Digital Communications Questions and Answers –

Digital Communication System – 1

This set of Digital Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers
(MCQs) focuses on “Digital communication system”.

1. What are the main features of a receiver?

a) Synchronization
b) Multiple parallel receiver chain
c) Synchronization & Multiple parallel receiver chain
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The main features of a receiver which increases its complexity are
synchronization of carrier, phase, and timing and multiple parallel receiver chain.
2. What conditions must be fulfilled in a good digital communication system?
a) High data rate
b) High fidelity
c) Low transmit power
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the conditions which must be satisfied in a digital communication
system are high data rate, high fidelity, low bandwidth, low transmit power and low
transmitter and receiver complexity.
3. Wired channels are
a) Lossy
b) Lossless
c) Lossy & Lossless
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Wired channels are lossy channels.
4. The equivalent temperature in a receiver design must be kept
a) Low
b) High
c) Does not affect the receiver
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The equivalent temperature is the function of the receiver design and it must
be always kept low.
5. Which corrects the sampling time problem in a digital system?
a) Interpolator
b) Decimator
c) Equalizer
d) Filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Interpolator corrects the sampling time problem using discrete time
processing.
6. What are the main features of a transmitter?
a) Higher clock speed
b) Linear power amplifier
c) Directional antennas
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the main features which make the transmitter complex are higher
clock speed, higher transmit power, directional antennas and need for a linear amplifier.
7. Transmission media used in low frequency band are
a) Air
b) Water
c) Copper cable
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Air, water and copper cable can be used as transmission media in low
frequency band communication.
8. Transmission media used for medium frequency band are
a) Coaxial cable
b) Copper cable
c) Optical fiber
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For medium frequency band communication air and copper cable can only
be used as a transmission medium.
9. Matched filter technique is used to
a) Increase SNR
b) Decrease SNR
c) SNR is not affected
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Matched filter technique is a demodulation process used to increase SNR.
10. Matched filter can also be used as least squares estimator.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A matched filter can also be used as a least squares estimator.

Digital Communications Questions and Answers –

Digital Communication System – 2
This set of tough Digital Communication Questions & Answers focuses on “Digital
Communication System”.

1. Which are the common transmission media used in digital communication

system?
a) Coaxial cable
b) Twisted copper cable
c) Radio frequency bands
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the commonly used physical transmission media are twisted
copper cable, good quality coaxial cable and radio frequency bands.
2. The basic transmission-reception system is a ______ system.
a) Two block system
b) Three block system
c) Four block system
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The basic transmission-reception consists of three blocks – transmitter,
transmission medium, receiver.
3. Modulation channel consists of
a) Amplifier
b) Signal processing units
c) Amplifier & Signal processing units
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When information is transmitted through large distance it must be amplified.
Modulation channel consists of an amplifier and other signal processing units.
4. Modulation channel does not accept an analog input signal.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Modulation channel accepts analog signal as input and delivers another
version of modulated signal as analog waveform.
5. If operating frequency bands are higher ______ is available.
a) Smaller bandwidth
b) Larger bandwidth
c) Smaller & Larger bandwidth
d) Cannot be determined
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Larger bandwidth is available when operating frequency bands are higher.
6. Ground wave communication occurs in
a) Low frequency band
b) Medium frequency band
c) Low & Medium frequency band
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Ground wave communication can take place in both low frequency and
medium frequency bands.
7. Sampling theorem is used for converting
a) Continuous time signal to discrete
b) Discrete to continuous time signal
c) Continuous time signal to discrete & vice versa
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Sampling theorem is used for converting continuous time signal to discrete
type signal and vice versa.
8. A signal can be recovered from its sample by using
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) Band stop filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A signal can be recovered from its sampled version by using an ideal low
pass filter.
9. Which is practically realizable?
a) A train of pulses
b) Impulse train
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A train of pulses with narrow bandwidth is realizable than the impulse train.
10. In flat top sampling scheme, ______ is kept constant after sampling.
a) Amplitude
b) Phase
c) Frequency
d) Time period
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In flat top sampling scheme, the amplitude is kept constant after sampling.

