant, 2007).
ȍıIJȩıȠıIJȚȢȑȡİȣȞİȢĮȣIJȑȢįİȞȑȤİȚȜȘijșİȓȣʌȩȥȘIJȠȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȑȞĮȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢʌȠȣ
ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ ıIJİȞȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȘȢ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ IJȠȣȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ
īȡȘȖȠȡȐțȘȢ  țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJĮȤİȓĮȢ țĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮȢ İȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȝİȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞİȢijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȚȢǹȧįȓȞȘȢ
ǵʌȦȢ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ ȑȡİȣȞȐȢ ȝĮȢ, IJȠ ʌȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȩ țĮȚ IJȠ İțijȡĮıIJȚțȩ
ȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ ȑȞĮ ȝȚțȡȩ ĮȜȜȐ șİIJȚțȩ ȕĮșȝȩ ıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ
ȜȑȟİȦȞ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ įȠȝȒ ȉȠ İȪȡȘȝĮ ĮȣIJȩ țĮșȚıIJȐ ĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮ IJȘ
ıȣȞİȟȑIJĮıȘIJȠȣȜİȟȚȜȠȖȓȠȣIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞıIJȚȢȝİȜȜȠȞIJȚțȑȢȝİȜȑIJİȢʌȠȣșĮİȟİIJȐıȠȣȞIJȘıȤȑıȘIJȘȢ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ıȤȠȜȚțȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ǹȢ ȝȘȞ
ȟİȤȞȐȝİȩIJȚȩıȠĮȣȟȐȞİIJĮȚIJȠȜİȟȚȜȩȖȚȠIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞIJȩıȠʌȚșĮȞȩIJİȡȠİȓȞĮȚȞĮıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJȘ
ȝȠȡijȘȝĮIJȚțȒ įȠȝȒ IJȠȣȢ țĮșȫȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ʌȚȠ İȪțȠȜĮ IJĮ ıȘȝĮıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ IJȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ įȘȜĮįȒ IJĮ ȝȠȡijȒȝĮIJĮ (Kieffer, Lesaux, 2007) ǻİȞ İȓȞĮȚ IJȣȤĮȓȠ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ
ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠȣ ȕĮșȝȠȪ ıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıȜȘʌIJȚțȠȪ țĮȚ IJȠȣ İțijȡĮıIJȚțȠȪ ȜİȟȚȜȠȖȓȠȣ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȘțĮȞ ıIJȘ Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ ıİ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȖİȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȆȁȋȈ Ȓ ĮȞȪʌĮȡțIJİȢ ıȘȝĮıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ȂȊȈȆȁ ʌȠȣ ijȑȡȠȣȞ ʌȠȚțȓȜĮ ȝȠȡijȘȝĮIJȚțȐ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐǹʌȩIJȘȞȐȜȜȘȠȚșİIJȚțȑȢıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢIJȘȢIJĮȤİȓĮȢțĮIJȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮȢİȡİșȚıȝȐIJȦȞȝİ
IJȚȢ ȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ ȝĮȡIJȣȡȠȪȞ IJȘ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ IJȘȢ ȝİȜȑIJȘȢ IJȠȣ ȡȩȜȠȣ IJȠȣ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȦȢıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢIJȠİȪȡȘȝȐȝĮȢȖȚĮIJȘıȣȝȕȠȜȒIJȘȢijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢțĮȚIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ
ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ĮʌȠțIJȐ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ țĮșȫȢ ʌȡȠȑțȣȥİ ĮijİȞȩȢ
ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ ȜȑȟİȦȞ țĮȚ ĮijİIJȑȡȠȣ ȝİIJȐ IJȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ IJȘȢ
İʌȓįȡĮıȘȢ ȐȜȜȦȞ įİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ ʌȡȠijȠȡȚțȠȪ ȜȩȖȠȣ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȚȢ ʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡȩȝİȞİȢ
ȝİIJĮȖȜȦııȚțȑȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ ǺȑȕĮȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȑȢ İʌȚįȩıİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȝĮșȘIJȫȞ ıIJĮ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ IJȘȢ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢ ȖȡĮijȒȢ ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ ȩIJȚ țȣȡȓĮȡȤȘ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ ıIJȚȢ įȪȠ ʌȡȫIJİȢ IJȐȟİȚȢ IJȠȣ
įȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪİȓȞĮȚȝİȞȘijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȦıIJȩıȠȠȚȝĮșȘIJȑȢĮțȩȝȘțĮȚıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘİȓȞĮȚıİșȑıȘȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞȝȚĮȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒȈȣȞȠȜȚțȐIJĮİȣȡȒȝĮIJȐȝĮȢijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȞĮİʌĮȜȘșİȪȠȣȞ
İțİȓȞĮ ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȦȞİȡİȣȞȫȞıIJȘȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȒȖȜȫııĮʌȠȣȑįİȚȟĮȞȩIJȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȒįȘĮʌȩIJȘȞǹǯ
IJȐȟȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȚțĮȞȐ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȝȓĮ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ țĮIJȐ IJȘ ȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ
(ǹȧįȓȞȘȢ  ȆĮȡȐıȤȠȣ  . ǻȚĮțȠȖȚȫȡȖȘ ț Ȑ, 2005) țĮȚ İȞȚıȤȪȠȣȞ IJȘ șİȫȡȘıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ Įʌȩ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ İȞȩȢ ȡİʌİȡIJȠȡȓȠȣ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȘȢ IJȘȢ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ĮțȩȝȘ  țĮȚ ıIJĮ ʌȡȫȚȝĮ ıIJȐįȚĮ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ IJȦȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȫȞ
įİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ IJȠȣȢ (Sulzby, 1996 . Apel et al., 2004). ȍıIJȩıȠ șİȦȡȠȪȝİ ȩIJȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟȘ
ȝȚĮȢĮȚIJȚȫįȠȣȢıȤȑıȘȢȝİIJĮȟȪȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢțĮȚȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ
İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞįȚĮȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢȑȡİȣȞİȢțĮȚʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȚțȑȢȝİȜȑIJİȢʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢ
ǾĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘIJȦȞȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞıȤȑıİȦȞıIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮİȓȞĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮįȪıțȠȜȘ ȖȚĮ
IJĮ ȝȚțȡȐ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ʌȠȣ ȝĮșĮȓȞȠȣȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮ Chliounaki, Bryant, 2007). ȀĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĮʌȠțIJȐ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ IJȠ İȪȡȘȝĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ıȣȝȕȠȜȒ IJȘȢ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȖȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȝȘ ȣʌĮȡțIJȫȞ
ıȘȝĮıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȖȦȞ ȜȑȟİȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȝȠȡijȠijȦȞȘȝȚțȫȞ ĮȡȤȫȞ IJȘȢ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢ ıIJȘ Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ, ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ȈȘȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ıIJȘ Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ
ȑȤȠȣȞțĮIJĮțIJȘșİȓʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢȩȥİȚȢIJȘȢȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȓĮȢțĮȚȘȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞ
İȓȞĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠĮȞĮʌIJȣȖȝȑȞȘĮʌȩȩIJȚıIJȘȞǹǯIJȐȟȘDzIJıȚȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒıIJȚȢȜȑȟİȚȢ
ĮȣIJȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚșĮȞȩ ȞĮ ʌȘȖȐȗİȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȐȝİıȘ ıȘȝĮıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ IJȦȞ
ȝȠȡijȘȝȐIJȦȞȘȠʌȠȓĮȝİIJȘıİȚȡȐIJȘȢİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚİȓIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒIJȠȣȢ ĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘ
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢȘįȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢȝİĮȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȘȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞȝȠȡijȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚȩȤȚıİ
țĮȞȩȞİȢ ĮʌȠȝȞȘȝȩȞİȣıȘȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȕȠȘșȒıİȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘ IJȦȞ ȝȠȡijȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıIJȠ ȖȡĮʌIJȩ

203
ǿǹȀǼȠȆǹȃǼȁȁǾȃǿȅǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȅȃǿȀȅȈȊȃǼǻȇǿȅ

ȜȩȖȠ. ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ Ș țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ıȤȠȜȚțȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ IJȘȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȠȝȒ IJȦȞ
ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȐʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞİȓȞĮȚʌȚșĮȞȩȞĮİijȠįȚȐıİȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȝİȝȓĮİʌȚʌȜȑȠȞıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ
IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘ
IJȑIJȠȚȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞǹijȒȞȠȞIJĮȢİȟȐȜȜȠȣIJȠȣȢȝĮșȘIJȑȢȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȞȝȩȞȠȚIJȠȣȢȝİIJĮįȚțȐIJȠȣȢ
ȝȑıĮ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ İțİȓȞȠȚ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ İȖȖİȞȫȢ ȑIJȠȚȝȠȚ ȖȜȦııȠȜȠȖȚțȐ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȚșĮȞȩ ȞĮ ȝİȓȞȠȣȞ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ıȣȞȠȝȘȜȓțȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȠȣ ȜİȟȚȜȠȖȓȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞĮ-
ȖȞȫȡȚıȘIJȦȞȜȑȟİȦȞıIJȘȞĮȞĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȒțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘțĮȚıIJȘȞȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮ

ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮ
ǼȜȜȘȞȩȖȜȦıȘ
ǹȧįȓȞȘȢ ǹ  īȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ıȤȠȜȚțȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ȝȚĮ ȥȣȤȠȖȜȦııȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ.
ǹșȒȞĮGutenberg.
