Descriptive Geometry 1 Descriptive Geometry 1: by Pál Ledneczki PH.D

Descriptive Geometry 1
by Pál Ledneczki Ph.D.
Table of contents
1 Multi-view representation
1.
2. Shadow constructions
3. Intersection problems
4. Metrical problems
5. Axonometry
6. Representation of circle
7. Perspective
Introduction
About the purposes of studying Descriptive Geometry:

1. Methods and “means” for solving 3D geometrical construction problems. In this sense
Descriptive Geometry is a branch of Geometry.
2. 2D representation of 3D technical object, i.e. basics of Technical Drawing, “instrument” in

technical communication.
What is Descriptive Geometry?

„One simply takes two planes at right angles to each other, one vertical and the other horizontal
then projects the figure to be represented orthogonally on these planes, the projections of all
edges and vertices being clearly indicated. The projection on the vertical plane is known as
tthe
e „e
„elevation”,
e at o , the
t e other
ot e projection
p oject o iss ca
called
ed „t
„the
e plan”.
pa Finally,
a y, the
t e vertical
e t ca plane
p a e is
s folded
o ded
about the line of intersection of the two planes until it also is horizontal. This puts on one flat
sheet of paper what we ordinarily visualize in 3D”.
(A History of Mathematics by Carl B. Boyer, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991)
Gaspard Monge (1746
1746 ― 1818) was sworn not to divulge the above method and for 15 years,years it
was a jealously guarded military secret. Only in 1794, he was allowed to teach it in public at
the Ecole Normale, Paris where Lagrange was among the auditors. „With his application of
analysis to geometry, this devil of a man will make himself immortal”, exclaimed Lagrange.
R Parthasarathy
R.Parthasarathy
h
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Monge
// iki di / iki/G d M
Descriptive Geometry 1 Introduction

2
About Descriptive Geometry 1
Methodology
Multi-view
Multi view representation, auxiliary projections
Axonomety
p
Perspective
Types of problems
Incidence and intersection problems,
problems shadow constructions
Metrical constructions
Representation of spatial elements, polyhedrons, circle, sphere,

cylinder and cone

3
In Descriptive Geometry 1
We shall study
representation of spatial elements and analyze their mutual positions

determine their angles and distances
represent pyramids, prisms, regular polyhedrons,

construct the intersection of polyhedrons with line and plane, intersection of
two polyhedrons
construct shadows
cast shadow, self-shadow, projected shadow
the p
principles
p of representation
p and solution of 3D g
geometrical
problems in 2D

4
Spatial elements, relations, notation
2 parallel Relations
ï non parallel
pair of points: determine a distance
z,ü perpendicular
point and line:
p lying
y g on
lying on, passing
not lying on → plane, distance
through, coincident
pair of lines: coplanar
D
intersecting → angles
parallel → distance
C
non coplanar
skew → angle and distance
B point and plane: lying on
A l
k not lying on → distance
AB segment A,B line and plane: parallel → distance
|AB| = l line A,B intersecting → angle
B=k1l intersection pair of planes: parallel → distance
α = [BCD] plane B,C,D intersecting → angle
A α not lying
l on

5
Representation of point
2nd quadrant π2 1st quadrant

π2
P”
d2 P” P
x1,2
P
d1
P’ π1
d1
x1,2 3rd quadrant
d2
P’
π1 4th quadrant
In which quadrant or image plane is the point located, why is it special?