Digital Communications Questions and Answers –

Types of Processes
This set of Digital Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers
(MCQs) focuses on “Types of Processes”.

1. A stationary stochastic process has

a) Finite energy signal
b) Infinite zero signal
c) Zero energy signal
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A stationary stochastic process is an infinite energy signal and hence its
fourier transform does not exist.
2. The power spectral density function of the stochastic process is
a) Real
b) Odd
c) Real & odd
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The power spectral density function of a stochastic function is real and
even.
3. For a periodic function, the spectral density and auto correlation functions form
a) Fourier transform pair
b) Laplace transform pair
c) Hilbert transform pair
d) Z transform pair
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a periodic function, the spectral density and auto correlation function
forms fourier transform pair.
4. The capacity of a channel is given by
a) Number of digits used in coding
b) Volume of information it can take
c) Maximum rate of information transmitted
d) Bandwidth requires information
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The capacity of the channel is given by a maximum rate of information
transmitted.
5. In a communication system, a process in which statistical averages and time
averages are equal is called as
a) Stationary
b) Ergodic
c) Gaussian
d) Poisson
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In ergodic process statistical averages and time averages are equal.
6. A rectangular pulse of duration T is applied to a matched filter. The output of
the filter is a
a) Rectangular pulse of duration T
b) Rectangular pulse of duration 2T
c) Triangular pulse
d) Sine function
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The output of the matched filter when a rectangular pulse of duration T is
applied is a triangular pulse.
7. The line code has a zero dc component for pulse transmission of random
binary data is
a) NRZ
b) RZ
c) Alternate mark inversion
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The line code has a zero dc component for pulse transmission of random
binary data is alternate mark inversion.
8. The auto-correlation of white noise is
a) A delta function
b) A constant
c) Gaussian
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The auto-correlation of white noise is a delta function.
9. Ionospheric communication can take place in
a) High frequency band
b) Very high frequency band
c) Ultra high frequency band
d) Super high frequency band
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Ionospheric communication takes place in high frequency band.
10. Satellite communication takes place in
a) Ultra high frequency band
b) Super high frequency band
c) Ultra & Super high frequency band
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Satellite communication takes place in ultra high and super high frequency
bands.
11. The weighing matrix is
a) Positive quantity
b) Inverse of covariance matrix of the input vector
c) Positive quantity & Inverse of a covariance matrix of the input vector
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: W is a positive definite weighing matrix and it is inverse of covariance matrix
of the input vector.
12. Non uniform tree _____ bit rate.
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Does not affect
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Non uniform tree for binary search increases the bit rate

Digital Communications Questions and Answers –

Signals
This set of Digital Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers
(MCQs) focuses on “Signals”.

1. In the digital communication system, signals in different frequency bands are

a) Orthogonal
b) Non orthogonal
c) Orthogonal & Non orthogonal
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In digital communication system, signals from different frequency bands are
orthogonal thus interference won’t occur.
2. Properties of impulse function are
a) Symmetry
b) Time scaling
c) Shifting
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the properties of impulse function are symmetry, time scaling and
shifting.
3. Properties of Fourier transform are
a) Duality property
b) Time shifting property
c) Modulation property
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the properties of Fourier transform are duality property, time
scaling property, time shifting property, modulation property and many more.
4. A base-band signal can be up-converted using
a) Sine wave
b) Cosine wave
c) Filtering
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A base-band signal can be up-converted to band-pass filter by applying
cosine wave.
5. A band-pass signal can be down-converted using
a) Sine wave
b) Cosine wave
c) Time delayed wave
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For down-conversion of a band-pass signal also cosine signal is used and
multiplied with it.
6. In down-conversion multiplication with cosine wave is followed by
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Bandpass filter
d) Bandstop filter
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Downconversion of bandpass signal includes multiplication with sine wave
followed by low pass filtering.
7. ADSL has _____ information channels.
a) One
b) Three
c) Four
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Asymmetric digital subscriber line has three information channels – a high
speed downstream channel, ISDN channel and medium speed duplex channel.
8. Fourier transform of a signal gives the
a) Frequency content
b) Bandwidth
c) Frequency content & Bandwidth
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Fourier transform of a signal give the frequency content and also
determines the bandwidth of the signal.
9. Random things in a communication system are
a) Timing offset
b) Device frequency
c) Attenuation
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Some of the random things in the communication system are noise in the
channel, attenuation, fading, channel filtering, device frequency, phase and timing offset.
10. Which can be used for periodic and non periodic?
a) Fourier series
b) Fourier transforms
c) Fourier series & transforms
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Fourier series is limited to only periodic signals where as Fourier transforms
and laplace transforms can be used for both periodic and non periodic signals.
11. A band-pass signal has a Fourier transform equal to
a) One
b) Zero
c) Infinity
d) Cannot be determined
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A band-pass signal has a Fourier transform equal to zero for all value in
both frequency and time domain.
12. A band-pass signal has
a) DC component
b) No DC component
c) No side lobes
d) Cannot be determined
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A band-pass signal has no DC components and has Fourier transform equal
to zero. Outside the band it will not be exactly zero. Thus this results in presence of side
lobes

