Marsh 1

Kira Marsh

Instructor: Malcolm Campbell

UWRT 1104

November 8th, 2018

America is Getting Tired of Sleeping: What do College Students Have to do with It?

“How much sleep did you get last night?” I ask my 11-year-old sister as she sits

exhausted on the couch at 5pm.

“I don’t know” she says. “I didn’t get to sleep until like 4 and I had a class at 8:30.”

Unacceptable. This girl is only 11, and she has this sleeping schedule. And sleep is no

doubt important. Dr. Michael Twery, a sleep expert at the National Institutes of Health, says Deleted: Sleep expert

“sleep affects almost every tissue in our bodies…it affects growth and stress hormones, our

immune system, appetite, breathing, blood pressure and cardiovascular health” (qtd. in “The

Benefits of Slumber”). Even one to two hours less sleep than what you need, usually seven to

eight hours for adults, can produce noticeable effects. Sleep loss has been linked to obesity, heart

disease, and infections, yet 70 million Americans of all ages suffer from chronic sleep problems

(“The Benefits of Slumber”).

The biggest ‘chronic sleep problem’ is insomnia, something 40 million Americans Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"

experience each year. Insomnia is a medical disorder where people have difficulty falling,

returning, or staying asleep. It can cause irritability, anxiety, difficulty with learning and

remembering, and excessive drowsiness from the resulting sleep loss. Interestingly, one of its

biggest causes is poor sleeping habits (National Sleep Foundation). Good ‘sleeping habits’ are to

us what good ‘sleep hygiene’ is to psychologists like Hannah Peach of the University of North
 Marsh 2

Carolina at Charlotte: “practices believed to promote sufficient sleep quantity, good sleep

quality, and full daytime alertness.” This could be something as little as sleeping in a clean bed

or something more complex like sleeping with a regular schedule, which is where one should

worry about my sister. Not only is she losing sleep now, effecting her health and current life, but

she risks making the issue enduring and worse later in life by increasing her risk of chronic

insomnia. And while my parents are probably the people the average person would blame for the

lack of sleep my sister is getting, I can only blame one person:

Myself.

Yes, me. As her only older sibling, I have a huge influence on her. My bad sleeping

schedule is not only copied by her, but further pushes her to stay up late when she can’t sleep

with my noise or wants to spend time with me. But how can we explain my poor sleeping

schedule?

Let’s start with the basics. I am 18 years old. I have taken college classes since I was 16, Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"

and let’s just say I have the sleeping schedule of one. Go to bed late, sit on my phone, sleep,

wake up for class, do the college day thing, have free time, do homework, and repeat. Other than

weekends, breaks, and perhaps a nap, I don’t stray from that schedule much. As a child I have

gotten a fine amount of sleep, and even as a high school student (and only a high school student),

I rarely pulled an all-nighter. It wasn’t until I had the schedule of a college student that it started Deleted: I got enough sleep and

going haywire, and I’m not the only one.

College students do sleep less, and it is getting worse: according to a study at the Baylor Deleted: and worse

College of Medicine in Texas, 95% of incoming pediatric students got more than six hours of

sleep in 2010, while only 74% did by 2012 (Turner). This means that students (likely right out of Deleted: of the incoming students

college) are getting less sleep by the year. And while 74% is still high, so is a 21% decrease in Deleted: and less
 Marsh 3

two years. This is not just limited to pediatric students in Texas. Many studies have suggested

that the adolescent population, including college students, are most at risk of chronic sleep loss,

poor sleep quality, and significant daytime sleepiness. In addition, college students are twice as

likely as the general population to report negative sleep outcomes (Peach). So, shaping the

sleeping habits of college students is a great step in solving this epidemic. By ensuring college Deleted: if we were to get sleep in America in a healthy
state once more, ensuring
students sleep well, their habits are shaped during one of the most critical points in their lives. Deleted: seems to be a great way: shaping
Deleted: a person’s
This could then get them to stay that way in the long run, allowing them to be a good influence Deleted: while they are in
Deleted: could
those that look up to them (just like my sister does me). As Peach says, “emerging adulthood is
Deleted: , while at the same time letting them be a

marked by identity exploration, a focus on self-sufficiency, and social cognitive maturity … Deleted: on their children and others
Deleted: Hannah
attitudes and habits developed during this time frame can be solidified within one’s identity that Deleted:
Deleted: ¶
remain well into adulthood.”

