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348 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

Section 7.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule

1  ex
2. lim  1 1
x →0 x
−1 1

x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f x 0.9516 0.9950 0.9995 1.00005 1.005 1.0517
−2

4. lim
x →
6x
3x2  2x
 3.4641 exact: 63
5

x 1 10 102 103 104 105

f x 6 3.5857 3.4757 3.4653 3.4642 3.4641 0
0
100

2x2  x  3 2x  3x  1

6. (a) lim  lim  lim 2x  3  5
x →1 x1 x →1 x1 x →1

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2x2  x  3 ddx 2x2  x  3
4x  1
(b) lim  lim  lim  5
x →1 x1 x →1 ddx x  1
x →1 1

ddx sin 4x

8. (a) lim
x →0
sin 4x
2x
 lim 2
x →0 4x 
sin 4x
 21  2 (b) lim
x →0
sin 4x
2x
 lim
x →0 ddx 2x

 lim
x →0
4 cos 4x
2
2

2x  1 2x  1x2 0
10. (a) lim  lim  0
x → 4x  x
2 x →  4  1x 4
2x  1 ddx 2x  1
2
(b) lim  lim  lim 0
x → 4x2  x x → ddx 4x2  x
x → 8x  1

x2  x  2 2x  1 4  x2 x4  x2
12. lim  lim  3 14. lim  lim
x →1 x1 x →1 1 x →2 x2 x →2 1
x
 lim  
x →2 4  x2

ex  1  x ex  1 2
16. lim 3  lim 18. lim ln x  lim 2 ln x
x →0 x x →0 3x2 x→1 x2  1 x→1 x2  1

ex 2x
6x 
 lim   lim
x →0 x→1 2x
1
 lim 1
x→1 x2

sin ax a cos ax a arctan x  4 11  x2 1

20. lim  lim  22. lim  lim 
x→0 sin bx x→0 b cos bx b x →1 x1 x →1 1 2

x1 1 x3 3x2
24. lim  lim 0 26. lim  lim 
x → x2  2x  3 x → 2x  2 x→  x1 x→  1

x2 2x 2
28. lim  lim x  lim x  0
x→  ex x→  e x→  e
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Section 7.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule 349

x2 x sin x
30. lim  lim  32. lim 0
x→  x2 1 x→  1  1x2 x→  x
Note: Use the Squeeze Theorem for x > .
1 sin x 1
 ≤ ≤
x x x

ln x 4 4 ln x 4x e x2 12e x2

34. lim  lim  lim 36. lim  lim 
x→  x3 x→  x3 x→  3x2 x→  x x→  1
4
 lim 0
x→  3x3

38. (a) lim x3 cot x  0

x→0
40. (a) lim x tan
x→   1
x 
 0
x3 3x2
(b) lim x3 cot x  lim  lim 0 1 tan1x
x→0 x→0 tan x x→0 sec2 x (b) lim x tan  lim
x→  x x→ 1x
(c) 1
 1x2 sec21x
 lim
x→   1x2

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0 3

 lim sec2
x→  1x   1
−1
(c) 2

1 10

−1


 1
x
1
42. (a) lim e x  x2x  1 44. (a) lim 1  
x→0 x→  x
(b) Let y  lim e x  x2x.
(b) Let y  lim 1   .
x→0 1 x

2 ln
ex  x x
x→ 
ln y  lim
x
x ln1  1x   lim ln 1 1x1x

x→0
ln y  lim
2e x  1e x  x x→  x→
 lim 4
1
 1  1x
1x2
x→0

Thus, ln y  4 ⇒ y  e 4  54.598.  lim  lim

1
1
x→  1x2 x→  1  1x
(c) 60

Thus, ln y  1 ⇒ y  e1  e. Therefore,

 
1 x
lim 1   e.
x→  x
0 2
0 (c) 5

0 10

−1
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350 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

