Vallalar Kaatiya Gnana Neri PDF

ts;syhh; fhl;oa "hdbewp
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1/ Kd;Diu /// 2
2/ mzpe;Jiu /// 7
3/ ,uhkyp';fiug; gw;wp /// 11
3/ rpe;jpf;f ntz;oa rpe;jidfs; /// 17
4/ gpzp /// 20
5/ czt[ /// 23
6/ Fz';fs; /// 30
7/ xGf;fk; /// 33
8/ cwf;fk; /// 47
9/ K:g;g[ /// 51
10/ gak; /// 54
11/ Jd;gk; /// 58
12/ gf;jp /// 61
13/ $PtfhUz;ak; /// 72
14/ rkaj; bja;t';fs; /// 80
15/ rhjid /// 100
16/ jtk; /// 107
17/ tpdh tpil /// 113
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Kd;Diu 1
vy;yh $Ptd;fisa[k;tpl mwptpw; rpwe;jtd;

kdpjnd/ ,jpy; re;njfkpy;iy/ tpag;g[kpy;iy/ vy;yhj;
JiwfspYk; kdpjd; fz;Ls;s rhjidfs; Vuhsk;

Vuhsk;/
re;jpu kz;lyj;jpw;nf brd;W jpUk;gp tuf;Toa
mstpw;F tp";"hd mwpt[ tsh;ej; pUe;jhYk;.
thH;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; mDgt';fisf; bfhz;L. kdpj
rKjhak; rpy Kot[fis Vw;Wf; bfhz;Ls;sJ/
1/ ahuhapUe;jhYk; vd;whtJ xU ehs;

,we;Jjhd; nghf ntz;Lk;/
2/ thH;tpy; Vw;gLk; Mgj;Jf;fSf;Fk;.
Jd;g';fl;Fk; fhuzk;. ehk; bra;j Kd;
tpidna MFk;/
3/ kdpj thH;tpd; Kotpy; mjhtJ gf;jpa[ld;;
g[z;zpaKk; bra;j Md;khf;fs; cliy tpl;Lg;
gphpe;j gpd; mjhtJ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;
,iwtDld; If;fpakhfptpLk;/ kPz;Lk;
gpwg;bgLf;fhJ/
4/ ,e;j epiy miltjw;Fr; rhpia. fphpia.
nahfk;. "hdk; vd ehd;F bewpfs; cz;L.
mjw;Fhpa gjtpfs; rhnyhfk;. rhkPgk;. rhU:gk;.
rha[r;rpak; vd ehd;F MFk;/
5/ ,iw gf;jpia rl';FfSk;. tpuj';fSk;.
Mya tHpghLfSk;. jpUtpHhf;fSk; tsh;fF; k;/
6/ kz;zhir. bgz;zhir. bghd;dhir Mfpa
K:d;W Mirfisa[k; Jwe;J fhdfk; brd;W
fLe;jtk; bra;jhy; flt[isf; fhzyhk;/
xt;bthU rkaKk; jd;Dila bja;tnk

cah;e;jJ ? Mw;wy; kpf;fJ vd;W nghjpg;gJld; kw;wr;
rkaj; bja;t';fisg; bgha;bad;W J}w;Wfpd;wJ/ rkag;
2
g{ry;fSk; kjr; rz;ilfSk; kype;Jtpl;l ,e;jf;

fhyj;jpy; bja;tj;jpd; cz;ik ,Jjhd; vd ed;F
tpsf;ft[k;. khz;L ngha;f; bfhz;oUf;Fk; kdpj
rKjhaj;ij kuzj;jpd; gpoapypUe;J kPl;ft[k; ts;syhh;
njhd;wpdhh;/ 19k; E}w;whz;oy; njhd;wpa jpUtUl;gpufhr
ts;syhh; fhl;oa "hdbewpia ed;whf ehk; czh;e;J
bfhs;s ntz;oaJ kpft[k; ,d;wpaikahjJ/
jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vdg; nghw;wg;gLk;
tlY}h; ,uhkyp';f mofshh; Koe;j Koghff; Twpa
rpy fUj;Jf;fs; :
1/ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ve;j $PtDk; eufj;jpw;nfh.

brhh;f;fj;jpw;nfh bry;yhJ/ nkhl;rk;. Kf;jp
vd;gdbty;yhk; ,we;j gpd; miltJ my;y/ ,e;j
clk;gpy; caph; cs;snghnj ,iwtid mwpe;J
mila ntz;Lk;/ mg;goapy;yhky; ,we;J nghdhy;
$PtdhdJ ,e;jj; njfj;jpy; bra;j tpidf;nfw;g
mLj;j gpwtp vLj;nj jPUk;/
2/ kuzj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; m$hf;fpuijna. fpilj;j
,e;jj; njfj;ijna epj;jpa njfkhf;fpf; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;/
3/ CH;tpidapd; jhf;Fjiy ek;khy; jLj;Jf;
bfhs;s Koa[k;/
kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it kdpjdhy; mila

Koa[k; vd;W Twpa ts;syhh; Vw;gLj;jpait :-
1/ rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rj;jpa r';fk;
2/ rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rj;jpa
jUkr;rhiy
3/ rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f rj;jpa "hdrig
3
ts;syhh; Vw;gLj;jpa rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f

rj;jpa r';fkhdJ ,g;nghJ cybf';Fk;; gutp
ts;syhhpd; nghjidfis kf;fs; kj;jpapy;; gug;gp
tUfpd;wJ/
jUkr; rhiy bjhl';fpanghJ
$PtfhUz;aj;ij typa[Wj;jpg; nghjpj;jJld;
$PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; vd;w E}iya[k; vGjpdhh;/
jhd; bra;j jtj;jpd; gaid jUkr;
rhiyapny xU gfypy; mile;njd; vd;W xU ghlypy;
vGjpa[s;shh;/ $PtfhUz;ak; xd;wpdhy; kl;Lnk ,iw
mUisg; bgw Koa[k; vd;W cWjpahff; Twpdhh;/
kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;it mila $PtfhUz;ak;
kl;Lnk nghJkh>
jpahdk;. jtk; Kjypadt[k; bra;jhy; jhd;
kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;t[ bgw Koa[k;/ jtk; bra;a[';fhy;
Vw;gLk; mDgtnk rj;jpa "hd rigahf btspapy;
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;/
rj;jpa "hd rig vd;Ds; fz;ldd; vd;whh;
ts;syhh;/ jtk; bra;a[k; Kiwiaa[k; jtk; bra;nthh;
vt;thW thH ntz;Lk; vd;gija[k; mth;fsJ czt[.
cwf;fk;. xGf;fk;. Kjypait vt;thW ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk; vd;gjida[k; ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;
Twpa[s;sthW bjhFj;J ,e;jg; g[j;jfj;jpy;
jug;gl;Ls;sJ/
,jid ey;y Kiwapy; mr;R totkhf;fpa
(D.T.P.) K.S.S. Rfe;juh$d; mth;fl;Fk; mr;rpl;L
E}yhf;fpa rpth gphpz;lh;!; chpikahsh;; jpU/
jl;rpzhK:h;j;jp mth;fl;Fk; ed;wp fye;j tzf;f';fs;
chpad/
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rp';fg;g{h;
4
,uhkyp';f mgak; Jiz

mzpe;Jiu
$Ptd;fspy; Xuwpt[s;s jhtuk; Kjy; Ie;jwpt[s;s

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bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd/ kdpjd; kl;Lk; mwptpd;
cah;r;rpapdhy; jd; thH;f;ifiaj; jhnd mikj;Jf;
bfhs;fpwhd;/ kUj;Jtk;. tp";"hdk;. bghwpapay;. rl;lk;.
fzpdp ,g;gog; gy Jiwfspy; mwpt[ tsh;e;J tpl;lJ/
bghUs; ,y;yhh;f;F ,t;t[yfk; ,y;iy vd;w
thf;fpw;bfhg;g ,e;jg; gog;bgy;yhk; bghUs; <l;lj;jhd;/
bghUshjhuk; njitjhd;/ Mdhy; bghUshjhuk;

kl;Lk; kdpjDf;F xU ey;y thH;tpidj; je;Jtpl
KoahJ vd ekJ Kd;ndhh; fz;ldh;/ kdij
5
trg;gLj;jt[k; brk;ikg;gLj;jt[k;. mikjpahd thH;it