But why are college students sleeping less in the first place? Answering this is key to Deleted: and less

figuring out how the problem can be solved or what the problem will inevitably become. One Deleted: or inevitably will be ‘solved.’

common, reasonable hypothesis I used to say is this: based on all the 14-29-year-olds I hear Deleted: With all
Deleted: the complaining
complaining about how little sleep they get and how kindergarteners are so lucky to get a nap Deleted: I hear from
Deleted: people
time, surely college students only lose sleep because of their crazy schedule.
Deleted: ha

Not true. Deleted: ve gotten

Deleted: it is just
Yes, college students do have to initially adjust to additional classes and responsibilities, Deleted: college students have a

but they eventually have to fully adapt, or else they can’t function as prosperous adults with free

time. So it can’t be that we don’t have time. What it is, what we don’t want to tell ourselves, is Deleted: So
Deleted:
that it is our attitudes.

Hannah Peach wrote her 2015-published doctoral dissertation on such factors. In her Deleted: of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte

research, she found that the students’ attitudes about sleep and not their knowledge predicted
 Marsh 4

self-reported sleep duration, quality, and more. The less a student felt sleep was a good and/or

enjoyable use of their time, the less they worked to sleep how and as much as recommended.

These findings are supported by the results of a poll conducted by the National Sleep Foundation

in 2018. While 65% of American adults thought sleep contributed to next day effectiveness, only

10% of Americans were found to put sleep as a top priority, which is only 1% higher than those Deleted: the percent of Americans

who consider social life as a top priority. Everything else, including fitness/nutrition, work, and

hobbies/interests were notably more likely to be a top priority to Americans. This makes sense,

as I doubt that my friends I are the only people who will sit there and binge a Netflix show or sit Deleted: and/

on social media for sometimes hours just to turn around, not get enough sleep, and complain

about it. Students at Dartmouth put it best in a video entitled “Sleep and the College Student:” Deleted: .

“I always thought sleep was a waste of time,” said one student (qtd. in “Sleep and the

College Student”).

“If there’s something that has to be done…I usually sacrifice sleep,” says another (qtd. in

“Sleep and the College Student”).

It comes down to this: we understand why sleep is important, but other things are just

more essential and/or fun. One could definitely say that we essentially ‘procrastinate’ on

sleeping.

So, the next question would be, what will happen if we don’t change sleep attitudes? Deleted: how do we change this, and do we need to?

An inference of what could happen if our attitudes never change is that we will just keep

sleeping less by using already implemented methods like drugs. However, there is currently no

way that we can simply not sleep, and drugs can only work in the short term. ‘Sleep Debt’ is

basically sleep loss that builds up forever and significantly increases the negative effects of sleep

like high blood pressure and concentration (Brody). One could not completely end the issue by
 Marsh 5

sleeping many hours at a time, as the best sleep habits are consistent (National Sleep

Foundation). It then becomes simple to see how it would be easier for people with huge amounts

of sleep debt to have a heart attack or lose their job: they are put at a great disadvantage. And

while coffee and energy drinks may be good for some people to get that initial burst of energy, it

does not get rid of sleep debt and may cause physical dependence/withdrawal, insomnia, anxiety,

headaches, and more (National Sleep Foundation). Furthermore, non-pharmaceutical researchers

have linked sleeping pills to cancer and premature death (Brody). So, we either have to sleep as

recommended or somehow change the amount of sleep we really need. But can we even change

how much sleep a person needs like the North Pole did to Buddy in ELF?

We definitely try to. We humans need roughly half as much sleep as most monkeys and

apes do because of our better sleeping environments and the fact that humans feel much safer

than other primates while sleeping. Simply put, we made sleep much more efficient. And now

we are trying to push it even more (O’Neill). Sleep researcher Dr. Raj Dasgupta says, “any

doctor or researcher worth his salt will tell you we'll be sleeping less in the future…total sleep

time has been decreasing for years. In 1970s, we slept 7 to 8 hours, presently it's 6 to 7. If you do

a little math, in next 40 to 50 years it could be 5 to 6 hours…and that scares me" (qtd. in

O’Neill). From the moment I was born to today, technology has progressed immensely in unseen

ways – we have gotten smartphones, smartwatches, and tablets, for starters– so why wouldn’t

sleep be pushed similarly?

