04 20 00

STONE ASSEMBLIES
INDEX TO ARTICLES
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1 Contract Documents
1.2 Work Included
1.3 Related Work Specified Elsewhere
1.4 Quality Assurance
1.5 Design Requirements
1.6 Stone Support and Anchorage
1.7 Submittals
1.8 Mock-up Panels
1.9 Tolerances

PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1 Stone Materials
2.2 Substrate Materials
2.3 Thin Setting and Grouting Materials
2.4 Stone Support System
2.5 Miscellaneous Materials
2.6 Spare Stock

PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1 General
3.2 Preparation of Concrete and Masonry Base Elements
3.3 Application of Substrate Components
3.4 Application Waterproofing and Protective Screed
3.5 Stone Fabrication
3.6 Installation of Stonework
3.7 Setting Wall Panels:
3.8 Protection
3.9 Cleaning and Repairing

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04 20 00
STONE ASSEMBLIES
1. GENERAL
1.1 Contract Documents
All work of this Section shall comply with the requirements of the Contract Documents for
the Main Building Works, with the Drawings, Schedules and with all other Contract
Documents.
1.2 Work Included
1.2.1 Development of design intent, supply and installation of dimension stones as
shown on the Drawings and Finishes Schedules including:
a) External Stone Cladding
b) Stone Masonry
c) Internal Stone Cladding
d) External and Internal Stone Tiling
1.2.2 Coordination with the following interfacing works, packages, trades and
disciplines:
a) Movement Joints
b) Waterproofing
c) Concrete Construction
d) Masonry Works
e) Rendering/Plastering
f) Tiling Works
g) Plumbing
h) Electrical
1.2.3 Preparation and submission submittals
1.2.4 Fabrication of stones
1.2.5 Testing and verification
1.2.6 Cleaning and protection of stone works after installation and prior to acceptance
1.2.7 Provide a comprehensive manual consisting of good practice advice on stone
maintenance relevant to the project.
1.3 Related Work Specified Elsewhere
a) Submittals Procedures : 01 01 10
b) Reference Standards : 01 02 10
c) Concrete : Refer to Concrete Specifications
d) Unit Masonry : 04 10 00
e) Membrane and Roofing : 07 10 00
f) Joint Sealants : 07 30 00
g) Expansion Control : 07 40 00
h) Tiling : 09 60 00
i) Paving : 17 11 00

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 1.4 Quality Assurance
1.4.1 Qualifications of Sub-Contractor
a) Specialist Sub-Contractor
The works of this Section shall be carry out by a sub-contractor who is a
specialist. The term 'Specialist Sub-Contractor', in this specification shall
mean a firm of established reputation, which is regularly engaged in and
maintains a regular force of workmen, experienced in development of
design intent and skilled in the supply, handling and installation of the
specified stonework and screed systems.
b) Qualification of Specialist Sub-Contractor
Submit evidence of the following items to qualify as Specialist Sub-
Contractor to carry out the works of this Section:
i) Being bona fide Contractor specializing in the installation of
external stonework.
ii) Successfully completed stonework of similar scope, complexity,
quantity and quality, with proven track records of such experience
for a continuous period of 5 years or more. Such track records
shall include a list of at least five projects of similar works
completed, giving job locations, names of owners, owners’
telephone numbers, and dates on which each project started and
completed.
iii) Having project supervisors and foreman with specific training in
the proper installation of the specified stonework installation
systems, will be present to supervise, whenever materials and
products are to be installed.

1.4.2 Site Inspection

Prior to starting any works of this Section, Specialist Sub-Contractors shall inspect
all surfaces to be installed with stonework. Report to the Contractor any
conditions, which prevent the proper application and installation of any materials
and components, and any corrective measures required. Commencement of
Works of this section shall be deemed as acceptance of surfaces and site
conditions by the Specialist Sub-Contractor.
1.4.4 Stone Review
All stones shall be subjected to the Architect review. Stone rejected for non-
conformance to agreed samples (or approved Shop Drawings), shall be removed
from the site and replaced with stones that complies the Architect’s requirements
and all specified requirements, at no additional cost or time.
1.4.5 Examination Criteria
All examinations, selections and approvals stonework shall be for the purpose of
achieving the greatest possible uniformity and consistency of colour and
appearance, and shall be based upon the following criteria:
a) Material performance compliance.
b) Colour, texture, vein and grain within approved, preselected ranges.
c) Finishes within approved preselected ranges.
d) Uniformity and consistency of colour, texture, vein and grain in any given
total plane (surface) of the building as determined by the Architect.