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mwpt[ ntW "hd mwpt[ ntW/
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fiye;J vGtJ/ gy;Tlj; nja;f;fhky; fhg;gp. O
mUe;JtJ/ mLj;J bra;jpj;jhs; thrpg;gJ/ gpd;dh;
Fspj;Jf; fhiy czt[ Koj;Jg; gzpf;Fr; bry;tJ ?
khiy tPL jpUk;gpaJk; bjhiyf;fhl;rpg; bgl;oapd;
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ghh;g;gJ ? gpd;dh; cz;gJ/ cw';FtJ/ eLj;ju
kf;fspd; thH;f;if ,t;thW vd;why; ViH kf;fs;
Typ ntiy bra;J mjpy; tUk; brhw;g
tUkhdj;ija[k; fs;sr; rhuhak; mUe;jp
tPzhfpd;whh;fs;/ jk;ik ek;gpa[s;s kidtp. kf;fSf;Fk;
Tlr; rhpahd cznth. cilnah ju ,ayhky;
VH;ikapnyna cHy;fpwhh;fs;/
Kothf Vnjh xU fhuzj;jhy; midtUk;
khz;L nghfpd;whh;fs;/ ,Jnt ,d;iwa epiy/
,th;fsJ thH;tpd; ,yl;rpak; vd;d>
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ntz;Lk;/ mt;tst[jhd;/ J}';Ffpd;whh;fs; ?
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bra;fpd;whh;fs; ? khz;L nghfpd;whh;fs;/
mwptpw; Fiwe;j gwitfSk; kpUf';fSk;
,ijj;jhnd bra;fpd;wd> ,th;fl;Fk; mitfl;Fk;
vd;d ntWghL> ,e;j thH;f;if thH;tjw;F kdpjg;
gpwtp njit jhdh> rw;W rpe;jpa[';fs;/
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6
mhpaJ/ ,ij Md;kPfk; xd;nw ju Koa[k;/ tp";"hdk;

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g[hpe;Js;s rhjidfs; Vuhsk;/ gpwUila nehia
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mUshsh;fs; epfH;j;jpa[s;shh;fs;/
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midtiua[k; ,wthky; thH itf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w
xnu nehf;Fld; rd;khh;f;f r';f';fs; bray;gLfpd;wd/
new;W ,Ue;jhd; ,d;W ,y;iy vDk;
bgUika[ilaJ ,t;t[yF vd ts;Stg; bgUe;jif
thH;tpd; epiyahikia vLj;Jf; fhl;odhh;/ Mdhy;
jpUtUl; gpufhr ts;sw; bgUkhdhnuh mt;thW
Twhky; kdpjDf;F kuzk; ve;bje;j fhuz';fshy;
tUfpd;wd vd mwpe;J mf;fhuz';fisj; jtph;j;J
vg;nghJ nfl;lhYk; ,y;iy vd;W TwhJ Mk;
,Uf;fpwhh; vd;W TWfpd;wthW thH Koa[k; vd;fpwhh;/
fpilj;jw;fhpa khdplg; gpwtp vLj;jtd; ,we;J
nghfyhkh vd;w tpdhit vGg;gp. ,wthky; thH
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,wthky; thH ,aYk; vd;fpw tHp Kiwfis
ts;syhh; fhl;odhh;/ ehk; vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;
vd;gij kf;fSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;o midtUk;
,wthky; thH ts;syhh; fhl;oa tHp; ,J vdf;
fhl;Lk;; g[j;jfk;; ,J/
kuzj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; gpzp. K:g;g[. gak;. Jd;gk;
vd tiuaiw bra;J mtw;iwf; fistjw;Fj;
jpUmUl;ghtpypUe;nj Mjhu';fs; fhl;o
tpsf;fpapUg;gJ mUik/ K:thirfisa[k; Jwe;J
re;epahrk; bgw;Wf; bfhz;L fhdfk; brd;W fLe;jtk;
g[hpe;Jjhd; ,iwtidf; fhz ntz;Lk; vd;w giHa
epiyia khw;wpf; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J bfhz;nl gf;jp
7
xGf;fk; $PtfhUz;ak; jtk; Mfpatw;iwf;

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njfkhf;fpf; bfhz;L ek; xt;bthUtuhYk; kuzj;ij
bty;y Koa[k; vd;W ts;syhh; tpsf;fpa[s;sij
,g;g[j;jfk; bjspthf;Ffpd;wJ/ nkYk; czt[. cwf;fk;.
xGf;fk; Kjypait ve;j epiyapy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;gija[k; ts;syhh; Twpa[s;sthnw tpsf;fp ,Ug;gJ
mUik/ xt;bthU FLk;gj;jtUk; th';fpg; gadila
ntz;Lfpd;nwhk;/
Rgh!;re;jpud;
knyrpa _ mfj;jpah; rd;khh;f;f
FUFy ,af;fk;
ts;syhiug; gw;wp
1823k; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; khjk; 5k; ehs;

rpjk;guj;ijaLj;j kUJ}h; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; fpuhkf;
fzf;F ghh;j;J te;j ,uhikah gps;is rpd;dk;ikahh;
vd;w jk;gjpfl;F Ie;jhtJ FHe;ijahfj;
jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W g[fH;bgw;w ,uhkyp';fh;
8
njhd;wpdhh;/ mth; ve;j Mrphpahplj;Jk; fy;tp gapyhJ