Technology is actually one way natural sleep may be modified. Many believe technology Moved (insertion) [2]
Deleted: boundaries
will play a significant role in the future of sleep. Award-winning futurist Ian Pearson, for Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"
Deleted: these
example, believes technology will be used to make sleep and the bedroom environment more
Deleted: pushed
Deleted: , for example,
personalized and enjoyable. “In the future, in 2035, sleep will still occupy a third of our lives.
 Marsh 6

Technology will not change our basic need to sleep but the way in which we satisfy our appetite

for slumber will change markedly” he says. On the other hand, Dasgupta believes future Deleted: However

technologies for sleep like wearable tech monitors and napping pods will be used to make us

sleep more efficiently, consequentially decreasing the amount of sleep we get with less Deleted: e

consequences (O’Neill).

Based on the research discussed thus far, they both seem to be at least somewhat correct. Deleted: done
Deleted: so
Like with drugs, we will use these technologies to aid and eventually lower sleep time. The Deleted: e
Deleted: substitute and
public would likely take this up because it would better ‘sleep hygiene,’ something that the
Deleted: d sleep

average person could look up and care about like the ‘need’ to drink 8 cups of water a day.
Furthermore, this would probably seem cool and convenient enough for us to eventually
undertake anyway, much like our start with smartphones. However, based on the current attitude
Deleted: Psychologists and medical doctors like Peach and
Turner would likely approve of these in order to better ‘sleep
hygiene,’ or “practices believed to promote sufficient sleep
quantity, good sleep quality, and full daytime alertness”
according to Peach

trend in sleep, this would likely end in us trying to change the amount of sleep we need, just like Deleted: get a big evolutionary shift in

we do now. It’s like Dasgupta says: "just look at the quotes about sleep that our society focuses Deleted: how
Deleted: are scientifically able to sleep less than other
on. You've got, 'You'll sleep when you're dead' and 'The early bird catches the worm.' Now, primates
Deleted:
millennials are saying, 'Sleep is a poor substitute for caffeine.' It's almost subliminally promoting Deleted: Like

the idea we should sleep less" (qtd. in O’Neill). To conclude any more about this, like whether Deleted: At this rate we will eventually sleep less,
Deleted: but
new technologies could allow this to be done safely and how fast it would occur if it does, more Deleted: requires further

research must be done. Right now, Dasgupta says technologies won’t make less sleep any better,

and that there will be a one to two hour decrease in sleep quantity in 40 to 50 years (O’Neill).

But this is not certain. If sleep technology grows as fast as other technology, who knows what is

in store for snores? Deleted: ¶

Thinking about the uncertainty of these scenarios, perhaps it is necessary to take action Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"

and change sleep attitudes directly. This is likely why psychologists and medical doctors don’t Deleted: Some people, mainly
 Marsh 7

often support the technology solution, but rather like to say that the solution is to intervene and Deleted: ,

get sleep to exactly the way it was. Teri Turner, the pediatrician who conducted the study

regarding sleep quality/quantity on oncoming pediatric students, concludes her study by saying, Deleted: in

“education on these issues is needed. Interventions instituted at the undergraduate medical school

level (or earlier) will be necessary to change the suboptimal behaviors, attitudes and knowledge

that are already developed by the time residency training begins.” Simply put, undergraduate

students, preferably the younger freshman and sophomores, should be taught the correct

attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge regarding sleep so it is not a problem later in life.

Furthermore, Peach mentions in her discussion of data that colleges are a perfect place to Deleted: Additionally

intervene and improve sleep hygiene among young students.

While Peach and Turner are right about college being the best place to teach good Deleted: However

sleeping habits and attitudes, these solutions do not explain why my best friend and I still don’t Deleted: is
Deleted: oe
care to schedule out a proper time to sleep every night after completing a psychology class with Deleted: s
Deleted: taking
Peach herself. As stated before, people know why they should get sleep. Telling them again will
Deleted: sleep psychologist Hannah

do little to nothing at this point. For intervention to work, students would have to first-handedly

experience the effects and choose to prioritize it themselves. A couple of the students who spoke

in the “Sleep and the College Student” video talked about how they knew sleep was important,

but still didn’t really get how it was much better than energy drinks and coffee until they actually

took the time to sleep as doctors and psychologists recommend. In other words, you may

understand why most people say Toy Story is better than The Emoji Movie in a factual-list way, Deleted: Movie A
Formatted: Font: Italic
but you really don’t empathetically understand until you watch both of them for yourself. This Deleted: Movie B
Formatted: Font: Italic
point could evidently be extended to the discussion of direct insomnia treatments as well. For

