GROUP 2

Sanopo, Florence Alexa B.

Santillan, Allyana Jenine S.
Silva, Prancis Khristan C.
Siwa, Anne Rachelle Angela M.
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Building Stones

Classification of Stones
Building Stones

Stone Construction

Gypsum

Gypsum Products

Lime
o Stone materials are often used for
construction because they are strong,
durable and very resistant to weather
conditions.

o It is versatile, available in many shapes,

sizes, colors and textures, and can be
used for floors, walls, arches and roofs.

o People have been building with stone for

thousands of years. Some of the earliest
examples of dry stone construction date
back to the Neolithic period (roughly
beginning around 9000 years ago).
 formed as the result of
the cooling of molten
matter.

formed from deposits of pre-existing

rocks or pieces of once-living
organism that accumulate on the
Earth's surface.

rocks changed from their original

structure by the action of extreme
pressure, heat, or various
combinations of these forces.
o includes rough fieldstone
which may merely have
been broken into suitable
sizes, or it may include
irregular pieces of stone
that have been roughly
cut to size (usually used for
and filling material).
 consist of pieces
that have been
cut or finished
according to a set
or drawings.
o consists of thin pieces
1 /2 in. and up which
may or may not have
had their face
dimensions cut to
some particular size.
o Stones consisting of
pieces varying in
size from 3/8 to 6 in.
and is used to a
large extent in
concreting.
one formed from clay,
commonly dark-blue
composed of quartz,
with faint shades of
feldspar, hornblende and
green, used for floor
mica. Its generally very hard,
tile, stair treads, coping
strong durable and capable
stones, interior wall
of taking a high polish. For
base, interior window
use in flooring wall paneling,
stools of exterior
column and mullion facings,
window sills.
stair treads or flagstone.
 a sedimentary rock which
is either oolitic, or calcite
cemented calcareous A sedimentary rock,
stone formed of shells composed mainly
of calcium carbonate. It has
fragments, particularly non- been formed at the earth's
crystalline in nature, it has surface through the
no cleavage lines evaporation of water from hot
and uniform in springs. It is used as an interior
structure and decorative stone because of its
composition. pleasing texture and its
tendency to show small,
natural pockets on a cut
surface.
 Igneous rock with the mineral
A stone that changed from its
serpentine. The mineral is olive
original structure, limestone and
green to greenish black, but
dolomite have been recrystallized
impurities may give the rock
to form marble. Famous types are
other colors. Used for interiors
carrara, parian, numidiam, onyx,
only due to deterioration from
vermont, colors are from yellow,
weathering.
white, shades of gray to black,
violet, red and green used for wall
or column facing and for flooring.
A class of rock composed of
cemented silica grains.
Colors include gray, buff,
light brown, red. Texture
range from very fine to very
coarse and some are quite
porous with as much as 30.
percent of their
volume composed
of pores.
Formed by metamorphosis of
clays and shales deposited in
layers. A unique characteristic
of the rock is the relative ease
with which it may be separated
into thin tough sheets. Slate is
commonly used for flooring,
window sills and stools, stair
treads,
facing.
When used as a facing stonework may
be divided into four categories;

Paneling

Ashlar

Rubblework

Trim
o consists of using
slabs of stone cut
to dimension and
thickness to cover
backup walls and
provide a finished
exterior.
 Regular
Coursed
Ashlar

work requires the

Irregular use of cut stone
Coursed and includes
Ashlar broken ashlar,
irregular coursed
ashlar, regular
coursed ashlar.
Broken
Ashlar
used as random when no attempt is made to produce
either horizontal or vertical course lines. Small spaces
are filled with spalls, small stones and used as coursed
rubble work, horizontal course lines are maintained but
no vertical course lines used.
involves use of stones cut for a
specific purpose and include
QUOIN. They are emphasized by
using a contrasting color or type
and by projecting beyond the
vertical plane of the wall. Usually
they are laid so that they appear
alternately as long and short
stones on each side of the corner.
 stones which form the
sides of window and door
openings.

stones which form the

bottom of window and door
openings.
 special stone courses which are built into a wall
for a particular purpose. One reason is to
provide architectural relief to a large wall of
one material or to provide a break in the
vertical plane of the wall another reason is to
hide a change in the wall thickness.

one which is cut to fit on the top of

a masonry wall. It prevents the
passage of water into the wall,
sheds water to either inside on
outside, and gives a finished
appearance to the wall.
 specially cut stones which are
built into and project from, a
masonry wall near the top.