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 e) Conformance to confirmed Shop Drawings and details with specified
dimensions and tolerances.
1.4.6 Quarry Examination
The Architect may make periodic trips to the selected quarries to review the
selection and examination of approved stones. Materials selected and examined
at the quarry shall NOT be construed as materials meeting with the Architect’s
requirements but shall be subject to further review and acceptance after delivery
to Site.
1.4.7 Examination at the Fabrication Plant
a) The Architect shall make periodic trips to the fabrication plant for
examination and review of the fabrication progress and the fabricator's
compliance of work with the approved samples and Shop Drawings. As
such, the fabricator shall provide full access to the plant facilities for the
Architect’s examination.
b) To assure consistency of stone appearance (in terms colour, tonality,
graining and texture) on any given building plane, is within criteria of
approved samples and other submittals – comply with the following:
i) Stones required for the same plane, can be quarried from the
same location or adjacent locations.
ii) Upon fabrication, pre-lay stones for viewing and acceptance by
the Architect. Each plane (surface) shall be pre-lay in pattern as
intended and stone pieces (flat, shapes and the like) shall be
moved, deleted, added as may be directed by the Architect. Upon
confirmation by Architect, stones shall be identified as to location
for final setting in place.
c) Process of selection shall be programmed into phasing schedule by the
Contractor, to permit expeditious delivery of materials and timely
completion of the Contract.
d) Take cognisance that all stones pre-lay and accepted shall still be
subjected to final review and approval after delivery to Site. Rejected
material is to be replaced at no additional cost or time to the Employer.
1.4.8 Referenced Documents
Refer to Section 01 02 10 Reference Standards to comply with the requirements
of the referenced Standards.
1.5 Design Requirements
Drawings, Finishes Schedules and Specifications are provided to convey the design intent
of the project. The Contractor shall carry out development of design intent to address all
conflicts, constraints, means and methods for achieving the crux of the overall design and
the required quality, including:
1.5.1 Stonework Phasing Schedule
Prepare a detailed stonework phasing schedule for review and approval prior to
commencement of any stone quarry work, fabrication and delivery. The schedules
shall be review by the Architect, which shall be revised and re-submitted, as
required. Preparation of schedules shall commence immediately upon award of
contract.
1.5.2 Contract Document Review
Prior to preparation of Shop Drawings, the Contractor shall review the Drawings
and Specifications. All questions pertaining to design intent, materials, installation
procedures, code requirements, and submissions for review, coordination and
delivery shall be reviewed.

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 1.5.3 Shop Drawing Submission
a) Prepare detailed, coordinated Shop Drawings for preliminary review of
stonework. Shop Drawings shall be reviewed, approved, signed and
sealed by the Contractor prior to submission to the Architect.
b) Shop Drawings for Stonework shall include the following information:
i) Complete, detailed and dimensioned plans, elevations and
sections, for all stonework interior and exterior indicating, among
other things, the stone material/ type and finish.
ii) Large scale details of all special shaped and fitted pieces
including Specification and test reports on jointing compounds
used in Shop- executed jointing.
iii) List of materials including stone types, movement joints, screed /
render, waterproofing, adhesive, grout and sealer / impregnator.
iv) Typical joint details showing integration with movement joints,
screed / render, waterproofing, adhesive and grout, where
required.
v) Movement / Expansion Joint Details and Layout. Movement /
Expansion Joint layouts shall be coordinated to match with
building module and principles of sub-modulation and grids to be
approved by the Architect.
vi) Details and description of all miscellaneous materials /
components required to complete the stonework.
1.6 Stone Support and Anchorage
1.6.1 General
It is the design intent that each stone, notwithstanding its location, is independently
attached / anchored in place so that no stone bears nor transmits loads to adjacent
stone; such stone units being separated by a sealant (soft) joint consisting of one-
part Polyurethane sealant as specified, except special load bearing stone shown
on Drawings.
1.6.2 Design
The engineering and detail design shall be the Contractor's responsibility to carry
out within performance criteria. Details for methods of support, anchors, ties and
the like shown on Drawings, are suggested only to amplify the design intent. The
Contractor is to submit the following for the anchor system proposed.
a) Each anchor shall have the manufacturer's designated maximum
permissible load and airspace clearly marked to ensure correct usage.
b) Manufacturer design system must be strictly adhered to without
modification.
c) Full static calculation if required shall be provided by the manufacturer.
d) All accessories like expansion bolts and/or grout shall conform to
manufacturer's requirement.
1.6.3 Fail Safe
Stonework and stone support systems shall be capable of supporting stone unit
above in the event of failure of any one gravity load support, without increase in
allowable stress. All stones installed above 2m shall be mechanically fixed.

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 1.7 Submittals
1.7.1 Shop Matching Stones
Submit Shop Matching Stones Based on Colour, Texture and Grain
1.7.2 Product Data
a) Submit for each material of this Section, including all stone types, screed
materials, adhesive, grout, sealer / impregnator, and the like.
b) Submit manufacturers printed material specifications for each material /
component, and installation instructions.
c) Stone Properties Data
i) Stone properties data for stone types approved by the Architect
shall be submitted by the Contractor and certified as
representative of the properties of each type of stone to be
supplied. Approved materials data shall become the basis of the
work of this Section.
ii) Material properties shall be derived from tests conducted by an
approved testing laboratory acceptable to the Architect. Data
submissions shall indicate the location where testing was
performed, the methods of testing and number of specimens
tested.
1.7.3 Samples
a) For each thickness, stone type and finish, submit 6 (Six) sets of 600 x 600
mm and 300 x 300 mm samples. Include in each set, the full and extreme
range of colours, texture and finish to be expected in the completed work.
b) Submit samples of typical corner pieces, copings, pavers and such
samples requested by the Architect.
c) The submitted samples must match the control sample of each particular
stone type kept by the Architect.
d) Submission of properly labelled samples shall proceed until suitable
samples, acceptable to the Architect, are received, in all types of finishes
required.
1.7.4 Maintenance Manual
Prepare and submit maintenance manual upon completion of the Works of this
section, include the following items in the manual:
a) Routine procedures for maintaining and cleaning the install stonework
b) Procedures for maintaining wet floors
c) Procedures of removing stains
d) Procedure for application and re-application of topical maintenance
coating
e) Protection procedures against scratch, stains and discolouration
f) Procedures for the general sustainability of the quality of overall installed
stonework