example, psychologist Yosef Brody of Psychology Today says “the most effective proven long- Deleted: P
 Marsh
term treatment for insomnia is short-term cognitive-behavioral therapy.” While this may seem to
support Peach and Turner on their point, it actually proves mine because the treatment he cites is
often one-on-one, controlled, and voluntarily attended.
In short, if sleep habit interventions were to work, the intervened would have to at least
be willing to try sleeping regularly for a good period of time.
But humans are resistant to change! What do we do if they won’t try? What will happen
if this trend continues? There is a way to change sleep in a way that may accommodate sleep
procrastination:
Change sleep scheduling.
Is this plausible? Well, it depends on the factors that actually cause sleep loss as well as
how promising the different schedules are. An example of how some people feel our sleeping
schedules should shift comes from the B-Society. The B-Society is an international advocacy
group founded by Camilla Kring, the owner of Super Navigators ApS and creator of the Life
Navigation concept. She has an M.Sc. in Engineering, a PhD in Work-Life Balance (Kring,
“Camilla Kring”). Members of B-Society believe circadian rhythms among humans are different
and genetically determined. People either have an ‘Early Chronotype’ or a ‘Late Chronotype,’
which, in essence, means people are either early birds or night owls. They believe the sleep
quality and quantity issue throughout America can be fixed by simply starting organizations, and
therefore starting the day, later (Kring, B-Society). As far as I and the B-Society knows, there is
nothing fundamentally wrong with starting the day later. However, it doesn’t seem like
something that will happen. This is because, while this theory explains why my sister and I like
to work/stay up late while my father and grandmother are early birds, it doesn’t address the
underlying issue that people are going to choose to do other things before sleep. It’s like when
8
Deleted: ,
Deleted: however this
Deleted: If
Deleted:
Deleted: the very
Deleted: have to
Deleted: is really only one other solution
Deleted: The sleep game
Deleted: will change completely
Deleted: ¶
➝There is no way that we can simply not sleep, and drugs
can only work in the short term. ‘Sleep Debt’ is sleep deficit,
either from partial or total deprivation, that builds up forever
and increases the negative effects of sleep, like high blood
pressure and concentration, significantly (Brody). It can
only be aided by sleeping many hours at a time, as the best
sleep habits are consistent (National Sleep Foundation). It
then becomes simple to see how it would be easier for people
with huge amounts of sleep debt to have a heart attack or
lose their job: they are put at a great disadvantage. And while
coffee and energy drinks may be good for some people to get
that initial burst of energy, it does not get rid of sleep debt
and may cause physical dependence/withdrawal, insomnia,
anxiety, headaches, and more (National Sleep Foundation).
Furthermore, non-pharmaceutical researchers have linked
sleeping pills to cancer and premature death (Brody). So, the
solution is either to sleep normally or somehow change what
kind of sleep we really need. But can we even change how
much sleep we need?¶
➝We definitely try to. We humans need roughly half as
much sleep as most monkeys and apes do because of our
better sleeping environments and the fact that humans feel
much safer than other primates when sleeping. Simply put,
we made sleep much more efficient. And now we are trying
to rush it even more. (O’Neill). Sleep researcher Dr. Raj
Dasgupta says, “any doctor or researcher worth his salt will
tell you we'll be sleeping less in the future…total sleep time
has been decreasing for years. In 1970s, we slept 7 to 8
hours, presently it's 6 to 7. If you do a little math, in next...40
[1]
Moved up [2]: Technology is one way these boundaries may
be pushed. Many believe technology will play a significant
Deleted: Another question worth asking about the future of
sleep is this: will we radically change sleep scheduling? ... [2]
Deleted: s
Deleted: d
Deleted: eprivation or even decreased sleep quality
Deleted: For example, people of the
Deleted:
Formatted: Font: Italic
Deleted: and work at night
Deleted: like to during the day
Deleted: first
 Marsh 9

one of my lab reports gets moved from one week to another. I don’t change how long I spend on

it, I change when I start. Therefore, the change in sleep scheduling needed is a change that

supports leaving little time to sleep. Polyphasic sleep scheduling may be that change.