,sikapnyna Kw;Wk; jhnd czh;e;j "hdpahf
tps';fpdhh;/ jdJ xd;gjhk; tajpnyna ,iwtd;; kPJ
ghf;fs; ,aw;wpdhh;/; bjhy;fhg;gpak;. ghzpePak; nghd;w
,yf;fz E}y;fisr; rpW tajpnyna kdg;ghlkhfr;
brhy;yf; Toa ehtsj;ij ,uhkyp';fh; bgw;wpUe;jjhf
mtuJ jiy khzhf;fh; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh;
mwptpj;Js;shh;/ rpW taJ Kjny ey;y rPhpa
xGf;fKilatuhft[k;. $PtfhUz;aj;jpy; rpwe;jtuha[k;.
"hdghDthft[k; tps';fpdhh;/ xd;gjhtJ tajpy;
,iwtdhy; Ml;bfhs;sg;gl;l mth; gd;dpuz;lhk;
tajpnyna jt thH;f;ifapy;; <Lgl;lhh;/ rpWtajpnyna
jd; ez;gDld; cyfhiria btWj;Jj; Jwt[
nkw;bfhz;ljha[k; ,iwaUshy; mjpypUe;J
kPl;fg;gl;ljha[k; mwptpj;Js;shh;/ 27k; tajpy; K:jj ;
rnfhjhp cz;zhKiy mk;khspd; kfs; jdf;nfhl;o
mk;ikahiuj; jpUkzk; bra;J itj;jhh;fs;/ 35k;
tajpy; jdJ rnfhjuh; guRuhkg; gps;is mth;fSld;
brd;idia tpl;Lg; g[wg;gl;Lf; fh";rpg[uk;. ghz;or;nrhp.
flY}h; tHpahfr; rpjk;guk; mile;jhh;/ m';nf
j';fpapUe;j fhyj;jpy; fU';FHp fpuhkj;J nt';fl
bul;oahh; mth;fspd; ntz;LnfhSf;fpz';f fU';FHp
te;J mtuJ tPl;oy; 1867k; Mz;L tiu j';fpdhh;/
m';F j';fpapUe;j fhyj;jpy; jz;zPh; tpl;L
tpsf;bfhpj;Jk; jPuhj neha;fisj; jPh;j;Jk; gy
mw;g[j';fis epfH;j;jpdhh;/
kf;fs; ca;a ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfr; r';fk;
xd;wpid 1865k; Mz;L njhw;wpdhh;/ Md;kPfj;
Jiwapy; g[j;jUf;Fg; gpd; r';fk; fz;l bgUik
,uhkyp';fUf;F kl;Lnk cz;L/ kdpjh;fs;
kdpjh;fshf thH;tjw;Fhpa xGf;f';fis tiuaiw
bra;jhh;/ mth; ghoa ghf;fSf;Fj; jpUtUl;gh vd;W
bgahpl;L Kjy; ehd;F jpUKiwfis 1867k; Mz;L
9
gpg;uthp; khjk; mr;rpl;L btspapl;ldh;/ gpd;dh;; Ie;jhk;

jpUKiwa[k; Mwhk; jpUKiwa[k; btspahapd/ mth;
ghoa ghf;fs; Rkhh; Mwhapuj;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;litahFk;/
kdpjh;fspy; khkprk;; cz;gth;fis kpf
td;ikahff; fz;oj;jhh;/ mth;fisg; g[wtpdj;jhh;
vd;W xJf;fpdhh;/ g[yhy; cz;zhjth;fis
mftpdj;jhh; vd;W ghuhl;odhh;/ ve;j capiua[k;
bfhy;yf; TlhJ vd;whh;/ $PtfhUz;ank bja;t
tHpghL vd;W nghjpj;jth; $PtfhUz;ak; ,y;yhky;
bra;fpd;w jtk;. tpujk;. jpahdk; g{i$
Kjypaitbay;yhk; khah $hyk; vd;Wk;
gpunah$dkpy;yhj bray;fs; vd;Wk; vLj;Jf; fhl;odhh;/
Mjutw;w ViHfspd; grpahw;Wjiy kpft[k;
tw;g[Wj;jpdhh;/ bgha;ahj tha;ikfns g[fd;wpLjy;
ntz;Lk;/ g[fd;wgo g[fd;wgo g[hpe;jpLjy; ntz;Lk;
vd;wth; ts;syhh;/ tlY}h; thrpfs; 80 fhzp epyk;
jhdkhfj; je;jhh;fs;/ me;jg; gue;j btspapy; 1867k;
Mz;L nk khjk; 23k; ehs; tlY}hpy; jUkr; rhiy
bjhl';fpdhh;/ jUkr; rhiyf;F mof;fy; ehl;L
tpHht[k; jpwg;g[ tpHht[k; xnu ehspy; bra;j bgUika[k;
mtUf;nf cz;L/
1870k; Mz;L ,uhkyp';f ts;syhh; tlY}iu
tpl;L mUnf ,Uf;Fk; nkl;Lf; Fg;gk; vd;w
fpuhkj;jpw;Fg; ngha; tpl;lhh;/ itztf; FUkhh;fs;
te;jhy; j';Ftjw;bfd;W jdpahf itf;fg;gl;oUe;j
xU Foiria mtUf;Fj; je;jhh;fs;/ me;jf;
FoYf;Fr; rpj;jp tshfk; vd;W bgah;. m';fpUe;J
bfhz;nl tlY}hpy; "hd rig xd;wpid epWtpdhh;/
1872k; Mz;L $dthp 25k; ehs; "hdrig
jpwf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1872k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 18k; ehs; xnu
,utpy; 1596 thpfs; bfhz;l mUl;bgU";n$hjp
mftiy vGjpaUspdhh;fs;/
10
1873 mf;nlhgh; khjk; 22k; ehs; Kjd; Kjyhf

nkl;Lf; Fg;gj;jpy; rd;khh;f;ff; bfho fl;og;
ngUgnjrk; xd;wpid epfH;j;jpdhh;fs;/ 1873 fhh;j;jpif
khjk; bgsh;zkpad;W jhd; cs;ns itj;jpUe;j
jpUtpsf;if btspapy;; itj;J mjidj; jilglhJ
Muhjpf;Fk;gof; fl;lisapl;lhh;fs;/ Kothf 1874k;
Mz;L $dthp 30k; ehs; ,ut[ 12 kzpf;F me;jf;
Foirapy; gyh; Kd;dpiyapy; cs;ns EiHe;J
cl;fjit mth; rhj;jp cs;ns jhspl;Lf; bfhz;lhh;/
md;gh;fis nehf;fp btspf; fjitj; jhspl;Lf;
bfhs;Sk;gof; fl;lisapl;lhh;/ mg;nghJ mth;
TwpajhtJ/
@ehd; cs;ns gj;J gjpide;J jpdk; ,Uf;fg;
nghfpnwd;/ ghh;j;J mtek;gpf;if milahjPh;fs;/
xUf;fhy; ghh;f;f neh;e;J ghh;j;jhy; ahUf;Fk;
njhd;whJ btWk; tPlhfj;jhnd ,Uf;Fk;go Mz;lth;
bra;tpg;ghh;/ vd;idf; fhl;of; bfhlhh;/@
(ciueil gf;fk; 555)
gpd;dh; mth; TwpaJ nghyj; bjd; Mh;f;fhL
khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; jpU/ J.H. fhh;!;od;. I.C.S., mth;fs;
fjitj; jpwe;J ghh;j;jhh;/ me;j miw btw;wiwahf
,Ue;jJ/ murh';f fb!l;ony ,e;jr; bra;jpia
me;j Ml;rpahsh; btspapl;oUf;fpwhh;/
,J mtuJ tuyhw;Wr; RUf;fk;/
ehk; ,';nf ftdpf;f ntz;oaJ xd;W kpf
kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;dbtdpy; kw;wth;fSila njfk;
nghy ts;syhhpd; njfk; kz;zpy; rkhjp itf;fnth
jPapypl;L vhpf;fnth fpl;lntapy;iy/ mtUila
njfkhdJ Rj;j gpuzt "hdnjfkhf khwpajhy;
,d;Wk; mth; jd; njfj;Jld; ,Ue;J bray;gl;L
tUfpd;whh;/ mtuJ bray;ghl;oid. ,Ug;igg; gyh;
,d;Wk; czh;e;J Mde;jj;Jld; mtiug; gutp thH;j;jp
tUfpd;wdh;/
11
,e;j kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;t[ vd;gJ vd;d>