B” C’ N2 G” K”
D”
A” H”=J”
F” L”
B’
B N1” X’ X”
X’=X” d1
x1,2
N2” L’
d2 H’
D’ E’=E”
C”
A’ N1 d1 = d2
F’=G’ J’ K’
K
Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

6
Auxiliary projections
Side view, third image Chain of transformations

x2,3
P” d2 P’’’ P” BV
QV
x1,2 A”=B” C”=D” AV
CV PV
d2
P’ x1,2 Q”
DV
Fourth image, linked to the first image B’
C’
x4,5
P”
P’ CIV
d1 Q’ DIV
x1,2 PIV
d1 QIV
A’
A D’
PIV
BIV
P’ x1,4 x1,4
AIV

7
Representation of Straight Lines, Relative Positions
first principal line second principal line profile line first proj. line second proj. line
first coinciding second coinciding
v” C” points L” points
A”B”=AB B”
p2”=M”=N”
P” Q” p1 ”
h”
h A”
A
x1,2 D”
x1,2 K”
P’ h’ M’
D’
v’ p1’=K’=L’
P’Q’=PQ
P Q =PQ A’
A B’
B p2 ’
Q’ C’
N’
Intersecting parallel skew intersecting parallel
a” c” e” l” k” m” =n”
g”
d”
b”
c’’
a’ g’ k’=l’ m’
b’ n’
d’
d e’ first coinciding
g second coinciding
g
lines lines

8
Point and Line
π2 π2
P” N” p P” S” N” p
N S K” N
R”
M” K
ll” ll”
P M P
R Q” Q”
l Q l Q L”
L”
x1,2 x1,2
N’ N’
R’ l’ Q’ L S’ l’ Q’ L
P’ π1 M’ P’ π1 K’
L’ S” L’
P” R” N” P” N”
K”
Q” M” Q”
l” l” p”
p”
L” L”
N’ N’
N*
l’ M’ l’ K’
Q’ Q’
p’ M* p’
P’ R’ P’ S’
L’ L’
R l M p S l K p

9
Tracing Points of a Line
l”
N1
π2
N2
x1,2
l”
N2’ N1”
l
N2 l’
l Q
N1
x1,2
N2’ N1”
l’ Problems:
π1 1) find the tracing points of principal

/profile lines
2) determine lines by means of
tracing points

10
Representation of Plane
Pair of intersecting lines Pair of parallel lines

c”
a”
m” =n”
d”
l” k”
b”
x1,2
c’
a’ m’’
k’=l’
n’
b’ d’
Plane figures 3”
2”
2
A” T
Tracing
i li
lines
n2 n2
4”
B” 1”
C“ x1,2
12
B’
2’
3’ n1
C’ 1’ n1
4’
A’ spanned plane spanned plane
slanted plane slanted plane

11
Line and Plane
3”
2”
3”
lying on (incident) intersecting 2”
l”
l [[1234]]
4” P”
1” g 1 [1234]=P
2’
l”=g”
3’
1’
4”
l’ 1”
4’ 2’
g’
a”
a
parallel
ll l
a”
3’
a 2 [ab] P’
b”
1’
1
a’
l’
a’
4’
b’

12
Intersection of Two Planes
3”
A”
3” 2”
2” 3
A”
A 2 P2”
P1”
P1= |12| 1 [ABC]
A
4”
4
1” B” C”
P2 B’
P1 P2= |AC| 1 [1234] 2’
B”
3’
B P1’
C C’
1”
4 P2’
3’ 1’
B’ 1 2’ C’
A’
1’
1 4’
A’ 4’
4

13
Transversall off a Pair
T P i Of Skew
Sk Lines
Li Passing
P i Through
Th ha
Given Point
Sketch and algorithm Solution in Monge’s Your solution
A A” a” P”
a a”
”
t
B”
B
b P”
b” b”
P a”
x1,2
B = [Pa] 1 b a’ P’
P’
t = |PB|
B’ a’
or
b’
b
t = [Pa] 1 [Pb]
b’
a’
A’
a2a , [Pa]
[P ] = [aa]
[ ]

14
Transversal of a Pair Of Skew Lines Parallel to a Given
Direction
Sketch and algorithm Solution in Monge’s Your solution

t” X”
A a”
A”
A
a t a” d* ”
b
d d”
X d” B”
B
b” b”
d*
x1,2
d’ b’
X a a’
d* ’
B’
d* X, d*2d d’
t’
B = b 1 [ad*] A’
X’ b’
t B
B, t 2d* a’