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 1.7.5 Indemnities and Warranties for
a) Tiles Adhesives and Bonding Agent (5 years)
Prior to commencement of the stone finishing work, the Contractor shall provide
to the Employer a 5-years Indemnity and warranty against any defect,
deterioration, failure, lack of fitness, non-satisfaction of performance specifications
or other requirements under the Contract or other faults in the tile adhesive and
bonding agent works. The Contractor will be required to remedy, repair and make
good any defects or damage during the indemnity period.
If, in the opinion of the Contractor, the foregoing Specifications are insufficient for
him to provide the indemnity and warranty, then he shall allow in his tender for
upgrading the Specifications as necessary to enable him to so indemnify.
1.8 Mock-up Panels
1.8.1 Full size mock-up panels will be required for those special areas of the work.
1.8.2 Mock-up panels shall be erected with adequate foundation supports and provision
for bracing, at a Site provided by the Employer. The selected, finished materials
shall consist of the following:
a) Paving pattern 3.0 metres square.
b) Typical interior floor pattern 3.6 metres square.
c) Typical interior wall panel 3.6 metres square.
d) Refer to mock-up list as set out in the Preliminaries
1.8.3 Reviewed mock-up panels shall remain in place as a standard of acceptable
quality and removed when no longer required.
1.8.4 Mock-up panels for stone at walls shall provide actual stone support system, on
block or concrete back-up as shown on the Drawings.
1.9 Tolerances
1.9.1 Variation from Plumb
For lines and surfaces of columns, walls and arrises, do not exceed 3mm in 3
metres, 6mm in a storey height or 6 metres maximum. For external corners,
expansion joints and other conspicuous lines do not exceed 3mm in any storey or
6 metres maximum, or 6mm in 12 metres or more.
1.9.2 Variation from Level
For grades shown and other conspicuous lines, do not exceed 3mm in 6 metres
maximum, nor 6mm in 12 metres or more.
1.9.3 Variation of Linear Building Line
For position shown in plan and related portion of columns, walls and partitions, do
not exceed 3mm in 6 metres maximum, nor 6mm in 12 metres or more.
1.9.4 Variation in Cross-Sectional Dimensions
For columns and thickness of walls from dimensions shown, do not exceed minus
3mm, nor plus 6mm.
1.9.5 Offset at Joints: Do not exceed 1.5mm
1.9.6 Variation of Slope and Grade
Check slope and grade of installed granite paving units with a 3 metres
straightedge. Surface must be "level" within 3mm in 3 metres.
1.9.7 Tolerances shall not be accumulative

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2. PRODUCTS
2.1 Stone Materials
2.1.1 Selected Stones for this Project
Refer to Drawings, Finishes Schedules and Control Samples of selected stones.
General Requirements
a) Quality
Stones shall be selected, from sound stock, and free from defects
impairing strength, durability or appearance, such as cracks, seams,
starts, holes, flaws or imperfections which have been patched or filled.
b) Appearance
Stones shall be uniformly consistent in appearance, in terms of colour,
tonality, grain, texture and other features to the extent inherent in each
stone type.
c) Nomenclature and Source
Stones for use in this project have been selected based on commonly
known commercial / trade nomenclatures and based on guidelines from
Marble Institute of America’s publication “Dimension Stones of the World”
Vols. I and II. In order to accord with international standards, the
contractor shall also:
i) Further identify each stone by classifying it into commonly
accepted scientific and technical classifications of geological
sciences, in accordance with ASTM C 119.
ii) Provide petrography description of each stone, including:
1. A detailed characterization of each stone including basic
information about its functional suitability in the form of a
"fingerprint".
2. An accurate description of the compositional mineralogy,
texture and other microscopic features of each stone.
3. Prediction of each stone’s chemical, physical and
mechanical performance in service, including
identification of any tests required and to be carried out,
so as to enable such prediction.
4. Identification of any deleterious components / minerals,
such as swelling smectite clays, zeolites (e.g. laumontite)
and sulphides (e.g. pyrite) that may affect the long-term
durability of each stone.
iii) Identify the quarrying source in commercial operation capable of
supplying the quantity, quality and production of each type of
stone required for the Project.
d) Submission and Approval of Samples
i) Submit shop matching samples of each type of stones, to the
Architect for reviewed and approval, prior to fabrication (i.e. in
addition to documented evidence for confirming compliance with
specification).
ii) The final approval of stones, by the Architect, shall be subjected
to final review and approval after delivery to Site.

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 2.1.2 Stonework System Performance Requirements
a) Defects
Installed stonework systems shall be free from the following defects,
under normal conditions of usage, with respect to acceptable industry
norms:
i) Discolouration and Staining of Stones and Grout
ii) Efflorescence Built-Up
iii) Debonding of Stonework
iv) Cracking of Stonework
v) Localised Bulging of Stonework
b) Slip Resistant
i) Comply with the following SCOF for different types of stone
finishes:

Types of Stone Test Method Test SCOF

Finishes Condition

Cleft, Flame ASTM C 1028 Dry > 0.7

Sandblasted & (Field Test, using
other Textured Neolite Heel
Finishes Assemblies) Wet > 0.6

Polished and ASTM D 2047 Dry > 0.5

Honed Finishes (Laboratory Test, using
(with or without the James Machine)
topical coating)

ii) Irrespective SCOF, take cognisance that a wet floor is the result
of poor maintenance, which may attribute to a slippery floor and
as such include wet floor maintenance procedure in stonework
Maintenance Manual, as part of the over regime to sustain the
specified SCOF.
2.1.3 Performance Requirements of Stones
a) Comply with the following performance requirements for different types of
stones:
Resistance*
Compressive Strength

Modulus of Rupture

Type of Stones
Flexural Strength

and
Corresponding
ASTM C1353
(kg/m3, min.)