ekJ Kd;ndhh;fs; gpwthik ntz;Lk; vd;W
,iwtdplk; ntz;odhh;fs;/ ahuhapUe;jhYk; xUtuJ
njfkhdJ kz;zpw;nfh beUg;g[f;nfh ,iuahFkhdhy;
me;j njfj;jpy; bra;j tpidf;nfw;g kW gpwtp
vLj;nj jPUk; vd;gJ ts;syhh; thf;F/ vdnt
gpwthik ntz;Lkhdhy; ,wthik ntz;Lk;/
gpwthikf;F tHp ,wthik vd;W nghjpj;jth;
ts;syhh;/ ,wthik bgw;wtUk; ts;syhnu Mthh;/
,wthikia mth; vt;thW bgw;whh; vd;gjida[k; ehk;
vt;thW bgwyhk; vd;gjida[k; tps';fpf; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;/
12
rpe;jpf;f ntz;oa rpe;jidfs;
,e;j cyfk; vg;nghJ njhd;wpaJ> vt;thW

njhd;wpaJ> ,ijj; njhw;wpaJ ahh;> ,ut[ gfy; vg;go
cz;lhfpwJ> $Ptd;fs; vt;thW njhd;wpd> ,Jtiu
ehk; v';nf ,Ue;njhk;> ehk; vd;d Mfg; nghfpnwhk;>
ehk; ,we;j gpd; ek; epiy vd;d> ehk; ahh;>
ekf;Fs;ns caph; v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ> mJ Vd; ek;ik
tpl;Lg; gphpfpwJ> vt;thW gphpfpwJ> Vd; gphpa
ntz;Lk;> gphpahky; itj;Jf; bfhs;s Koahjh> kW
gpwtp cz;lh>
ek; Kd;ndhh;fspy; gyh; ,t;thW rpe;jpj;jhh;fs;/
,e;jr; rpe;jidapd; gyd; jhd; "hd mwptpd;
njhw;wk;/ ,e;jr; rpe;jidahsh;fns "hdpfs;/ ,th;fs;
j';fs; cliyg; gytpjkhf Muha;r;rp bra;jhh;fs;/ gy
cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpe;jhh;fs;/ gy rhjidfisr;
bra;jhh;fs;/ cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhfg; gyh;
kidtp. kf;fs;. brhj;J. Rfk; midj;jpida[k;
Jwe;J fhdfk; brd;W fLe;jtk; g[hpe;jhh;fs;/ ,e;j
"hdpfs; kf;fSf;F cz;ikia czh;j;Jthd; ntz;o
gy mhpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;fs;/ mit midj;Jk;
mwpt[g; bgl;lf';fshf ek;ik thH;tpf;fpd;wd/
mUshsh;fshy; vGjg; bgw;w ntj';fs;.
Mfk';fs;. g[uhz';fs;. ,jpfhr';fs;. jpUf;Fws;.
Mj;jpr;N:o. bfhd;iwnte;jd;. ey;tHp. njthuk;.
jpUthrfk;. jpUg;g[fH; nghd;w gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd
ePjp E}y;fSk; gf;jp E}y;fSk; fzf;fpyl';fh/
xsitahh;. jpUts;Sth; nghd;nwhh; kf;fSf;F
ePjp E}y;fis tH';fp kf;fis bewpg;gLj;jg;
ghLgl;ldh;/
mUshsh;fs; gf;jpia tsh;j;jdh;/ Mya';fs;
vGg;gpdh;/ rka';fis cz;lhf;fpdh;/ flt[isg; gw;wpa[k;
13
mtiu milaf;Toa khh;f;f';fisg; gw;wpa[k;

nghjpj;jdh;/ rl';FfSk; rk;gpujha';fSk;
tFf;fg;gl;ld/ ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; kf;fisj; jpUj;j.
ey;tHpg;gLj;j mUk;ghLgl;ldh;/
mUshsh;fs; thpirapy;. 19k; E}w;whz;oy;
njhd;wpa jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W nghw;wg;gLk;
tlY}h; ,uhkyp';f mofs;/ ,Jtiu
kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;j gy cz;ikfis
btspg;gLj;jpaJld; ahUk; Twhj gy fUj;Jf;fisf;
Twpdhh;/
kdpjd; vij ,He;jhYk; caph; thH Koa[k;/
capiuna ,He;J tpl;lhy;> thH;tpd; vy;iy kuzk;
jhd;/ capiu tpl nkyhdJ vJ> ve;j $PtDk;
capiutpLtjw;Fr; rk;kjpg;gjpy;iy/ caph; thHnt
Mirg;gLk;/ vd;whtJ xU ehs; kuzk; te;nj jPUk;
vd;W mwpe;jpUe;Jk; mjidj; jLf;f tHp njlhky;
khz;L nghfyhkh vd;W ts;syhh; tpdtpdhh;/ me;j
kuzj;ij bty;y Koa[kh vd;W Ma;t[ bra;jhh;/
ve;bje;j tHpfspy; kdpjd; kuzj;ijr; re;jpf;fpwhd;
vd;W rpe;jpj;jhh;/ me;j tHpfisbay;yhk; milj;jhh;/
vg;nghJ nfl;lhYk; ,y;iy vd;W Twhky; Mk;
,Uf;fpd;whh; vd;W TWk;go thH;f;ifia mikj;Jf;
bfhz;lhh;. btw;wpa['; fz;lhh;/
rhkhwidj;Jk; jtph;j;jp';F vdf;nf
MkhW mUspa mUl;bgU";n$hjp
(mfty;)
gpzp. K:g;g[. gak;. Jd;gk; Mfpa ehd;Fk;
vt;thW kdpjid milfpd;wd ? mtw;iw vt;thW
jLf;f ,aYk;/ ts;syhh; tHpapy; ehKk; Ma;t[
bra;nthk;/
14
gpzp
kdpjg; gpwg;ig kpf kpf cah;e;j gpwg;ghfg; ngrp
tUfpd;nwhk;/ fy;tp; mwpt[ bgwf;Toa xnu $Ptd;
kdpjd; jhd;/ vt;tst[jhd; cah;e;j epiyapy;
thH;e;jhYk; gpzpf;F Mshfhj kdpjnd ,y;iy
vdyhk;/
bghpa gzf;fhud;. trjp kpf;ftd;/ bry;tk;
Vuhskhf ,Ue;Jk; xd;Wk; rhg;gpl Koahky;
nfhJikf; f";rp Fof;fpwhd;/
new;W tiu ed;whf ,Ue;jhnu vd;d Mapw;W
vd;why; vjph;ghuhky; khuilg;g[ Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ khz;L
nghdhh; vd;fpwhh;fs;/
jiyRw;wy; ? kaf;fk; ? nfl;lhy; ,uj;j
mGj;j neha; vd;fpwhh;fs;/ if fhy; RthjPdkpHe;J
ghhpr nehahy; thLnthh; vz;zpf;if fzf;fpyl';fh/
kdpjdpd; kuzj;jpw;F Vnjh xU gpzp
fhuzkha; mikfpd;wJ/ fha;r;ry;. mk;ik. fhkhiy.
the;jpngjp. ,uj;j mGj;jk;. rf;fiu tpahjp. ghhpr
tha[. khuilg;g[ nghd;w gytpjkhd neha;fspy; Vnjh
xd;W kuzj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wJ/
rpfbul; g[ifapiy nghd;wtw;why; Fzg;gLj;j
kUe;nj ,y;yhj g[w;W neha; tUfpwJ/ yl;rf;
fzf;fhndhh; ,e;j nehahy; khz;L nghfpd;whh;fs;/
caph; thH rpfbul;. g[ifapiy. Kjypait mtrpakh ?
rpe;jpj;Jg; ghU';fs;/ tPz; bryt[ kl;Lky;y ? bgUk;
Mgj;ij my;yth tpiy bfhLj;J th';Ffpnwhk;/
Kot[ ek; capiu ,Hf;fpd;nwhk;/ njit jhdh>
15
kJ mUe;Jjy; mJ nky;ehl;Lr; ruf;fha;