15
Auxiliary Projections on Special Purposes 1
True length of a segment Distance of a pair of skew lines
A” D”
A”
B”
C” B”
CV
x1,2
x1,2 d
B’
D’ B’ AV=BV DV
C’
C
A’ BIV
BIV
A’
x4,5
x1,4
14
x1,4 CIV
AIV
DIV
AIV

16
Edge view of a plane: transformation of a Application: find the distance d of the point P
plane in projecting plane and the plane [ABC].
π4 ü h, π4 ü π1
B”
” P”
h”
A”
π4
C”
h” AIV x1,2
π2 BIV
h
A”
x3,4 B’ d
h’ CIV PIV
A π1
x1,2 C’
h’
A’ x1,4
P’
A’

17
Construction of the true shape of a figure lying in a general plane

General plane 6 fourth projecting plane 6 fifth principal plane
B”
A” h”
π4 C”
h” AIV x4,5
π2 x1,2
X4,5
h BIV
A”
X1,4 AIV BV
AV B’
h’
A π1 CIV
x1,2
h’ π5 C’ CV
x1,4 AV
A’
A’

18
Cast Shadow, Self-shadow, Projected Shadow
Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

19
Shadow in Traditional Descriptive Geometry
Riess, C.: Grundzüge der darstellenden

Geometrie
(Stuttgart : Verl. J. B. Metzleráschen
Buchhandlung, 1871)
Application of Descriptive Geometry for
Construction of Projected Shadow (plate X.)
Romsauer Lajos: Ábrázoló geometria

(Budapest : Franklin-Társulat, 1929)
htt //
http://www.c3.hu/perspektiva/adatbazis/
3h / kti / d tb i /

20
Shadow in Visualisation

21
Shadows - Basics
A B”
f”
f
B
B**
A
A’
A ff’ A*
A N2 f
A*
z
f’
B f B** A’
B*
A x
f
A*
y f’
N1

22
Shadow Properties
1) Our constructions are restricted to parallel lighting.
2) We do not represent transition between dark and light shade.
3) We usually construct three types of shadow: cast shadow on the ground or on the image
planes, self-shadow (shade) and projected shadow.
4) Shadow of a point: piercing point of the ray of light passing through the point, in the surface
(on ground plane, picture plane etc.)
5) Shadow of a straight line: intersection of the plane passing through the line, parallel to the
direction of lighting and the surface (screen).
6) Shadow of a curve: the intersection of cylinder (whose generatrix is the curve, the generators
are rays of light) with the surface (screen).
(screen)
7) Shadow-coinciding points: pair of distinct points, whose shadows coincide.
8) Alongside cast shadow the surface is in self-shadow.
9) In case of equal orientation of a triangle and its shadow, the face of triangle is illuminated.
10) The cast shadow outline is the shadow of the self-shadow outline.

23
Cast Shadow, Projected Shadow
3
3**
2
A A
shadow coinciding
points
C
4 C*
1 4*
1*

24
Intersection of Pyramid and Line
auxiliary intersection Find the intersection of line and pyramid

parallel and similar to
the base
h
auxiliary intersection
passing through the
apex
l
n1
Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

25
Intersection of Polyhedron and Projecting Plane
1” Find
d the
h intersection off plane
l and
d polyhedron
l h d
D” B” C”
A”
3”
M”
4’
D’
1’ C’
M’ 3’
A’
2’
B’

26
Intersection of Polyhedron and Plane (auxiliary projection)
B
Π2
1 4
1” A
2 3
C”
h
C
M
1’
Π1
D
C’
Hint: introduce Π4 image plane perpendicular to Π1 and the plane of parallelogram (Π4 h6 x1,4 h’).