Referenced
ASTM C170

ASTM C880
(wt%, max.)
Absorption

(MPa, min.)

(MPa, min.)

(MPa, min.)
ASTM C97

ASTM C97

ASTM C99

Standards
Abrasion

(Ha, min.)
Density

Granite >
< 0.40 > 2560 > 131 > 8.27 >25
ASTM C 615 10.34
Marble
< 0.20 > 52 >7 >7 >10
ASTM C 503
Calcite > 2595

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 Dolomite > 2800
Serpentine > 2690
Travertine > 2305
Limestone
N/A >10
ASTM C 568
Low Density < 12 > 1760 > 12 > 2.9
Medium
< 7.5 > 2160 > 28 > 3.4
Density
High Density <3 > 2560 > 55 > 6.9
Quartz-based
N/A
ASTM C 616
Sandstone <8 > 2003 > 27.6 > 2.4 >2
Quartzitic
<3 > 2400 > 68.9 > 6.9 >8
Sandstone
>
Quartzite <1 > 2560 > 13.9 >8
137.9
b) Soundness Classification of Marbles
In addition to ASTM’s requirements, unless otherwise indicated, marbles
shall have a minimum soundness classification of Group B. The
classification shall be carried out by Marble Institute of America (MIA)
producer and finisher Members and a written warranty shall be obtained
from them and submitted to the Architect prior to installation.
c) Thickness
Stone thicknesses shown in Drawings or Finishes Schedules are
minimum acceptable thickness for fabrication. Refer Drawings for special
shapes and profiles. Permissible variations ranging from minimum to
maximum shall be as follows:
i) Maximum variation in thickness shall be -1.5mm to +3.0mm for
stone less than 50mm thick, and -2.0mm to +5.0mm on thicker
units.
ii) Provide greater thickness than shown without additional
reimbursement of cost where thickness is insufficient for the
sizes, where extent of cut-outs decreases effective strength of the
remaining material, for proper and sufficient anchorage, or where
required for suitable and adequate bearing areas or surfaces, as
determined by Contractor's Professional Engineer.
iii) Any revision in thickness, size or shapes affecting Architect’s
design or specified minimum thickness shall be reviewed with the
Architect prior to preparation of Shop Drawings.
iv) Provide less thickness where required to accommodate restricted
height/depth width of finishes allowed, in accordance to site
conditions.
2.2 Substrate Materials
2.2.1 Screed System
a) Provide a rapid hardening and drying proprietary premix screed achieving
moisture content of less than 3% and a screed strength of Category A, an
Insitu Crushing Resistant (ISCR) in accordance to BS 8204 tested after 7
days, prior to installation of stone.

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 2.2.2 Render System
a) External levelling of wall substrate where required shall be executed using
Laticrete 3701 Mortar Admix with Laticrete 226 Thick Bed Mortar. Provide
Laticrete 9235 liquid applied waterproofing membrane with reinforcing
mesh as base before thin set installation.
b) Provide anti-carbonation paint on all external reinforced concrete walls
receiving stone claddings.
2.2.3 Pool and Water Feature Substrate Materials
a) Provide a rapid hardening and drying proprietary premix screed / render
that will not leach or cause efflorescence.
b) In the case of screed – Category A ISCR in accordance with BS 8204
shall apply and which is to be tested and verified with the BRE test
apparatus.
2.2.4 Approved Manufacturers
Notwithstanding what is specified, alternative equal performing materials or
system may be considered from the following approved manufacturers:
a) Laticrete
b) Ardex
c) Isocrete
d) Mapei
2.3 Thin Setting and Grouting Materials
2.3.1 Adhesives
a) For Installation of Limestone or Marble
Use a cementitious adhesive with fast setting and rapid hydration
properties belonging to the C2F class in compliance with EN 12004 and
ISO 13007 and classified S1 incompliance with EN 12002 and ISO 13007-
1 for Deformable Adhesives.
b) For Installation of Granite
Use a high performance cementitious adhesive belonging to C2T class
with excellent adhesion and with no vertical slip property, in compliance
with EN 12004 and ISO 13007-1. The adhesive must have the following
performances at a temperature of +23deg.C.:
Tensile adhesion strength @ 28 days shall not be less than 1.0 N/mm2
2.3.2 Grouts
a) Floors and Walls Applications
Generally, use an unsanded smooth cementitious grout classified under
class 2 in compliance with EN 13888 and ISO 13007-3. Colour to be as
selected by Architect.
For floors or paving use a high durability epoxy-based grout for all areas
with heavy foot traffic.
2.3.3 Pools and Water Features Applications
a) Use backing screed and adhesives in compliance with above. Note that
materials used shall be compatible for watertightness and bonding with
waterproofing system used. Where pools are to be used for marine life no
materials with residual chemicals harmful to marine life shall be used.