,Ue;jhYk; fs;sr; rhuhakha; ,Ue;jhYk; fy;yPuiyg;
ghjpj;J kuzj;ij tpistpf;fpwJ/ FLk;gKk;
rPuHpfpwJ ? ,J njitjhdh/
bfhGg;g[ rj;J mjpfKs;s cztpdhYk; mjpf
nfhgk; Kjypa Fz';fshYk; ,uj;j mGj;j neha;
cz;lhfpwJ ? ,jd; bjhlh;ghf ghhpr tpahjpa[k;.
khuilg;g[; nghd;wita[k; Vw;gLfpd;wd/ gf;Ftkhd
cztpdhYk; rhe;j Fzj;jpdhYk; ,e;neha;fis
Kw;wpYk; jtph;f;fyhnk/
khuilg;g[. ghhpr tha[ nghd;w ga';fukhd
neha;fl;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; khkpr czt[/ ,ij
xHpj;Jtpl;lhy; ,e;j neha;fisa[k; xHpj;J tplyhnk/
ekJ K:jhijah; Myak; brd;W tyk;
tUk;goa[k; etf;fpufj;ij 108 Kiw Rw;wp tUkhWk;
gzpj;jhh;fs;/ ,ja neha; tuhky; ,Ue;jJ/ jw;bghGJ
,ja neha; te;j gpwF xU ehisf;F xU kzp
neukhtJ lhf;lh; elf;fr; brhy;fpwhh;/ kf;fs; $hf;fp';
ngha; tUfpd;whh;fs;/ ekJ Kd;ndhh; tUKd;
fhj;jhh;fs;/
guk;giuahf tUk; tpahjpfSk; cz;L ? gHf;f
tHf;fj;jpdhy; tUk; tpahjpfSk; cz;L ?
Fzf;nfLfshYk; tpahjpfs; tUfpd;wd/ cz;Qqk;
cztpd; mgf;Ft epiyahYk; gpzpfs; tUfpd;wd/
kuzj;ijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lkhdhy; gpzpfisj;
jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;/ @nehaw;w thH;tpy; ehd; thH
ntz;Lk;@ vd;W bja;tkzp khiyapy; ts;syhh;
ghLthh;/ mjw;F xnu tHp ehk; vr;rhpf;ifahf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;/ mt;thW ,Ue;jhy; neha;fisj; jtph;f;f
Koa[k;/ ek;Kila bgUkhdhh; Twpa[s;s mwpt[iufisg;
goj;J mt;thW ele;jhy; gpzpfisj; jtph;j;J
thHyhk;/
16
mg;go vr;rhpf;ifahf ,Ue;jhYk; rpy gpzpfs;

thuhky; ,uh/ mf;fhy';fspy; vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;/
kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[ bgw;w ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;
bgaiur; brhd;dhy; gpzpfs; gwe;njhog; nghFk;/
Mjhuk;
thuhj ty;tpid neha; te;jhYk; td;ikbahL
nruhj ghtbky;yhk; nrh;ejhYk; jPuhbjd;W
Mh; brhd;dhh; v';fs; mUl;gpufhrg; bgUkhd;
ngh; brhd;dhy; nghnk gpzp
,J moath; thf;F ? ts;syhh; ngh; brhy;nthk;

gpzp eP';fp; thH;nthk; tsh;nthk;/
czt[:
ruhrhp 2400 fnyhhp btg;gk; xU ehisf;F xU
kdpjDf;Fj; njitg;gLtjhf tp";"hdk; TWfpd;wJ/
ehk; czt[ cz;Qqfpd;nwhk;/ ek; clypYs;s
cWg;g[fs; me;j czit $Puzpj;J mjpypUe;J
rf;jpia vLj;Jf; bfhz;L rf;ifia
btspnaw;Wfpd;wd/ g{kpapy; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;fpd;w
tiu ,e;j clYf;F czt[ mtrpak;
njitg;gLfpd;wJ/ ehk; ve;j ntiy bra;jhYk; me;j
ntiyf;F Vw;g ek; clypYs;s rf;jp brytHpfpd;wJ/
me;j ,Hg;ig <L bra;tJ ehk; cz;Qqk; cznt/
thj gpj;j rpnyj;Jkk; ekJ clypy; ve;j
mstpw;F ,Uf;f ntz;Lnkh me;j mstpy; mij
itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;/ me;j K:d;wpy; vJ TodhYk;
Fiwe;jhYk; neha; bra;a[k; vd;W kUj;Jth;fs;
TWfpd;wdh;/ ,e;j K:d;wpida[k; mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tJk;
Fiwar; bra;tJk; czt[jhd;/; ,Jjhd; cz;ik/
vdnt ehk; cz;Qqtjpy; fhl;Lk; Mh;tk; vt;tsnth
mt;tst[ ftdk; cztpy; brYj;j ntz;Lk;/
ahh; xUth; Kd; cz;l czt[ ed;whfr;
rPuzkhfptpl;lJ vd;W mwpe;J mjd; gpd;
17
cz;Qqfpd;whnuh mth; clYf;F ve;j kUe;Jk;

njitg;glhJ vd;fpd;whh; jpUts;Sth;/
@kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F

mUe;jpaJ mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd; @
gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wg;gJ tiu czt[