stones which bridge the top of

door and window openings.
 made to fit over an inclined concrete slab
or to cap steps cast in concrete.

cut to form some particular type of

arch over a door or window
opening.
walks and patios, made by
covering a base of stone
concrete, brick or tile with
Flagstone. They can be random
flagstones, trimmed flagstone,
trimmed rectangular and square.
o Gypsum is widely used to manufacture
wallboards that are used to cover walls
and ceilings. It's also used to make plaster
which is used in the construction of homes
as well as mixed into a patching
compound for wallboard repair.

o Building gypsum is used as heating

resistant, moisture preserving, sound
absorbing and fire proofing material.

o The first evidence of the use of gypsum in

building construction appears to have
occurred in 3700 B.C.
PLASTERS

GYPSUM BOARDS

GYPSUM TILE
GYPSUM PRECAST
WALL PANELS
o Plaster is a building material used for
coating, protecting and decorating
internal walls and ceilings. It can
also be used to create architectural
mouldings.

o The most common types of plaster

mainly contain either gypsum, lime,
or cement.
• made from carefully selected white rock then mixed with
water to form a paste, it sets in about 15 to 20 minutes.
When lime putty is mixed, it makes a plaster finish coat
which hardens fast and free from shrinkage cracks.

• When gypsum is ground and alum added to it, it is known

as Keene’s cement. Used where sanitary conditions or
excessive moisture makes it necessary to specify a hard
impervious, smooth surface since it is highly resistant to
moisture penetration.
• This plaster is made from specially selected rock and
ground much finer than plaster of Paris. It is slower setting
and cooler working, which make it adaptable for
ornamental molded plaster work.

• This is a neat gypsum plaster, widely used to form the first

(scratch) coat and the second (brown) coat on plastered
walls and ceilings.
• intended for application to concrete surfaces. Almost any
finish plaster can be applied over this coat. It can cover the
outside and inside of a building, forming a protective layer
over stone, brick, and RCC walls and ceilings.

• This material is made specially to produce the finish coat for

plastered surfaces. It has to be mixed with hydrated Lime
putty and water.
• requires only water. It contains no lime, so the plaster
surface can be decorated as soon as it is dry.

• Used when a rough surface is required.

• calcined gypsum is mixed with a light weight-mineral
aggregate to make a type of finish plaster that has a high
rate of sound absorption.

• used to make the plaster for filling nail holes and covering
joints in gypsum wall board. Also used to make adhesive,
used in laminating two sheets of board together.
A fireproof sheathing for interior walls
and ceilings. It is made of a core of
gypsum covered on each side by a
heavy specially manufactured kraft
paper. The paper on the exposed
surface is ivory colored, while the back
is gray. Used to make partitions in
which there is no framework, can also
be applied directly to the walt frame
of used over sheathing by a single or
double nailing or screw.
A gypsum core is covered on both sides with a heavy
paper, but in the case of lath, the same paper is used for
both back and front, size 3/ 8" x 16"' x 48’” packed in
bundles. Used as a base for plaster, providing adhesion for
gypsum plaster.

Precast from gypsum containing various types of fiber are

made in either the square-edged plank from 4 to 6 feet or
metal- edged plank 10 feet long.
made for specially calcined gypsum,
to which is usually add about 5
percent wood fiber in the form of chips
and sometimes some perlite. The wood
fiber allows the tile to bind together
better, while the perlite reduced the
weight. Both solid and how tile are
made, dimensions being 12 X 30 in
width thickness from 2” to 6”.
made to cover steel members in a building to protect
them against fire.
Made by casting in mold a panel
consist of two outer shells 5/ 8 in.
thick reinforced with viscose fiber
and separated by a core of
hexagonal cells, it is made 2 feet
wide, 2 to 6 in. thick and up to
10ft. long. Each panel is tongue
and groove along its long edges
to form an interlocking wall.
o Before the invention of cement, lime
was used us the chief cementing
material in the construction industry. It
helps to stabilize the internal humidity of
a building by absorbing and releasing
moisture.

o In construction, the dominant use of lime

is in soil stabilization for roads, earthen
dams, airfields, and building
foundations.

o Lime production begins by extracting

limestone. Limestone is a universal
building material. It is one of the most
durable of all natural building materials.
 Sanopo, Florence Alexa B.
Santillan, Allyana Jenine S.
Silva, Prancis Khristan C.
Siwa, Anne Rachelle Angela M.