This set of Avionics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Satellite
Communication Systems”.

1. The satellite that is used as a relay to extend communication distance is called as

__________
a) Relay satellites
b) Communication satellites
c) Repeater satellites
d) Geosynchronous satellites
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Communication satellites are not originators of information to be
transmitted. If a transmitting station cannot communicate directly with one or more
receiving stations because of line-of-sight restrictions, a satellite can be used. The
transmitting station sends the information to the satellite, which in turn re-transmits it to
the receiving stations.
2. The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as a _______
a) Relay
b) Repeater
c) Transponder
d) Duplexer
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as a
transponder. The basic functions of a transponder are amplification and frequency
translation. The reason for frequency translation is that the transponder cannot transmit
and receive on the same frequency.
3. The downlink frequency is lower than the uplink frequency.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The original signal being transmitted from the earth station to the satellite is
called the uplink, and the re-transmitted signal from the satellite to the receiving stations
is called the downlink. Usually, the downlink frequency is lower than the uplink frequency.
A typical uplink frequency is 6 GHz, and a common downlink frequency is 4 GHz.
4. What is the reason for carrying multiple transponders in a satellite?
a) More number of operating channel
b) Better reception
c) More gain
d) Redundancy
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: To be economically feasible, a satellite must be capable of handling several
channels. As a result, most satellites contain multiple transponders, each operating at a
different frequency. Each transponder represents an individual communication channel.
5. Why are VHF, UHF, and microwave signals used in satellite communication?
a) More bandwidth
b) More spectrum space
c) Are not diffracted by the ionosphere
d) Economically viable
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: VHF, UHF, and microwave signals penetrate the ionosphere with little or no
attenuation and are not refracted to earth. Lower frequencies undergo total internal
refraction and get reflected back to earth.
6. What is the reason for shifting from c band to ku band in satellite communication?
a) Lesser attenuation
b) Less power requirements
c) More bandwidth
d) Overcrowding
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Most new communication satellites will operate in the Ku band. This upward
shift in frequency is happening because the C band is overcrowded. Many
communication satellites are in orbit now, most of them operating in the C band.
However, there is some difficulty with interference because of the heavy usage. The only
way this interference will be minimized is to shift all future satellite communication to
higher frequencies.
7. Which of the following bands cannot be used for satellite communication?
a) MF
b) Ku
c) X
d) C
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: MF is a lower frequency band than Ku, C and X bands and does not lie in
the microwave spectrum. Microwaves are used for satellite communication since the
lower bands get reflected by the ionosphere.
8. What is the maximum theoretical data rate if a transponder is used for binary
transmission and has a bandwidth of 36MHz?
a) 32Mpbs
b) 72Mpbs
c) 36Mpbs
d) 12Mpbs
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For binary transmission, the maximum theoretical data rate or channel
capacity C for a given bandwidth B is C = 2B = 2(36) =72Mpbs.
9. Why are techniques like frequency reuse and spatial isolation carried out?
a) Reduce traffic load
b) More gain
c) High speed
d) Error detection
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: at times there is more traffic than there are transponders to handle it. For
that reason, numerous techniques have been developed to effectively increase the
bandwidth and signal-carrying capacity of the satellite. Two of these techniques are
known as frequency reuse and spatial isolation.
10. Which technique uses two different antennas to reduce traffic on the same
frequency?
a) Spatial isolation
b) Frequency reuse
c) Multiplexing
d) Modulation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In the frequency reuse technique two systems use the same frequency,
although operating on exactly the same frequencies, they are isolated from each other by
the use of special antenna techniques. For example, a vertically polarized antenna will
not respond to a horizontally polarized signal and vice versa. Or a left-hand circularly
polarized (LHCP) antenna will not respond to a right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP)
signal and vice versa.