njitg;gLfpd;wJ/ gj;jpy; xd;gJ g';F Ma[s; ec;&lk;
cztpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;/
cz;Qqtjpy; Mh;tk; mjpfk;/ ehk; cz;Qqk; czt[
ey;y czth; mjdhy; clk;g[f;F VnjDk; nfLz;lh
vd;bwy;yhk; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy/ Ritia kl;Lk;
njLfpd;nwhk;/ cztpy; ehk; vr;rhpf;ifahf ,y;yhky;
m$hf;fpuijahf ,Ug;gjhy; gytpj neha;fSf;F
Mshfpnwhk;/ ehk; ve;j czit. vg;nghJ vt;tst[
cz;gJ vd ts;syhh; vGjpa[s;shh;/ czitg; gw;wpa
ts;syhhpd; mwpt[iuia Vw;W mjd;go ele;J
gpzpiaj; jtph;g;nghkhf/
1/ fhiyapy; vGe;jt[ld; fhgp my;yJ O
Fof;fpnwhk;/ mijj; jtph;f;f ntz;Lk;/ mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf @bghw;wiyf; ifahe;jfiu my;yJ
fhpryh';fz;zp ,iy xU g';F. J}Jis ,iy.
KRKRf;if ,iy fhy; g';F. rPufk; fhy; g';F
,itfis xd;whfr; nrh;j;Jr; N:uzkhfr; bra;J
bfhz;L mjpy; xU tuhfd; vil (xU nlgps; !;g{d;)
xU nrh; (400 kp/yp/) ey;y $yj;jpy; nghl;L mjDld;
xU nrh; gRtpd; ghy; tpl;Lf; fye;J mjpYs;s xU
nrh; $yKk; Rz;lf; fha;r;rp me;jg; ghypy; ehl;Lr;
rh;f;fiu fye;J rhg;gply; ntz;Lk;/ (ciueil gf;fk;
334)
2/ grp fz;lt[ld; jil bra;ahky; Mfhuk;
bfhLj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ Mfhuk; bfhLf;Fk;nghJ kpFe;j
MyrpaKkhfhJ kpFe;j jPtpuKkhfhJ/ Kjw;gl;rk;
18
rPufr; rk;gh mhprp md;wpg; g[d;bra; tpist[k; fhuhprpa[k;

jtpu nehpl;l mhprpapd; tiffs; MFk;/ mJ
nrhwhFk;nghJ mjpf befpH;r;rpa[k; MfhJ mjpff;
fodKk; MfhJ/ eLj;jukhfpa nrhw;iw mf;fpdp
mst[f;F mjpfg;glhkYk;. Fiwt[glhkYk;. mwpe;J
cz;Qqjy; ntz;Lk;/ MapDk; xU gpo Fiwe;j
gl;rnk ed;ik/ ngh$dk; bra;j gpd;dh; ey;y ePh;
Foj;jy; ntz;Lk;/ me;j ey;y ePUk; bte;ePuhjy;
ntz;Lk;/ mJt[k; mjpfkhff; FoahjpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
3/ fpH';F tiffs; cz;zhky; ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;/ mtw;wpy; fUizf; fpH';F khj;jpuk;
bfhs;Sjy; TLk;/ gH tiffs; cz;zhjpUj;jy;
ntz;Lk;/ mtw;wpy; ngad; thiHg; gHk;. u!;jhsp
thiHg; gHk; ,it neh;e;jhy; rpwpJ bfhs;st[k; TLk;/
giHa fwpfisf; bfhs;shjpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;/
gjhh;j;j';fspy; g[sp. kpsfha; rpwpnj nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;/
kpsF. rPufk; mjpfkhfr; nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;/ fLF
nrh;g;gJ mtrpaky;y/ cg;g[ Fiwthfnt nrh;j;Jf;
bfhs;sy; ntz;Lk;/ md;wp ve;j tifapYk; cg;g[
kpFjpahff; bfhs;shky; cghakhff; bfhs;StJ njfk;
ePog;gjw;F VJthk;/ jhspg;gpy; gR btz;bza; nehpl;lhy;
jhspf;f ntz;Lk;/ neuhj gT&j;jpy; ey;byz;bza;
rpwpJ nrh;f;ft[';TLk;/
fj;jphpf;fha;. thiHf;fha;. mtiuf;fha;.
KU';iff;fha;. gPh;f;f';fha;. fypahzg; g{Rizf;fha;.
g[ly';fha;. J}Js';fha;. bfhj;jtu';fha; ,itfisg;
gjhh;j;jk; bra;jy;TLk;/ til. mjpurk;. njhir.
nkhjfk; Kjypa mg;gth;f;f';fs; bfhs;sg;glhJ/ Vf
njrj;jpy; rpwpJ bfhs;st[';TLk;/ rh;f;fiug; bgh';fy;.
jjpnahjdk;. g[spr; rhjk; Kjypa rpj;jpuhd;d';fs;
bfhs;sg;glhJ/ Vf njrj;jpy; rpwpJ bfhs;syhk;/
fhprpyh';fz;zpf; fPiu. J}Jtisf; fPiu. Kd;idf;
fPiu. griyf; fPiu. KU';iff; fPiu ,itfisg;
19
gUg;nghL nrh;j;Jk; kpsnfhL nrh;j;Jk;. g[spapl;Lk;.

jdpj;Jk; fwp bra;J bfhs;st[';TLk;/ g[spj;j japh;
nrh;j;jy; TLk;/ gUg;g[ tiffspy; Kisfl;lhj
Jtuk;gUg;g[ my;yJ Kis fl;od Jtuk; gUg;g[ kpsF
nrh;j;Jf; filjy;. Jtl;ly;. Jitay; bra;jy;.
FHk;gply;. ntbwhd;wpy; Tl;ly; Kjypathfr; bra;J
bfhs;st[';TLk;/ ve;j ngh$dj;jpYk; g[yhy; ve;j
tifapYk; g[rpf;fg;glhJ/
,utpy; japh;. fPiu. tha[thd gjhh;j;jk;.
Fsph;r;rpahd gjhh;j;jk; nrh;f;fg;glhJ/ N:lhd
gjhh;j;j';fisna mwpe;J nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;/
(ciueil gf;fk; 333?338)
gH";nrhW. gH';fwp. vUikg;ghy;. vUikj;japh;.
nkhh;. bea;. brk;kwpg;ghy;. japh;. nkhh;. bea;. nfH;tuF.
tuF. jpid. rhik. gUg;g[ tif. mjpurk;. mg;gk;.
Rfpak;. Kjypa rpw;Wz;o. japh;r;nrhW. g[spr;nrhW
Kjypa rpj;jpuhd;dk;. fhuupr;nrhW. Kisf;fPiu.
mfj;jpf;fPiu. Kd;id Kjyhd ,iyf;fwp. Riu.
g{Riz. gw';fp. gPh;f;F. g[ly;. ghfy;. fLF. g[yhy;.
khkprk;Kjypa tpyf;Ffis ePf;fp tpjpj;jitfis
mDrhpj;jy;/ (ciueil gf;fk; 341)
tpUg;ghy; VwhkYk; btWg;ghy; FiwahkYk;
juhR Kidnghy; mstwpe;J me;j mstpd;go mjpf
tpiut[k; mjpf jhkjKkpy;yhjgo rkkhfg; g[rpj;jy;/
(ciueil gf;fk; 343)
$Pth;fl;F the;jp. ngjp. khuilg;g[ Kjypatw;why;
nehpLk; Jh; kuz';fs; Mfhuf; FiwthYk;.
kpFjpahYk; mf;fpuk mjpf;fpukj;jhYk; bghUe;jyhYk;
,it nghd;w gy;tiff; bfLjpahYk; cz;lhfpd;wd/
,J ts;syhh; thf;F (ciueil gf;fk; 424)
bea;. ghy;. japh;. nkhh; ,itfis Mfhuj;jpy;
tpnrc&k; nrh;g;gJ njf ec;&lk;/
20
$yj;ij 5y; 3. my;yJ 5y; 2 ghfk; epw;ff;