46. (a) lim 1  x1x  0 48. (a) lim 3x  4

x4  00
x → x→4

(b) Let y  lim 1  x 1x. (b) Let y  lim 3x  4

x4.
x→  x→4

ln1  x ln y  lim x  4ln 3x  4

ln y  lim
x→4
x→  x ln 3x  4

 lim
1x  4
111 x  0
x→4
 lim
x→  1x  4
 lim
x→4 1x  42
Thus, ln y  0 ⇒ y  e0  1.
Therefore, lim 1  x1x  1.  lim  x  4
 0
x → x→4

(c) 5 Hence, lim 3x  4

x4  1.
x→4
(c) 2

0 10

−1

4 7
0

 2  x x 1 4  x x41    

x

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50. (a) lim cos  00 52. (a) lim 2 2
x→0 x →2

lim 
 2  x . x 4
x
1 x1  1 x1 
(b) Let y  lim cos (b)   lim
x→0 x →2 x 4 2 2
x 4 x →2 2

1 2x  1 
ln y  lim x ln cos
x→0  2  x  lim
x →2 2x
000 1 1
 lim 
x →2 4xx  1 8
 2  x
x
Hence, lim cos  1.
x→0
(c) 0.25

(c) 2

2 4

− 0.25
0 3
0

54. (a) lim

x→0 10x  x3     
2 (c) 10

10x  x3   lim 10xx 3   

0 5
(b) lim 2  2
x→0 x→0

−20

56. (a) 2 (b) Let y  sin xx, then ln y  x lnsin x.

lnsin x cos xsin x x2 2x
lim  lim  lim  lim 0

x →0 1x x →0 1x 2 x →0 tan x x →0 sec2 x
− 
2
Therefore, since ln y  0, y  1 and lim sin xx  1.
x →0
−1
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Section 7.7 Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôpital’s Rule 351

x3 3x2 6x 6
58. (a) 1 (b) lim 2x
 lim 2x  lim 2x  lim 2x  0
x→  e x→  2e x→  4e x→  8e
−1 5

−3

60. See Theorem 7.4. 62. Let f x  x  25 and gx  x.

x3 3x2 6x 6
64. lim  lim  lim  lim 0
x→  e2x x→ 2e2x x→ 4e2x x→ 8e2x

ln x2 2 ln xx xm mxm1

66. lim  lim 68. lim  lim
x→  x3 x→  3x2 x→  enx x→ nenx
2 ln x mm  1xm2
 lim  lim
x→  3x3 x→  n2enx
2x 2 m!
 lim  lim 3  0  . . .  lim 0

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x→  9x2 x→  9x x→  nmenx

70.
x 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 100
ex
2.718 0.047 0.220 151.614 4.40  105 2.30  109 1.66  1013 2.69  1033
x5

ln x
72. y  x x, x > 0 74. y 
x
lim x x   and lim x x  1 Horizontal asymptote: y  0 (See Exercise 29)
x→  x→0
No horizontal asymptotes dy x1x  ln x1 1  ln x
  0
dx x2 x2
ln y  x ln x
Critical number: xe
1 dy
y dx
x
1
x
 ln x 0, e
Intervals: e, 
Sign of dydx:  
dy
 x x1  ln x  0 y  f x: Increasing Decreasing
dx
Critical number: x  e1 Relative maximum: e,
1
e  
0, e1
Intervals: e1, 0
1
Sign of dydx:  
−1 4
y  f x: Decreasing Increasing (e, 1e (
1 1
  