27
Intersection of Pyramid and Plane (Collineation)
C
n2
P’
M”
P A”
A D”
D B”
B C”
C
D’
The relation between the base polygon and the polygon C’

M’
of intersection is central-axial collineation.
The axis of collineation is the line of intersection of the A’
base plane and the plane of intersection, the center is
the
h apex off the
h pyramid.id
A pair of corresponding points is the pedal point of a B’
lateral edge and the piercing point of the edge in the Hint: start with
plane of intersection. n1 |MA| W [n1n2]
The center is the vertex of the pyramid.

28
Intersection of Prism and Line
Find the intersection of line and prism

parallel and congruent to
the base
h
parallel to the generators
l
n1

29
Intersection of Prism and Plane (affinity)
A”
n2
P’
P
A” F” B” E” C” D”
E’
P F’
a D’
The relation between the base polygon and the A’ A’

C’
polygon of intersection is axial affinity.
The axis of affinity is the line of intersection of the B’’
base plane and the plane of intersection.
A pair of corresponding points is the pedal point Hint: start with
of a lateral edge and the piercing point of the edge n1
|F F| W [n1n2]
i th
in the plane
l off intersection.
i t ti

30
Intersection of a Pair of Solids
M” The intersection of two polyhedrons is a

polygon (usually 3D polygon).
3” VII VIII VII VIII The vertices of the polygon of

I I
intersection are the piercing points of the
V V
III
III edges
d off a polyhedron
l h d in
i the
h faces
f off the
h
other polyhedron.
2” IV
IV The edges of the polygon of intersection
VI II VI
II are segments of intersection of pairs of
1”
1 faces
faces.
IX X IX X
X1,2
A” B” E” C” D” M
2 III
VII VIII
3 V
I
E IX X
1
II IV VI
A’ X X 2
D’ IX
A B C D E A
IX VI Sequence: I-VII-III-VIII-V-X-VI-IV-II-IX-I
M’ V V VI
1’
1 I VII VIII I VIII At the visibility, one can think of solids or
VII
surfaces.
III IV III
II II The visibility depends on, what we want
3’ B’ IV
C’ to represent as a result of set operation:
union, intersection or a kind of
2’ difference.

31
Intersection of a Pair of Solids (your solution)
Algorithm:
Introduce auxiliary image plane
perpendicular to the horizontal edges of
the prism
Construct the fourth image
Find the piercing points of the edges of
pyramid in the faces of the prism
Find the piercing points of the edges of
prism in the faces of the pyramid
Find the right sequence of the vertices
of polygon of intersection
Draw the polygon of intersection in both
images
Show the visibility

32
Basic Metrical Constructions 1
The true length of a segment is the hypotenuse

of right triangle. One of the legs is the length of A”
an image of the segment, the other leg is the
difference of distances from the image plane. d1
B”
A” π2
x1,2
d1 A
B’ d1
l
d1 B” AB
l Q A’
B
Reverse problem: the images of a line, a
x1,2 point of the line and a distance is given
given. Find
the images of points of the line whose true
B’ distance from the given point is equal to the
given distance. (Hint: by using an auxiliary
point of the line find the ratio of the true
A’
A π1 l
length
th and
d th
the llength
th off image.)
i )
Descriptive Geometry 1 Metrical problems

33
Any plan geometrical construction can be carried out by

rotating the plane parallel to an image plane. The relation P”
between the image of a plane and the image of the
rotated plane is orthogonal axial affinity. The axis is a
principal line of the plane
plane. One rotated point can be found h”
h
by the true distance of the point and the axis.
x1,2
π2
h’
P’
(P)
(P) h
x1,2
Reverse problem: construct the images
P’ of a figure, whose rotated image is
(P) given. Hint: use inverse affinity and
h’ π1 lying on condition.