fha;r;rp. rh;f;fiu. bty;yk;; ,itfisr; nrh;j;Jf;
Fof;fyhk;/ ,itfs; njf tpUj;jp bra;a[k;/ Rj;j
rd;khh;f;f kugpw;FhpaJ ,dpg;g[j;jhd;/ Mjyhy; njd;.
rh;f;fiu. bty;yk;. fw;fz;L ,itfis Mfhuj;jpy;
nrh;j;Jf; bfhs;tJ cj;jkk;/
njf ec;&lk; bra;tJ cg;g[/ cg;igf; fl;o
Mfhuj;jpy; nrh;g;gJ rpj;j khh;f;fk;/
rh;f;fiu ve;jf; fhyj;jpYk; g[Gf;fhJ.
Mjypd; cj;jk Mfhukhk;/ kw;w t!;j;Jf;fs; vy;yhk;
g[Gf;Fk;/ (ciueil gf;fk; 430)/
rhjk;toj;Jr; rhg;gpLjy; eykh. bgh';fpr;
rhg;gpLjy; eykh vdpy; toj;Jr; rhg;gpLtJ mjpYs;s
vz;bza; ngha; tpLtjhy; eyk;/ bgh';Ftjpy;
vz;bza; nghfhJ/ jhkr Fzk; cz;lhFk;/
,Jnghynt cg;g[. g[sp. kpsfha; Kjypa t!;Jf;fspd;
vz;bza; nghfr; Rl itj;Jr; rhg;gpLjy; ntz;Lk;/
(ciueil gf;fk; 431)
fhprhiyia jpde;njhWk; gr;irahf thtJ.
rikay; bra;jy; Kjypa tifahyhtJ rhg;gpl;L tu
ntz;Lk;/ gpujk cs;Slk;ig ePof;fg; gz;Qqk;/
vt;tpjj; je;jpuj;jhyhtJ jpdk; jpdk; cl;bfhz;lhy;.
njff; bfLjpahfpa mrf;jk; eP';fp. njfk;
tYt[s;sjha; beL ehisf;F ,Uf;Fk; Kf;jp
miltjw;Fr; rfhakha[kpUf;Fk; (ciueil gf;fk;
432)/
Ritapd; kPJ Mh;tk; fhl;Ltijtpl ve;j
czit. ve;j neuj;jpy;. ve;j mst[. ve;j tifapy;
cz;z ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; kpFe;j mf;fiu fhl;o
Mnuhf;akhd thH;t[ thH ek; ts;sw; bgUe;jif
gzpj;Js;sthW cz;Qqnthnkahdhy; gpzpfisj;
jtph;f;fyhk;/ Ma[isa[k; tsh;f;fyhk;/ nehaw;w thH;t[
thHyhk;/
21
Fz';fs;
gpwtpf; Fzk; vd;gJ ,ay;ghfnt gpwtpapnyna
mikfpd;wJ/ ,jw;F Kw;gpwg;gpy; bra;j tpidfns
fhuzk; Mfpd;wd/
@xU jha; je;ijf;F xU fhyj;jpy; ,ul;ilg;
gps;isfs; gpwf;fpd;wd/ mtw;Ws; xU gps;is
rpte;jJ/ xU gps;is fWj;jJ/ xU gps;is m';fg;;
gGJs;sJ/ xU gps;is m';fg; gGjpy;yhjJ/ ,e;j
,ul;ilg; gps;isfSf;F K:d;W tajpy; jpd;gz;l';fs;;
itj;Jj; jpd;Dfpd;w jUzj;jpy; ,t;tpuz;L
gps;isfs; jtpu. ntW gps;is xd;W te;jhy; mijf;
fz;L ,t;tpUthpy; xU gps;is jd; ifapypUf;fpd;w
jpd;gz;lj;ijf; bfhLf; fpd;wJ/ kw;bwhU gps;is
bfhLf;fg;glh bjd;W jLf;fpd;wJ/ ,e;jg;
gps;isfSf;Fj; jia. md;g[. mwpt[. bra;if
Kjypaitfs; jha; je;ijah;fs; fw;gpf;fhj fhyj;jpy;
jhnd cs;sjhft[k;. ,y;yhjjhft[k; vg;go te;jJ
vd;W tprhhpf;fj; bjhl';fpy; ,e;j ,uz;L
gps;isfSf;Fk; Kw;gpwg;gpy; vLj;j njfj;jpypUe;j
thrid ,e;jg; gpwg;gpy; ,e;jj; njfj;jpy; fw;gpahky;
te;jbjd;Wk; mDgtj;jhy; fUjpawpa ntz;Lk;/
(ciueil gf;fk; 148)
Fz';fs; ey;y Fzk;. bfl;l Fzk; vd ,U
tifg;gLk;/
22
fhkk;. Fnuhjk;. nyhgk;. nkhfk;. kjk;. khr;rh;ak;

nghd;wit jPa Fz';fs;/ ,tw;iw ePf;Fjy; kpf kpf
mtrpak;/
xU t!;Jtpdplj;jpy; gw;Wjy; mth/ mij
mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd vGe;jJ Mir/ mjd;
kakhjy; fhkk;/ mijj; jd; trg;gLj;j vGtJ
nkhfk;/ ve;j t!;Jtpdplj;jpYk; nkhfkhjpfspd;wp mth
kakha; epw;wy; ntz;Lk;/ rd;khh;f;fj;jpy; mtht[k;
Vfnjrk; TlhJ/(ciueil gf;fk; 396)
nfhgj;jpd; gpd; tpisnt Fnuhjk; MFk;/ rpdk;
btFsp vd ,uz;lhff; nfhgk; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ/
rpdk; vd;gJ ahJ> cs;ntf;fhL/ g[lepahak;nghy;/ ,J
njfj;ijr; rPf;fpuk; ec;&lk; gz;Qqk;/ btFsp vd;gJ
kPir Joj;jy;. fz; rptj;jy;. if Kjypa
cWg;g[f;fs;; Joj;jy;. tha; FHwp nky;tpGe;J Tt[jy;
Kjypad/ ,J Ma[is ec;&lk; gz;Qqk;/ Mifahy;
vt;tifapDk; nfhgj;jpd; g{h;nthj;jukhfpa rpdk;
btFsp vDk; Tw;iw xHpj;jy; mtrpak;/ (ciueil
gf;fk; 371)
,e;jj; jPa Fz';fs; kdpj clypy; uj;j
mGj;j neha; Vw;glf; fhuzkhfpd;wd/ ,e;j neha;
Vw;gl;lhy; fz; ghh;it ,Hg;g[. if fhy;fs; brayw;Wg;
nghjy;. ghhpr tha[ mfhy kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
khuilg;g[ nghd;w ga';fu tpist[fs; Vw;gLk;/
fs;. fhkk;. bfhiy. fst[. bgha; ,t;ite;Jk;
bfhoa Jf;fj;ij cz;L gz;Qqk;/ ,t;ite;jpYk;
bfhiy tpnrc& ghtk;/ vdpDk; fs; cz;ltDf;Ff;
fhkk; cz;lhfhkypuhJ/ bfhiy bra;aj; Jzpt[
tuhkypuhJ/ fst[ bra;ahkypuhd;/ bgha; ngr m";rhd;/
Mifahy; ,e;j Ie;ija[k; xHpf;f ntz;oaJ
mtrpak;/ ,jpy; xd;wpid mile;jtd; MdhYk;
mtid kw;wit bjhluhkypuh/ (ciueil gf;fk; 397)
23
jPa Fz';fis xHpj;J ew;Fz'; fisf;