ǹȧįȓȞȘȢ ǹ ǻĮȜĮțȜȒ ȋ  ǹʌȩ IJȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘ ȖȡĮijȒ Ǿ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȘȢ
ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȝȠȡijȠıȣȞIJĮțIJȚțȒȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ ȈIJȠ Ȇ ȆĮʌȠȪȜȚĮ-ȉȗİȜȑʌȘ ǹ
ĭIJİȡȞȚȐIJȘ, Ȁ ĬȘȕĮȓȠȢ ǼʌȚȝ DzȡİȣȞĮ țĮȚ ȆȡĮțIJȚțȒ IJȠȣ īȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ. ǹșȒȞĮ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐ
īȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ-64.
ǹȧįȓȞȘȢǹȆĮȡȐıȤȠȣǻǹȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢıIJȠįȘȝȠIJȚțȩ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȁȐșȘ țĮȚ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢ IJȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ȈIJȠ ȃ ȂĮțȡȒȢ ǻ ǻİıȜȒ ǼʌȚȝ Ǿ ȖȞȦıIJȚțȒ
ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ ıȒȝİȡĮ īȑijȣȡİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȝİȜȑIJȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩȘıȘȢ, ȆȡĮțIJȚțȐ ȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣ ǹșȒȞĮ
ȉȣʌȦșȒIJȦ-252.
ǺȠȖȚȞįȡȠȪțĮȢ ǿ ȆȡȦIJȩʌĮʌĮȢ ī ȈȚįİȡȓįȘȢ ī  ǻȠțȚȝĮıȓĮ ǼțijȡĮıIJȚțȠȪ ȁİȟȚȜȠȖȓȠȣ.
ȋĮȞȚȐīȜĮȪțȘ
īȡȘȖȠȡȐțȘȢ ǿ  Ǿ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȦȞ ȝİIJĮȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ȚțĮȞȠIJȒIJȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠ ıIJȘ Ǻǯ IJȐȟȘ ǻȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪ țĮȚ Ș ıȤȑıȘ IJȠȣȢ ȝİ IJȘ ȝȐșȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞȐȖȞȦıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞȘȢȖȡĮijȒȢǹįȘȝȠıȓİȣIJȘįȚįĮțIJȠȡȚțȒįȚĮIJȡȚȕȒ
ǻȚĮȝĮȞIJȒ Ǻ  ȅȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ țĮȚ ijȦȞȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ ȈIJȠ ǹ ȂȠȣȗȐțȘ ǹ
ȆȡȦIJȩʌĮʌĮȢǼʌȚȝȅȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȝȐșȘıȘțĮȚįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢǹșȒȞĮGutenberg, 107-120.
ǻȠȣțȜȚȐȢȈȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȠȣȂ ȅȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘțĮȚȝȠȡijȠȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȈIJȠ
ǹ ȂȠȣȗȐțȘ ǹ ȆȡȦIJȩʌĮʌĮȢ ǼʌȚȝ ȅȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮ ȝȐșȘıȘ țĮȚ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ ǹșȒȞĮ
Gutenberg, 121- 133.
ȀȜĮȓȡȘȢȋȂʌĮȝʌȚȞȚȫIJȘȢīīȡĮȝȝĮIJȚțȒIJȘȢȃȑĮȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢ (4Ș ȑțį ǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐ
īȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
ȂĮȞȦȜȓIJıȘȢ ī  ȂȑIJȡȘıȘ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ȝİIJĮȖȜȦııȚțȫȞ ȚțĮȞȠIJȒIJȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞȘȜȚțȓĮȢ -6
İIJȫȞǹșȒȞĮīȡȘȖȩȡȘȢ
ȆĮʌĮįȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ ȉ īİȦȡȖȓȠȣ ī  ȅȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȒ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ȖȞȦıȚĮțȒ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ ȈIJȠ
ǹ ȂȠȣȗȐțȘ ǹ ȆȡȦIJȩʌĮʌĮȢ ǼʌȚȝ ȅȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮ ȝȐșȘıȘ țĮȚ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ ǹșȒȞĮ
Gutenberg, 53- 66.
ȆȩȡʌȠįĮȢ Ȁ ). ǼȡȖĮȜİȓȠ ǹȞȓȤȞİȣıȘȢ țĮȚ ǻȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ ǹȞĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȫȞ ǻȣıțȠȜȚȫȞ ıIJȠ
ȃȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠțĮȚǹǯ-ǺǯǻȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪǹșȒȞĮȊȆǼȆĬ-ǼȆǼǹǼȀ
ȆȡȦIJȩʌĮʌĮȢǹǾįȚĮijȐȞİȚĮIJȠȣİȜȜȘȞȚțȠȪȠȡșȠȖȡĮijȚțȠȪıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȈIJȠǹȂȠȣȗȐțȘ
ǹȆȡȦIJȩʌĮʌĮȢǼʌȚȝȅȡșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȝȐșȘıȘțĮȚįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢǹșȒȞĮGutenberg, 67-104.

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