34
The first image of a normal of plane, n’ is n”

perpendicular to the first image of the first principal v”
line h’ of the plane.
h”
The second image of a normal of plane, n” is
perpendicular
di l to t the
th second d image
i off the
th second
d
principal line v” of the plane.
π2 x1,2
n v
v’
P
h n’
h’
x1,2
Reverse problem: construct a plane
perpendicular to a given line.
P’ v’
Hint: the plane can be determined by
n’ h’ π1 means of principal lines.

35
Modeling of 3D Polyhedrons
Construct a cube. One of

the faces is given by its
center and line of an edge.
e” O”
e
O
Algorithm
1) Construct the square lying in plane [O,e],
with the centre O and an edge on e. (Rotation x1,2
- counter-rotation of plane, affinity, inverse
affinity, (2).)
2) Construct lines perpendicular to the plane
[O,e], passing through the vertices of the
square. (Perpendicularity of line and plane,
(3).)
3) Measure the length of an edge onto the O’
perpendiculars, chose the proper direction
from the two possibilities. (True length of a
segment, (1).)
e’
4) C
Complete
l t th
the figure
fi by
b showing
h i the
th visibility.
i ibilit

36
Step-by-step Construction
Construction of the square Normal of the plane Measure of distance Visibility
P” n” v”
B”
B
e” X” e”
d1 Ax”
A” d1
O” h” h” O”
A”
x1,2 x1,2 x1,2 x1,2
(P)
(B) n’
h’ h’ X’
d1
(e)
d1 Ax’
v’
v
O’ P’ O’
B’ true length
(A) e’ e’
of edge
A’ A’

37
Axonometry
One of the methods of Descriptive z

Geometry, used to produce pictorial
sketches for visualization. Q
Let three axes x,
x y,
y z through the origin
O be given in the image plane. Measure
the coordinates from O onto the three
axes such that each coordinate will be P
multiplied by the ratios of foreshortenings
qx, qy, qz respectively. The point
1
determined by the coordinates is z Uz
considered as the axonometric image of
the point P(x, y, z).
O
The axonometric system can be Ux 1 Uy
R
determined by the points 1
{O, Ux, Uy, Uz}, the image of the origin y
x
and the units on the axes x, y and z. x
P’
According to the Fundamental Theorem
of Axonometry the axonometric
image of an object is a parallel
projection or similar to the parallel In a
axonometry
o o y the left-handed
a d d Cartesian
a a system
y is used.
u d
projection of the object.
Descriptive Geometry 1 Axonometry

38
Fundamental Theorem of Axonometry (Pohlke)
Ez
Ex
Let the sytem {O, Ex, Ey, Ez} be
given in the image plane. The figure
{O,, Ex, Ey, Ez} can be considered
{
as the parallel projection of a
spatial triplet {O, Ex, Ey, Ez} of
three unit segments perpendicular
by pairs. The spatial triplet can be
O
one of two types of orientation
apart from translation in the Ez Ey
direction of projection.
Ex
O
Ey
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PohlkesTheorem.html
http://www.math-inf.uni-greifswald.de/mathematik+kunst/kuenstler_pohlke.html

39
Orthogonal Axonomtry
z z
Z
O
O’
y
O
X
Y X
x
x y
O’ is the orthogonal projection of the origin,
X, Y and Z are the piercing points of the axes in the image plane.
O’ is the orthocenter of the triangle (tracing triangle) XYZ.
In the axonometric sketch the prime ( ’ ) is omitted.