1e
Relative minimum: e1, e1e   ,
1

e e
−4
4

−1
( ((
1, 1 e
e e
1
( 4

−1

sin  x  1 ex 0
76. lim 0 (Numerator is bounded) 78. lim  0
x→  x x →  1  ex 10
Limit is not of the form 00 or . Limit is not of the form 00 or .
L’Hôpital’s Rule does not apply. L’Hôpital’s Rule does not apply.
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352 Chapter 7 Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Improper Integrals

 
r nt
80. A  P 1 
n


ln 1 
r

ln A  ln P  nt ln 1 
r
n
 ln P   1
n

nt

  
   
   
r r 1
ln 1  
n n2 1  rn 1
lim  lim  lim rt  rt
 
n → 1 n → 1 n → r
 2 1
nt nt n
Since lim ln A  ln P  rt, we have lim A  eln Prt  eln Pert  Pert. Alternatively,
n→  n→ 

   1  n  
r nt r nr rt
lim A  lim P 1   lim P  Pert.
n → n → n n →

82. Let N be a fixed value for n. Then

N  1x N2 N  1N  2x N3 N  1!
lim
x N1
x→  e x
 lim
x→  ex
 lim
x→  ex
 . . .  lim
x→  ex
 0.   (See Exercise 68)

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xk  1
84. f x  6
k
k=1
k  1, f x  x  1 k = 0.1
k = 0.01
x 0.1 1 −2 10
k  0.1, f x   10x 0.1  1
0.1
−2

x 0.01  1
k  0.01, f x   100x 0.01  1
0.01
xk  1 xk ln x
lim  lim  ln x
k →0 k k →0 1

1
86. f x  , gx  x2  4, 1, 2
88. f x  ln x, gx  x3, 1, 4

x
f 2  f 1 f c f 4  f 1 f c
 
g2  g1 g c g4  g1 g c

12 1c2 ln 4 1c

 2 3
1
 63 3c 3c
3 2c
1 1 3c3 ln 4  63
  3
6 2c 21
c3 
2c3  6 ln 4
c 
ln214  2.474
3
3
c 3

90. False. If y  exx2, then 92. False. Let f x  x and gx  x  1. Then
x2ex  2xex xex x  2 ex x  2 x
y    . lim  1, but lim x  x  1
 1.
x4 x4 x3 x → x1 x →
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Section 7.8 Improper Integrals 353

e1x , x0
2

94. gx  y

0, x0
1.5

gx  g0 e1x

2

g0  lim  lim

x →0 x0 x →0 x
0.5

e1x e1x 1  x2 ln x
 
2 2
1
Let y  , then ln y  ln   2  ln x  . Since −2 −1
x
x x x x2 1 2
− 0.5

lim x2 ln x  lim
x →0
ln x
x →0 1x 2  lim
1x
x →0 2x 3  lim 
x →0
x2
2
0  
1 x x    . Thus, lim y  e
2 ln x
we have lim 2
  0 ⇒ g0  0.
x →0 x →0

Note: The graph appears to support this conclusion—the tangent line is horizontal at 0, 0.

96. lim f xgx 98. lim x ln 21ln x

x →a x →0

y  f xgx Let y  x ln 21ln x, then:

ln y  gx ln f x ln 2 ln 2ln x
ln y 
1  ln x
 ln x  1  ln x
lim gx ln f x      

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x →a
ln 2ln x ln 2x
As x → a, ln y ⇒ , and hence y  . Thus, lim ln y  lim  lim
x →0 x →0 1  ln x x →0 1x
lim f xgx  .
x →a  lim ln 2  ln 2
x→0

Thus, lim y  eln 2  2.

x →

Section 7.8 Improper Integrals

2. Infinite discontinuity at x  3.

3
1
x  332
dx  lim
b →3
 b
4
x  332 dx

4
 lim 2x  312
b →3 b

 lim 2 
b →3  2
b  3


Diverges

4. Infinite discontinuity at x  1.

0
2
1
x  123
dx  0
1
1
x  123
dx  1
2
1
x  123
dx

 lim
b→1
0
b
1
x  123
dx  lim
c→1

c
2
1
x  123
dx




b 2
3 x  1
 lim 3  lim 3
3 x  1  0  3  3  0  6
b→1 0 c→1 c
Converges