Avionics Questions and Answers – Ground Stations

This set of Avionics Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“Ground Stations”.

1. What is the use of the band pass filter in the receiver section?
a) Protects the receiver
b) Increases antenna gain
c) Reduces noise
d) To reduce it to an intermediate frequency
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The diplexer feeds a bandpass filter (BPF) in the receiver section that
ensures that only the received frequencies pass through to the sensitive receiving
circuits. This bandpass filter blocks the high-power transmit a signal that can occur
simultaneously with reception. This prevents overload and damage to the receiver.
2. The satellite in the earth station must be steerable even for a geosynchronous
satellite.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It must be possible to adjust its azimuth and elevation so that the antenna
can be properly aligned with the satellite. Earth stations supporting geosynchronous
satellites can generally be fixed in position, however, azimuth and elevation adjustments
are necessary to initially pinpoint the satellite and to permit minor adjustments over the
satellite’s life.
3. In Rf tuning, what is the first local oscillator?
a) Quartz oscillator
b) Frequency synthesizer
c) Magnetic oscillator
d) Electric oscillators
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In RF tuning, the first local oscillator is made adjustable. Generally, a
frequency synthesizer is used in this application. The frequency synthesizer generates a
highly stable signal at selected frequency increments.
4. If the earth station downlink signal received is at f s = 4.08 GHz, what first stage
local-oscillator frequency fLO is needed to achieve IF of 770 MHz?
a) 3310 MHz
b) 4080 MHz
c) 1203 MHz
d) 3250 MHz
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: fIF = fs – fLO
fLO = fs – fIF = 4080 – 770 = 3310 MHz.
5. Which of the following amplifiers is used in the transmitter substation?
a) RF amplifiers
b) Buffer amplifiers
c) Klystron amplifier
d) Operational amplifiers
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The signals to be sent to the satellite might be TV programs, multiple
telephone calls, or digital data from a computer. These signals are used to modulate the
carrier, which is then amplified by a large traveling-wave tube or klystron amplifier.
6. Which part of the transmitter subsystem modulates the baseband signal?
a) Antenna
b) Up converter
c) Power amplifiers
d) Mixer
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The transmit subsystem consists of two basic parts, the up converters and
the power amplifiers. The up converters translate the baseband signals modulated on to
carriers up to the final uplink microwave frequencies.
7. In digital systems, analog signals are first digitized with PCM converters before
modulation.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In digital systems, analog signals are first digitized with PCM converters.
The resulting serial digital output is then used to modulate a QPSK modulator.
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8. In RF tuning, _________ provides the final up conversion to the microwave

frequency?
a) Fixed-frequency local oscillator
b) RF frequency synthesizer
c) Quartz oscillator
d) Magnetic oscillator
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In RF tuning, a mixer fed by a fixed-frequency local oscillator performs an
initial up conversion to 700 MHz. Then a sophisticated RF frequency synthesizer applied
to a second mixer provides up conversion to the final microwave frequency.
9. When individual up converters are used to modulate a channel, what is used to
combine them into final signal?
a) Microwave combiner
b) Multiplexer
c) Mixer
d) Amplifier
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Individual up converters are used on each modulated channel. At the output
of the up converters, all the signals are combined in a microwave combiner, which
produces a single output signal that is fed to the final amplifiers.