40
Orthogonal Axonometry → Multi-view
The orthogonal axonometric image can be considered as one

of an ordered pair of images in multi-view representation. x a,IV
z
IV
z
Z IV
Z IV
P P
IV
O
O
X
XIV =YIV
Y
x IV=y IV
y P’ x

41
Oblique (klinogonal) Axonometry
Ez
Ex
O
Ez Ey
Ex
O’
Ey
OO’ is not perpendicular to the picture plane.

{qx, qy, qz}

42
Izometry, Technical Axonometry
Izometry Technical axonometry
z
z
8 8
120° 120° 1 x
120°
7
y x
qx = qy = qz =1 qx = qz =1, qy = ½
y

43
Cavalier, Bird’s-eye View, Worm’s-eye View
Frontal Axonometry Bird’s eye view (top view)

Military axonometry Worm’s eye view (bottom view)
z
x
y
x
y
y
x
Image plane: [xz] Image plane: [xy] qx = qy = 1
Image plane: [xy]
if qy = 1 : cavalier axonometry if qz = 1: military axonometry qx = qy = 1

44
Frontal Axonometry, Shadow
(A)

45
Military Axonometry
www.xanadu.cz
d http://www.fotosearch.com/NGF001/57478808/

46
Cast Shadow in Orthogonal Axonometry
A*
K*
A
Dodecahedron,
top view and heights f
x12 f’
(A) (O)
K’

47
Projected Shadow
I* A*
X*
J*
J
K*
I
H* C* A
B* X
J
C
K
H Y*
B
C
D* Y
D

48
Representation of Circle (Multi-view)
” 6” v”
3” ”
10” 1. The major axes lie on first and second principal lines
8” h’ and v” respectively.
h” 1” O” 2. The length of major axes 1’2’ and 5”6” is equal to

the diameter of circle (true length).
2”
3. The length of a minor axis is constructible from the
7”
major axis and a point, as plane geometric
9”
construction. (See construction of 8”)
5”
5
4” x1,2 6”
7’ a 8” a
b
2’
1”
4’ b
10’
5’ v’
5”
O’
O 6’
6
4
4. The left
Th l f and
d right
i h extreme pointsi 9 and d 10 can be
b
9’ found as points of ellipse with vertical tangents, by
3’
means of orthogonal axial affinity.
1’ 5. The tangents at the points mentioned above are
8’
8 parallel to the proper diameters.
diameters
h’
Descriptive Geometry 1 Representation of circle

49
Representation of Circle (Orthogonal Axonometry)
z
1. The major axes of ellipses are perpendicular to
the coordinate axes.
2. The minor axes are coinciding lines with the
coordinate axes.
axes
3. The fundamental method of constructions is the
orthogonal axial affinity.
z
Oo
zo
O
x (y)
O (x)
y x
y
(O)

50
Representation of Circle (Oblique Axonometry)
z
1. The fundamental method of
constructions is the oblique axial
affinity.
2
2. The axes
e cann be constructed
on t ted by
b Rytz’
R t ’
method. The ellipse is determined by
a pair of conjugated diameters; find
the major and minor axes.
Yo L
yo x Q*
Q M
-90° P
Y
y
N
O
(Y)
(y)

51
Axonometry vs. Perspective
Descriptive Geometry 1 Perspective

52
Vanishing Point, Vanishing Line
Vt
Vt∞
vanishing line
vanishing line
Vr Vl
Vl vanishing line horizon vanishing line horizon Vr
A set of parallel lines in the scene is projected onto a set of lines in the image that meet in a common
point. This point of intersection is called the vanishing point. A vanishing point can be a finite (real)
point or an infinite (ideal)
p ( )p
point on the image
g pplane. Vanishing gppoints which lie on the same p
plane in the
scene define a line in the image, the so-called the vanishing line.

53
Basics of Perspective with Vertical Image Plane
plane of horizon
plane of horizon h C
Principal point F
F
C V i
image plane
l
rotated ground plane
P h
image plane (C)
l rotated center
l
ground
d plane
l a
A=(A) P
Ca a
ground plane
F V h
(P)
P
a
A=(A)
(C)
( )