Many college students that I know favor going into polyphasic sleep scheduling, or sleep Deleted: of the
Deleted:
that is split up into consistent, usually short pieces instead of done all at once (National Sleep Deleted: seem to
Deleted: multiple
Foundation). An example of this would be my friend Regina, who seems to consistently sleep a

little at night and a little after her classes. And while many schedules may fit into this broad

definition, there are three primary schedules people have tried and shared:

1. The Dymaxion Sleep Schedule, or a 30 minute nap every six hours (Sternbenz) Deleted:
Formatted: Font: Bold
2. The Uberman Schedule, or six 30-minute naps at 2 p.m, 6 p.m, 10 p.m, 2 a.m, 6.am, Deleted: .
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman
and 10.am (Sternbenz)
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman
3. Everyman Schedule, or a less straightforward schedule where a person sleeps from 1
Formatted: Font: Bold
a.m to 4 a.m and then takes three 20-minute naps at 9 a.m, 2 p.m, and 9 p.m Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman
(Sternbenz) Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman
Formatted: Font: Bold
This is a promising solution, as it has been found that the majority of animals sleep on Formatted: List Paragraph, Numbered + Level: 1 +
Numbering Style: 1, 2, 3, … + Start at: 1 + Alignment: Left
polyphasic schedules, so maybe we could as well (Sterbenz). But knowing for sure as well as the + Aligned at: 0.5" + Indent at: 0.75"
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman
lifetime effects of taking on such sleeping habits are difficult to determine, especially since Deleted: we may be able to

scientists don’t fully understand monophasic sleep as it is. Additionally, most people who have

tested these sleeping schedules are amateur YouTubers and average, unknowing questioners like Deleted: students

you and me (Sterbenz). Still, it is a possible way for people to decrease the amount of sleep they Deleted: myself

need overall and at a one point in time, allowing people to to procrastinate on sleep and possess
crazy schedules. Granted, it is difficult to stick to any schedule when procrastinating. But a
schedule like this may be easier to stick to for college students, especially because it takes less
Deleted: Therefore, based on the fact that people like
Deleted: that college students, our future,
Deleted: , this seems like a solution that very well may be
taken, at least messily and during one’s college career.
 Marsh 10

time out of their day and bears a resemblance to how students like me and my friend Regina end

up sleeping anyway.

Yet there are also reasons to believe polyphasic sleep is not the proper path for America. Moved down [3]: More research must be conducted.
Deleted: But is it good? Unknown.
Thinking about how inconsistent college schedules can get from semester to semester, how most Deleted: That being said, thinking

jobs require workers to be there from nine to five, and how inconsistent people get with their

sleep, it is likely that this scheduling, if used, would be used in an unhealthy way: irregularly,

inconsistently, and for the wrong reasons. Furthermore, we don’t actually know how healthy Deleted: Heck, the article by Sterbenz is called “These
Alternative Sleep Schedules Could Save You 20 Years
Normally Spent in Bed.” And while this may be true,
decreasing the amount sleep we get in this manner is – after all, it’s still decreasing the amount

of sleep we get and may still increase our chance of getting insomnia. Yes, the people who have

tested it before fell asleep fine, but as I stated before, these tests are not scientific (Sterbenz).

Other outside factors like exhaustion and the sleeping environment may be playing into this, or

the testers might be outliers. On top of this, the tests were done on the short term because it is

difficult to have a polyphasic sleep schedule with America’s current business hours. Therefore,

we don’t know the long-term effects of this solution much at all. Implementing this without Deleted: Doing

knowing the consequences, without actually knowing why we sleep (Brody), could ruin Deleted: like we try to decrease sleep time
Deleted: have drastic outcomes
America’s sleeping habits and health even more. Additional research on this solution must be Moved (insertion) [3]
Deleted: More
conducted before implementation.
Deleted: .
Formatted: Font color: Auto, Pattern: Clear
Sleep is important, but less people are doing it and instead procrastinating. This not only
Deleted: less
initiates the immediate bad outcomes of sleep like drowsiness and loss of concentration, but can Deleted: and less people are doing it

increase one’s chances of insomnia later in life, effectively worsening the issue. What do college Deleted: .

students have to do with it? Everything. They are cause and solution because they will eventually Deleted: a mainstay of the

grow up to influence others with the attitudes and habits made and solidified during their college
Deleted: and solution

years. Therefore, targeting and studying them is crucial to figuring out the future of sleep. Deleted: , and
Deleted: t
Deleted: d/or
 Marsh 11