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 2.4 Stone Support System
2.4.1 Fix all stone wall finishes secured to the structure with approved mechanical
fixings complying with BS 8298.
2.4.2 Furnish all anchors, bolts, angles, plates, shims, and dowels as necessary to
properly secure stone units in accordance with approved Shop Drawings. Types
to be reviewed and approved by Contractor's Engineer prior to sample
submission. Provide all sizes and shapes to fit each particular condition.
2.4.3 Sizes and thicknesses of all components shall be determined by the Contractor's
Professional Engineer who shall be responsible for the design of same, supported
by calculations submitted to the Architect for review.
a) Propose connection material for the upper bound (or lower bound if
appropriate) of stone thickness, the extremes of adjustment of metal
components, the most disadvantageous tolerance of hot stone work and
of supporting material (generally concrete), plus the fail-safe concept as
provided herein-all at factors of safety (without deduction) and at
allowable stresses (without increase) as provided herein.
2.4.4 All exterior and interior metal components attached to or in contact with stone shall
be stainless steel; grade 316 or approved.
2.4.5 Provide lead buttons of the thickness required for the joint size shown or for loss
bearing conditions specified, and of the size required to maintain a uniform joint
width, and to meet the load requirements of stone. Provide lead buttons only at
load transmitting joints, where shown on the Drawings.
2.5 Miscellaneous Materials
2.5.1 Components used for the Detailing of Embedded Conduits
Provide galvanised expanded mesh embedded into screed. A 20 mm minimum
screed coverage is required between the surface of the conduit and the finished
screeding level.
2.5.2 Proprietary Movement Joints
Latham Neoprene 6mm wide loc/tile strips or other approved proprietary
movement joints.
2.5.3 Clear Non-Staining Impregnator
Water based penetrating sealer / impregnator which allow water vapour
transmission. All six surfaces shall be applied with the impregnator.
Approve Manufacturers:
i) Aqua Mix Sealer’s Choice Gold
ii) Alligator Miropan Silan Impregnating Coating
2.5.4 Maintenance Topical Coating
Comply with the following requirements:
a) Compatible with interfacing stonework materials and components
b) SCOF > 0.5 when tested in accordance with ASTM 2047 (James
Machine)
c) Approved by the Architect
2.5.5 Waterproofing
Refer to Section 07 50 00 MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING AND ROOFING for
material requirements.

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 2.5.6 Joint Filler (for control or expansion joints)
Compressible and resilient premoulded joint filler of polyethylene foam compatible
with sealant. Joint filler shall be thickness of joint, height full depth of setting bed
and stone paving units. Lower portion of joint to be filled with non-deteriorating,
compressible filler board.
2.5.7 Non-staining and non-bleeding Sealant
Where required shall be approved by the Architect. The following are acceptable
Manufacturers:
a) Dow Corning
b) Bostik
c) GE
d) Mapei (eg. Mapesil AC with Primer FD)
2.6 Spare Stock
Upon completion, deliver the following materials to the Employer at designated areas on
the site.
2.6.1 0.5% of the quantity of each type and colour of stones
2.6.2 0.5% of the quantity of each type and colour of wall & skirting stones
3. EXECUTION
3.1 General
3.1.1 General Requirements
Carry out all works in accordance with:
a) Reference codes and standards
b) Manufacturers’ published specifications.
c) Building control regulations of authorities having jurisdiction over the
Works.
d) Local industry good practices.
3.1.2 Surface examination and Acceptance
a) Prior to installation, examine surfaces and structural systems including
concrete framing and masonry work, to receive stonework. Do not
proceed until any defects detrimental to the finished work are corrected,
including moisture protection, structural supports, provisions for
expansion, or any other condition, which might affect stonework
installation and the finished work in terms appearance, water tightness or
integrity of the completed installation.
b) By commencing the Work of this Section, the Contractor shall assume
total responsibility, that all assemblies, components and parts shown or
required within the work of this Section have been properly fitted, installed
and compatible with the conditions of installation and expected use.
3.1.3 Coordination of Fabrication
a) Coordinate and schedule this work with interfacing works and trades.
Give particular attention to the location and size of cutouts required to
accommodate mechanical, electrical, and other interfacing or adjoining
works.

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 b) Coordinate the installation and/or erection of structural framing and
concrete construction designed or intended to receive stone finishes.
Coordinate with Concrete Specification for all concrete sub-framing
required to support and receive stonework, particularly related to the work
at fountains, paving and tree pits.
c) Verify site dimensions of supporting structures including concrete and
masonry elements, before preparation of Shop Drawings and fabrication
of stonework. Coordinate fabrication schedule with construction progress
to expedite delivery and to avoid delay of the work.
3.1.4 Phasing Schedule
Prior to commencing any work, including submission of Shop Drawings, the
Contractor shall prepare a detailed Phasing Schedule for the fabrication and
erection of all stonework and support systems. Such Phasing Schedule shall be
submitted to the Architect for review and shall include the following:
a) Review of Contract Documents
b) Development of Design Intent
c) Submission of Product Data and Stone Properties
d) Preparation of Shop Drawings
e) Submission of Shop Drawings
f) Sample Submissions
g) Preparation of sample panels
h) Stone Fabrication and Selection Including Examination of Blocks
i) Stone Delivery
j) Stone Erection
k) Protection, Cleaning and Sealing
3.1.5 Delivery, Storage & Handling
a) Protect, store and handle all stone materials as recommended by
fabricator.
b) Handle stone materials to prevent chipping, breakage, soiling or other
damage. Do not use pinch or wrecking bars without protecting edges of
granite with wood or other rigid materials. Lift with wide-belt type slings
wherever possible; do not use wire rope or ropes containing tar or other
substances, which might cause staining. If required, use wood rollers and
provide cushion at end of wood slides.
c) Store stone on 10mm thick rubber mat or pad, covered with non-staining,
waterproof membrane. Place and stack skids and stone to distribute
weight evenly and to prevent breakage, deflection or cracking of stone.
Protect stored stone from weather with waterproof, non-staining covers or
enclosures, but allow air to circulate around stone.
d) Properly palletise, crate and/or band stone units for shipment and
receiving at job site.
e) Handle and store on site per written instructions of the fabricator and
protect stone against accumulation of dirt, grease and other staining or
disfiguring elements. Cover stone with an approved non-staining
waterproof material during extended periods of storage.
f) Protect mortar materials and stone accessories from weather, moisture
and contamination with earth and other foreign materials.