54
Perspective Collineation, Perspective Mapping
V1 V3 v V2 A perspective
ti collineation
lli ti iis d
determined
t i d
Q’ by the center C, axis a and the

l’
vanishing line v.
P’
l To the square P
P’, Q
Q’, R
R’, S
S’=S
=S, we can
R’ Q P find the quadrilateral PQRS at the
R
a
mapping Π’ Y Π.
S’=S
When the ground plane is rotated into
C the picture plane, the two systems of
V1 V3 h V2
points and lines are related by central-
(Q) (l)
axial collineation. This perspective
(P)
l collineation is determined by the
Q
(R) R P rotated center (C), axis a and the
a horizon h (vanishing line).
S’=S
To the square (P), (Q), (R), (S)=S, we
can find the quadrilateral PQRS at the
(C) mapping (Π) Y Π.
55
Heights in Perspective
True height can be measured in
vanishiing line
the image plane
vanishing line h
true height
a

56
Representation of Circle (Perspective)
In the ground plane In vertical plane

(B)
(P)
h F V
(O)
b (M) (b)
B
(K) O d P
a K M
A=(A) Q=(Q) [M] [P]
dist((Q),(P)) = dist((A),(B))
(C) M: midpoint of PQ
d K: midpoint of AB
AB, center of the ellipse
O: image of center of circle
d = dist( (v), a) = dist( (C), h)
( ) vanishing
(v) i hi line
li off ground
d plane
l

57
Cylinder and Cone in Perspective
Axonometric sketch
C
h C
r
Ca a

58
Shadow in Perspective
horizon If’ shadow vanishing point
If light vanishing point

http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m309-03a/m309-projects/endersby/Antisolarpoint.html

59
Shadow Types in Perspective
If
h
f’
h If’ h If’
If

60
Perspective with Slanting Picture Plane
H H h
C F [C]
F
Vz
Vz

61
Constructions with Slanting Picture Plane
Rotation of the ground plane Rotation of a vertical line
(l) H h
(P) V l H h
F [C]
P F [C]
a
a
(p)
N
(C)
Vz

62
Perspective with Slanting Picture Plane

63

Descriptive Geometry 1 Descriptive Geometry 1: by Pál Ledneczki PH.D

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Descriptive Geometry 1 Descriptive Geometry 1: by Pál Ledneczki PH.D

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Descriptive Geometry 1

by Pál Ledneczki Ph.D.

About the purposes of studying Descriptive Geometry:

2. 2D representation of 3D technical object, i.e. basics of Technical Drawing, “instrument” in

What is Descriptive Geometry?

Descriptive Geometry 1 Introduction

Representation of spatial elements, polyhedrons, circle, sphere,

Descriptive Geometry 1 Introduction

representation of spatial elements and analyze their mutual positions

represent pyramids, prisms, regular polyhedrons,

Descriptive Geometry 1 Introduction

Descriptive Geometry 1 Introduction

2nd quadrant π2 1st quadrant

In which quadrant or image plane is the point located, why is it special?

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Side view, third image Chain of transformations

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Intersecting parallel skew intersecting parallel

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

π1 1) find the tracing points of principal

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Pair of intersecting lines Pair of parallel lines

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Sketch and algorithm Solution in Monge’s Your solution

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Sketch and algorithm Solution in Monge’s Your solution

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

True length of a segment Distance of a pair of skew lines

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Construction of the true shape of a figure lying in a general plane

Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

Riess, C.: Grundzüge der darstellenden

Romsauer Lajos: Ábrázoló geometria

Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

1) Our constructions are restricted to parallel lighting.

2) We do not represent transition between dark and light shade.

7) Shadow-coinciding points: pair of distinct points, whose shadows coincide.

8) Alongside cast shadow the surface is in self-shadow.

Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

auxiliary intersection Find the intersection of line and pyramid

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

The relation between the base polygon and the polygon C’

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

Find the intersection of line and prism

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

The relation between the base polygon and the A’ A’

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

M” The intersection of two polyhedrons is a

3” VII VIII VII VIII The vertices of the polygon of

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

Descriptive Geometry 1 Intersection problems

The true length of a segment is the hypotenuse

Descriptive Geometry 1 Metrical problems