But what is the future of sleep and sleep attitudes? Is there a good solution to the sleep

loss problem? While drugs and technology may change sleep significantly, it won’t do much to

solve the issue in the future, at least as far we know today. A good solution to the issue that is Deleted: i
Deleted: s
easier to predict the outcome of would be targeting college students and getting them to change Deleted: to

their sleeping habits for the better. What the best way is to do this is depends on the willingness Deleted: , however
Deleted: how
of the individual students to change, the viability of solutions like polyphasic schedules, and the Deleted: so
Deleted: technology aids and
solutions’ connections to reason students aren’t sleeping in the first place: attitudes. Choosing the
Deleted: its

solution(s) to use will play a huge role in the future of sleep and therefore the welfare of our Deleted: they

society. To come to a final conclusion/decision, more research on all of the following should be Deleted: This also effects what we will see in the future of
sleep.
conducted. It is possible that the solution is a mixture of one or more of the theories outlined in

this paper, or that we really don’t have to act because the problem will fix itself before it gets

much worse than it already is. Regardless, people like me, my sister, and my best friend will

have to take matters into our own hands for now, personally going to therapy for significant,

immediate, and scientifically positive changes to occur.

Sleep is a mystery, and uncovering the mystery could better the life of Americans Deleted: potentially

everywhere by ending arguments and allowing us to be fully, pleasingly rested. But let me leave Deleted: and uniting
Deleted: s well as
you with something to ponder. Man is the only mammal that willingly delays sleep (National

Sleep Foundation). If we are so adamant to radically change something so innate and important Deleted: quick and

but at the same time mysterious and unexplained as sleep, what’s to keep us from changing Deleted: ,
Deleted: causing our or even our planet’s downfall
something else in a deadly way without knowing? Are we already doing more harm than good?

Does it matter?

Sleep tight. Deleted:

 Marsh 12

Works Cited

“The Benefits of Slumber.” National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Moved (insertion) [1]

Services, 4 Apr. 2013, newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/04/benefits-slumber. Accessed 04 Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.5"

Nov. 2018. Deleted: ¶

Brody, Yosef. “Losing Sleep in the 21st Century.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers LLC,

07 May 2013, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/limitless/201305/losing-sleep-in-the-

21st-century. Accessed 11 Oct 2018

Kring, Camilla, B- Society, B Society, 2007, http://www.b-society.org/. Accessed 25 Sept. 2018

Kring, Camilla. “Camilla Kring.” Facebook, Facebook, www.facebook.com/FrauKring.

Accessed Nov. 26 2018. Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5"

National Sleep Foundation. National Sleep Foundation, 2018, www.sleepfoundation.org/.

Accessed 10 Oct 2018. Formatted: Indent: First line: 0"

Deleted: ¶
O'Neill, Natalie. “How Humans Can Evolve to Need Less Sleep.” Motherboard, VICE,

18 Jan. 2016, motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mg7evy/how-humans-can-evolve-to-

need-less-sleep. Accessed 25 Sept. 2018.

Peach, Hannah D. “Cognitive, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Predictors of College Sleep and

Health.” ProQuest LLC, 2015.

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1707708245/abstract/EA0F0B88580549ABPQ/1.

Accessed 25 Sept. 2018.

Pearson, Ian. “The 2030 Future of Sleep Report.” Travelodge, Jun. 2011,

http://rss.hsyndicate.com/file/152004621.pdf. Accessed 25 Sept. 2018

“Sleep and the College Student.” Films on Demand, uploaded by Dartmouth College, 20 Nov.
 Marsh 13

2014, fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=149262&xtid=48912. Accessed 25

Sept. 2018.

Sterbenz, Christina. “These Alternative Sleep Schedules Could Save You 20 Years Normally

Spent in Bed.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 4 Nov. 2013, 4:46 pm,

www.businessinsider.com/polyphasic-sleep-schedules-and-benefits-2013-10. Accessed

22 Oct. 2018.

Turner, Teri L., et al. “Trending in the Wrong Direction: Changes in Sleep Behaviors, Attitudes Moved up [1]: “The Benefits of Slumber.” National
Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human ¶
Services, 4 Apr. 2013,
and Knowledge Over Time.” Academic Pediatrics, vol. 13, no. 4, 2013, pp. e7–e7, newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/04/benefits-slumber. Accessed
04 Nov. 2018.¶
Science Direct, doi:10.1016/j.acap. www-sciencedirect- Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.5"

com.librarylink.uncc.edu/science/article/pii/S1876285913001447. Accessed 10 Oct

2018. Deleted: .¶
¶
Formatted: Font: Italic
Page 8: [1] Deleted Kira Marsh 11/29/18 11:12:00 AM

Page 8: [2] Deleted Kira Marsh 11/29/18 11:13:00 AM