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 g) Where exposed to weather during construction activities, protect partially
completed stonework against weather when work is not in progress.
Cover top of walls with strong, waterproof, non-staining membrane
extending at least 1 metre down both sides of walls and anchor securely
in place to prevent blow-off.
3.2 Preparation of Concrete and Masonry Base Elements
3.2.1 General
Comply with Engineer’s specifications and the following requirements:
a) Curing
i) Cure concrete surfaces for 28 days.
ii) Where curing compounds are used, curing period to be in
accordance with the curing compound manufacturer’s
recommendations.
b) Repair of Concrete Base Elements
Repair concrete surface defeats to achieve a uniform surface for
application of substrates or waterproofing by complying with the following
requirements:
i) Remove honeycombed and defective concrete areas down to
sound concrete and patch up with shrinkage compensated grout,
polymer mortar or epoxy mortar.
ii) Remove fins, protrusion and irregular projections from concrete
surfaces by chipping, grinding or wire brushing.
iii) Mechanically abrade sharp offsets such as those caused by
formwork alignment, to provide a gradual and smooth transition
between offset surfaces.
iv) Fill tie holes with suitable mortar mentioned above.
c) Cleaning of Concrete Base Elements
Clean surfaces of concrete base elements mechanically / chemically to
remove:
i) Curing compounds
ii) Oil
iii) Wax
iv) Grease
v) Silicone and other release agents from formworks
vi) Dirt
vii) Loose, weak and unsound surface materials
viii) Laitance
ix) Efflorescence
3.2.2 Preparation of Concrete Bases for Receiving Bonded Screeds
Comply with Engineer’s specifications, BS 8204 Part 1 and the following
requirements:
a) Use the following means to remove surface contaminants and mortar
matrix from concrete bases so that sound, clean course aggregate is
exposed
b)

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 i) Shot-Blasting
This method may be use for preparing both precast and in-situ
bases
ii) Mechanical Scrabbling
Do not use this method with precast concrete units
b) Retarders
The use of chemical retarders is not an acceptable mean of preparing
concrete bases.
c) Bonding Agents
Seek acceptance from the Architect when intending to use bonding
agents to achieve a high degree of bond between the screed and the
prepared base.
3.2.3 Preparation of Masonry Base Elements for Receiving Render Backing
a) Clean masonry surfaces to remove contaminants
b) Flush point mortar joints prior to application of cement / sand substrates
c) Allow to dry / cure before applying render basecoat
3.3 Application of Substrate Components
3.3.1 Application of Base Screed
Comply with BS 8204 Part 1 and the following requirements:
a) Add water to proprietary pre-packed screed and mechanically mix to the
required consistency, in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
b) Apply the base screed to prepared concrete bases to achieve the
following requirements:

Properties Performance Requirements

Gradient (applicable only to areas 1:80 towards drains / drainage

to be applied with waterproofing) outlets

Thickness 25 mm to 40 mm

Surface Regularity Classification < 3mm departure from underside

of SR 1 (applicable to water of a 2 m straightedge
features only)

Surface Regularity Classification < 5mm departure from underside

of SR 2 of a 2 m straightedge

c) Where the required screed is thicker than 50 mm – comply with the

following requirements:
i) Lay the screed to about half its thickness
ii) Compacting it and lightly roughening the surface to provide a
mechanical key for the upper layer
iii) Lay reinforcement on the compacted layer such that the total
thickness of the steel fabric at the overlaps are limited to the
middle third of the screed depth
iv) Then immediately placing and compacting the upper layer.

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 d) Finish the screed to achieve a smooth surface, suitable for application of
waterproofing or thin setting of stones.
3.3.2 Render to Walls
a) Add water to proprietary pre-pack render and mechanically mix to
manufacturer’s recommendations.
b) Apply the render base coat to prepared walls to achieve a uniform plane
suitable for waterproofing application.
c) Allow to dry / cure before applying waterproofing membrane
3.3.3 Chamfering of Corners
Provide chamfered corners to areas to be waterproof and comply with the
following:
a) Apply fillet beads to chamfer all junctions of intersecting planes
b) Reinforced as necessary
c) Seal, and allow to cure
3.3.4 Curing
Allow all cement / sand substrates to cure for 7 days before application of
waterproofing.
3.3.5 Testing and Verifications
a) Carry out the following tests to verify that base screeds are ready and
suitable for waterproofing application or stonework installation.
i) Laser Level Survey
Take cognisance of Annex B of BS 8024 Part 1 and carry out
laser level survey to verify that specified gradient and surface
regularity are within specified limits.
ii) BRE Test
1. Carry out BRE test, 24 hours after installation of screed,
in accordance with BS 8024 Part 1 to verify ISCR of
screed
2. Location of BRE tests shall be random or based on an
approved grid pattern
3. In any case, comply with the following indentation limits:

Indentation after 4 drops of the

(4.00 ± 0.01) kg weight

Category of Random Tests Grid Tests

ISCR

A < 2 mm < 3 mm

4. Avoid testing within 300 mm of bay joints and cracks

5. Carry at least 3 tests in areas less than 20 m2
6. Carry out 3 tests on each 20 m2 to 25 m2 of screed lay in
larger areas
7. Test corridors at 3 m to 5 m intervals.

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 iii) Moisture Content Tests
1. Testing Moisture Content of Cementitious Substrates
Use a Speedy Moisture Tester to test and verify that
moisture content of cementitious substrates is 3% or
lesser, before proceeding with installation of stone.
2 Testing Moisture Content of Other Substrates
Carry out moisture content tests by using a moisture
meter to verify that the moisture content of the following
items is within the product specific tolerances and
suitable for waterproofing application.
I) Prepared and primed concrete and cement /
sand substrates (on horizontal, vertical and
oblique planes)
II) Prepared and primed surfaces of uPVC, metal
and alloy interfacing components
III) Prepared and primed surfaces of movement
joints
b) Areas failing any of the above tests must be rectified in accordance with
approved method statements and shop drawings and to a standard
acceptable by the manufacturers of substrate and waterproofing
materials, in order to facilitate acceptance of surface / substrate
readiness.
3.4 Application Waterproofing and Protective Screed
Refer to Section 07 50 00 Membrane Waterproofing and Roofing for workmanship
requirements on application of waterproofing and protective screed.
3.5 Stone Fabrication
3.5.1 Stones shall be cut to sizes, shapes, dimensions, and details as shown on
approved Shop Drawings. There shall be no deviation from jointing shown or
stated in approved Shop Drawings. If preassembled pieces are proposed,
techniques of preassembly and samples, where required by the Architect shall be
submitted for review. Adhesives used shall be of highest quality and subjected to
the Architect’s approval.
3.5.2 Exposed surfaces and edges of stone units shall be free from cracks, broken
corners, chipped edges, scratches, or other defects affecting appearance. No
patching, disguising or cover up of defects shall be permitted. Stone units having
flaws or imperfections shall not be acceptable and shall be rejected, and replaced
with approved materials at Contractor's expense.
3.5.3 Thickness
Stone thickness shown in Drawings or Finishes Schedules, are minimum
acceptable thickness for fabrication. Refer Drawings for special shapes and
profiles. Permissible variations ranging from minimum to maximum shall be as
follows:
a) Maximum variation in thickness shall be -1.5mm to +3.0mm for stone less
than 50mm thick, and -2.0mm to +5.0mm on thicker units.
c) Provide greater thickness than shown without additional reimbursement
of cost where thickness is insufficient for the sizes, where extent of cut-
outs decreases effective strength of the remaining material, for proper and
sufficient anchorage, or where required for suitable and adequate bearing
areas or surfaces, as determined by Contractor's Engineer.

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 c) Any revision in thickness, size or shapes affecting Architect’s design or
specified minimum thickness shall be reviewed with the Architect prior to
preparation of Shop Drawings.
d) Provide less thickness where required to accommodate restricted
height/depth width of finishes allowed, in accordance to site conditions.
3.5.4 Squareness:
a) Cut all stones full and true on faces, reveals, beds, joints, and top to the
full dimensions required by drawings. All sawn edges shall be straight
and true. Maximum deviation from straight line or radii indicated shall be
+ 0mm / - 2mm when measured with a 3 metres straightedge or radial
template. All units shall fit together accurately.
3.5.5 Fabricate all stonework so that joints between units shall be as shown on
Drawings.
3.5.6 Cutting, Drilling and Fitting
Include all cutting, drilling, and fitting of stonework required to accommodate the
work of other trades. In cutting and fitting, carefully cut and grind edges to a neat,
tight fit; cutting in such a manner so as not to impair strength, appearance or
architectural design of stonework. Use physical templates and accurate site
measurements for all cutting and drilling. Obtain required templates from proper
trades.
3.6 Installation of Stonework
3.6.1 General
a) Prior to installation, dry lay of the stone in conjunction with the supplier at
the designated locations to ensure matching of colour, tonality and vein
patterns for the approval of the Architect. Mark each stone clearly so that
it can be installed correctly in its final position.
b) Stone with chips, cracks, voids, stains, non-matching colours, tonality and
vein patterns or other defects, which are visible, shall not be used in the
finished work. Any stone, so installed, shall be removed and replaced
with proper materials at no additional cost to the Employer.
c) Clean stone before setting by scrubbing with non-metallic fibre brushes
followed by a thorough drenching with clear water. Use only mild cleaning
compounds that contain no caustic or harsh fillers or abrasives.
d) Execute stonework by skilled masons, and employ skilled fitters/cutters at
site for site cutting, only as necessary.
e) Erect walls plumb and true with joints uniform in width and accurately
aligned.
f) Include all cutting, drilling and fitting of stonework not performed in the
shop and required to accommodate the work of other trades. In cutting
and fitting, carefully cut and grind edges to a neat tight fit. Do cutting in
such manner as not to impair strength or appearance of stone. Use
physical templates and accurate site measurements for all cutting and
drilling. Obtain required templates from proper trades.
g) Provide chases, reveals, reglets, openings and other spaces as shown or
required for contiguous work. Close up openings in stonework after other
work is in place.
3.6.2 Thin Setting of Stones
Comply with Manufacturer’s printed installation procedures and the following
requirements:

