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Rock
the portion of the earth’s crust having no
definite shape and structure
To qualify as a construction material, stone
should have the following qualities:
Strength: Most types of
stone have more than
adequate compressive
strength. The shear
strength of stone,
however, is usually
about 1/10 of its
compressive strength
Hardness: hardness is
important when stone
is used for flooring,
paving, and stair
treads.
Hardness:
Talc, easily scratched with the thumb-nail: 1
Gypsum, scratched by the thumb-nail: 2
Calcite, not scratched by thumb-nail but easily cut by knife: 3
Fluorite, can be cut by knife with greater difficulty than calcite: 4
Apatite, can be cut only with difficulty by knife: 5
Orthoclase, can be cut w/ knife w/ great difficulty on thin edges: 6
Quartz, not scratched by steel, scratches glass: 7
Topaz: 8
Sapphire: 9
Diamond: 10
Durability: Resistance
to the weathering
effects of rain, wind,
heat, and frost action
is necessary for
exterior stonework
Workability: A stone’s
hardness and grain
texture must allow it to
be quarried, cut and
shaped
Density: A stone’s
porosity affects its
ability to withstand
frost action and
staining
Density:
Porosity of Stones
◼ Igneous rock
◼ Metamorphic rocks
◼ Sedimentary rock
Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization of
molten magma, as granite, obsidian and
malachite
Igneous rock also known
as primary, unstratified
or eruptive rocks
Metamorphic rocks has undergone a change in
structure, texture, or composition due to the
natural agencies, as heat and pressure,
especially when the rock becomes harder
and more crystalline, as marble and slate
Metamorphic rocks:
◼ Rubble
◼ Dimension stone
◼ Flagstone
◼ Crushed stone
Rubble - consists of rough fragments of broken
stone that have at least one good face for
exposure in a wall.
Dimension stone - is quarried and squared stone
2’ or more in length and width and of specified
thickness, used commonly for wall panels,
cornices, copings, lintels and flooring.
Flagstone - refers to flat stone slabs used for
flooring and horizontal surfacing.
Crushed stone - is used as aggregate in concrete
products.
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Used for:
floor tile
stair threads
coping stones
interior wall base
interior window
stools of exterior
window sills.
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Used for:
flooring
wall paneling
column
mullion facing
stair threads
flagstone
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Limestone – sedimentary
rock like dolomite, no
cleavage lines, low in
absorption, smooth, uniform
in structure & composition.
High compressive & tensile
strength
Used for:
wall & floor surfaces
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Used for:
interior decorative stone
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Used for:
flooring
wall & column facing
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Sandstone – class of
rock of cemented silica
grains with texture
ranging from very fine
to very coarse. Colors
vary from buff, red and
light brown. Porous
where as 30% of
volume composed of
pores
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Slate Rock –
metamorphosis of clays
and shale's deposited in
layers. May be separated
into thin, tough sheets
called slates . Colors are
black, green red, grey, or
purple.
Used for:
flooring
window sills
stools
stair treads & facing
STONE CONSTRUCTION
Largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete
frames.
Application Categories :
1. Paneling
2. Ashlars
3. Rubblework
4. Trim
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension
and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior
◼ Running Bond - a
masonry bond formed
when all units are laid in
stretcher position, with
a half-unit overlap
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension
and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior
jambs
sills
copings
cornices
lintels
steps
arch stone (voussoirs)
Stone Finish
◼ Rusticated - A term describing stone masonry
with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is
formed when the blocks are aligned
◼ Sand Finish - A stone finish that is granular and
moderately smooth, varying with the
characteristics of the specific stone
◼ Sawn Face - A term describing stone exhibiting
the marks left by the saw used to cut it
◼ Rock Face - A stone finish with emphasized
face-plane shifts and rough corners,
exaggerating the natural look of the stone
◼ Split Face - A stone finish exhibiting the natural
quarry texture resulting from splitting the stone
Stone Pavers
◼ Cobble stone - A stone used in paving. It may
be rectangular, or naturally rounded
◼ Durex Blocks - Roughly cubed, usually granite
blocks used for paving