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 a) Application of Sealer / Impregnator
Apply approved proprietary water based penetrating sealer / impregnator
to stone surface in accordance with product manufacturer’s printed
recommendations and instructions. Should repolishing of stone be carried
out after sealer has been applied, a new coat of sealer shall be applied
upon completion of the repolishing.
b) Pattern
Lay stone floorings and walls in pattern as indicated on drawings. Joints
shall align or be on centrelines as indicated on drawings, with joints or
centrelines of wall finish materials; site check all dimensions.
c) Movement Joints
Coordinate with interfacing works and trades to install approved sealants
(for walls) or proprietary preformed (for floors) movement joints in
accordance with approved shop drawings, manufacturer’s printed
literatures, and comply with the following requirements:
i) Comply with BS 5385 Parts 1 & 5 to incorporate movement joints
in walls and floors, respectively.
ii) Incorporate movement joints in water features in accordance with
BS 5385 Part 4.
d) Thin Setting
Comply with BS 5385 Part 1 & 5 for internal walls and floors, respectively
and the following requirements:
i) Thin set stones to screed, after the appropriate screed drying time
by applying a 5 mm thick bed of specified adhesives
ii) Use the floating and buttering technique to thin set stones,
ensuring they are solid bed fixed, as described in the product data
sheets.
iii) Do not allow traffic onto surface until 2 hours after thin setting or
after manufacturer’s recommended curing time.
e) Grouting
Comply with BS 5385 Part 1 & 5 for internal walls and floors, respectively
and the following requirements:
i) Mix grouts and apply in accordance with products’ printed
technical literatures
ii) Use a rubber squeegee or rubber backed trowel to work the
mixed grout into the joints, ensuring they are completely filled
iii) Remove excess grout as work proceeds
iv) Remove any residue grouts left on tile face by wiping off with a
damp sponge between 15 to 30 minutes after application.
v) Do not use mixed grout upon expiration of products’ working life.
f) Application of Maintenance Topical Coating
Apply maintenance topical coating in accordance with manufacturer’s
printed technical literature.
3.7 Setting Wall Panels:

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 3.7.1 Install stone work support systems and set stone in accordance with final reviewed
Shop Drawings. Furnish and install anchors, supports, fasteners and other
attachments shown, or necessary to secure stonework in place. Shim and adjust
accessories as required for proper setting.
3.7.2 Erect walls plumb and true with joints as detailed, uniform in width and accurately
aligned.
3.7.3 Provide specified sealant system at all exterior and interior joints. Mortar joints,
where required, shall be struck back 12mm from face of stone to allow for sealant.
The Contractor shall provide lead buttons as specified herein. Provide the quantity
of buttons required to maintain uniform joint width and alignment.
3.7.4 Joints on all sides of stonework shall be maintained by use of temporary wedges
which shall be removed prior to placing sealant.
3.7.5 Maintain cavity space between back of stonewall panels and face of back-up. Do
not fill cavity space with mortar or grout or any other materials except to the
lower/initial 1000mm, which is to be filled with mortar.
3.7.6 Apply to the back and sides of stone approved sealer to the lower 1.0m of
stonewall panels.
3.7.7 Unless otherwise specified elsewhere, all stonework shall have a polished and
smooth finish on completion.
3.8 Protection
3.8.1 Protect work adjacent to stone surfaces from damage. Protect exposed flat and
corner surfaces of stone work from damage or defacement. Prevent materials
used for installing work of this Section from staining or damaging the exposed
surfaces of stone work or the exposed surfaces of the adjoining construction.
Immediately remove sealant, mortar, grout or other detrimental materials from
exposed surfaces of stone paving or adjoining construction.
3.8.2 After installation, protect stone work from damage during subsequent construction
activities.
3.8.3 No lumber or other material liable to stain or deface stone shall be used in direct
contact with the stone surfaces.
3.8.4 Barricade granite paving work areas during setting, grouting and pointing. Keep
barricades in place until mortar or sealant at joints are fully cured.
3.8.5 The Contractor shall provide whatever means, methods, and/or materials required
to protect all in-place stone work from any damage whatsoever resulting from the
work of other trades. The Contractor shall be responsible to remove and replace
any damaged or defaced stonework. Remove protection when no longer required.
3.9 Cleaning and Repairing
3.9.1 At Completion of Work
Replace defective, broken or damaged stone paving units. Unfilled or defective
joints shall be properly repaired. Defective setting beds shall be removed and
replaced.
3.9.2 After completion of above repair work, clean exposed surfaces of all stone work
with clean water and stiff fibre brushes until all dirt, stains, efflorescence, mortar,
and other defacements are removed. Use cleaners and procedures
recommended by stone quarry and fabricator. Do not use wire brushes, metal
scrapers or acids. Protect adjacent surfaces from damage during cleaning
operations.
3.9.3 At completion of cleaning and repair work, remove all temporary protection from
the work of this Section.
- END -

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