filg;gpof;f ntz;Lk;/ ehk; filg; gpof;f ntz;oa
ew;Fz';fs; midj;jpida[k; xGf;f';fshf tiuaiw
bra;fpwhh; ts;syhh;/
xGf;fk;
cyfj;jpdplj;nj bgWjw;F kpft[k;

mUikahfpa kdpj njfj;ijg; bgw;w ez;gh;fs;
midtUk; ehKk; mwpa ntz;LtJk; xGf
ntz;LtJk; ahbjdpy; :-
@Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpd; mUk; g[Uc&hh;j;j';fspd;
bgUk; gad;fshfpa vf;fhyj;Jk; ehrk; milahj
Rj;jk; my;yJ Rth;z njfk;. gpuzt njfk;. "hd
njfk; vd;Dk; rhfhf; fyhDgt brhU:g rpj;jpj;
njf';fSk;. jd; Rje;juj;jhy; jj;Jt';fs;
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; elj;Jfpd;w jdpg; bgU ty;ygKk;.
flt[s; xUtnu vd;W mwpfpd;w cz;ik "hdKk;.
fUk rpj;jp. nahf rpj;jp. "hd rpj;jp Kjypa vy;yhr;
rpj;jpfSk; bgWfpd;w mUl;ngWk; bgw;W thH;fpd;w
nghpd;g rpj;jpg; bgU thH;it miltjw;fhd Rj;j
rd;khh;f;fj; jdpg; bgU bewpiag; gw;Wtjw;Fhpa
cz;ik xGf;f';fspy; ehk; vy;ytUk; jdpj;jdp xGf
24
ntz;oaJ mtrpakhfypd; mt;bthGf;f';fs;

,itbad czu ntz;LtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;/
rd;khh;f;fg; bgUbewpapd; xGf;f';fs;:

1/ ,e;jphpa xGf;fk;
2/ fuz xGf;fk;
3/ $Pt xGf;fk;
4/ Md;k xGf;fk;
,e;jphpa xGf;fk;:
i) "hnde;jphpa xGf;fk; :
1/ ehj Kjypa njhj;jpu';fis cw;Wf; nfl;ly; ?
kw;wit nfshjpUj;jy;/ bfhL";brhy;
Kjypait brtp g[fhky; epw;wy;/
2/ mRj;j';fisj; jPz;lhjpUj;jy;
3/ bfhL:ukhfg; ghuhjpUj;jy;
4/ Urpapd; kPJ tpUg;gkpd;wp ,Uj;jy;
5/ Rfe;jk; tpUk;ghjpUj;jy;
ii) fUnke;jphpa xGf;fk; :
1/ ,dpa thh;j;ijahLjy;
2/ bgha; brhy;yhjpUj;jy;
3/ $Pt,k;i! nehpL';fhy; vt;tpjj;
je;jpuj;jhyhtJ jil bra;jy;
4/ bghpnahhplj;jpy; bry;Yjy; vd;why; rhJf;fsplk;
ghpr;rak; gz;Qqjy;
5/ caph;f;F cgfhpf;Fk; epkpj;jk; r";rhpj;jy;
6/ caph;f;F cgfhu epkpj;jk; ifahy; cgfhpj;jy;
7/ ky$y cghijfs; mst[ kPwhkYk; fpukk;
FiwahkYk; msitg;nghy; je;jpu
25
Xc&jpfshYk;. Mfhug; gf;Ftj;jhYk;. gt[jpfg;

gf;Ftj;jhYk; bra;tpj;jy;/
fuz xGf;fk;:
1/ rpw;rigapd;fz; kdijr; brYj;JtJ/ jtpu
kw;bwe;j tif Mghrj;jpYk; brYj;jhky;
,Gj;J nkw;Fwpj;j ,lj;jpy; epWj;jy;/
2/ gpwh; Fw;wk; tprhhpahjpUj;jy;
3/ jd;id kjpahjpUj;jy;
4/ braw;iff; Fz';fshy; cz;lhfpa
bfLjpfis ePf;fp ,aw;ifahfpa rj;Jt
kakhapUj;jy;
5/ gpwh; nky; nfhgpahjpUj;jy;
6/ jdJ rj;JUf;fshfpa jj;Jt';fis
nfhgpj;jy;
7/ mf;fpuk mjpf;fpukg; g[zh;r;rp bra;ah jpUj;jy;
$Pt xGf;fk; :
vy;yh kdpjhplj;Jk; $hjp. rkak;. Fyk;.
nfhj;jpuk;. N:j;jpuk;. rhj;jpuk;. njrk;. khh;f;fk;. cah;t[.
jhH;t[. Kjypa ngjkw;Wj; jhdhf epw;wy;/
Md;k xGf;fk; :
vz;gj;J ehd;F E}whapuk; nahdp
ngj';fsplj;Jk; cs;s Md;khf;fsplj;Jk; ,u';fp
Md;khnt rigahft[k;. mjd; cs;bshspna gjpahft[k;
fz;L fye;J g{uzkhf epw;wy;/
,e;j ehd;F xGf;f';fs; jtpu nkYk;
iff;bfhs;s ntz;oait/
1/ ,le;jdpj;jpUj;jy;
2/ ,r;irapd;wp; Efh;jy;
3/ bja;tk; guhty;
4/ gpwt[aph;f;fpu';fy;
26
5/ bgU';Fzk; gw;wy;
6/ ghog; gzpjy;
7/ gf;jp bra;jpUj;jy;
8/ bghd; tpc&a ,r;ir. bgz; tpc&a ,r;ir. kz;
tpc&a ,r;ir Kjypa vt;tpc&a ,r;irfspYk;
ekJ mwpit Xh; mQqj; Jiza[k;
gw;Wtpf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;/
9/ ey;ywpt[
10/ flt[s; gf;jp
11/ caphpuf;fk;
12/ bghJ nehf;fk;
13/ jphpfuz mlf;fk;
14/ cz;ik ciuj;jy;
15/ ,d; brhy;yhly;
16/ caph;f;Fgfhpj;jy;
,t;tsita[k; rd;khh;f;f r';fk; rhh;e;jhh;
bfhs;s ntz;oa xGf;f';fshf ek; bgUkhdhh;
tiuaiw bra;fpd;whh;/
Md;khf;fs; gpwtp vLf;Fk; Kd;dnkna
gf;Ftk;. gf;Fth gf;Ftk;. mgf;Ftk; vd K:d;W
tpjkhf mUl; rf;jpahy; gphpf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld/
kdpjhpYk; ,t;thW K:d;W tif cz;L/
mgf;Fth;fs; : ,uf;fkw;w muf;f

Fzk; gilj;jth;fs;
nkhf khe;jUk; Mth;/
gf;Fth gf;Fth; : eLj;ju kdpjh; kdjpny jPa
vz;z';fs; vGe;
jhYk; g[wj;nj ey;ytuhf
,Uf;fnt tpUk;g[gth;/
27
gf;Ft Md;khf;fisj; jpUj;j ntz;oa

mtrpakpy;iy/ mgf;Ft Md;khf;fisj; jpUj;jnt
KoahJ/
,J ey;yJ. ,J bfl;lJ vd;W czh;e;J

bfhz;L ey;ytuhfg; gpwh; vz;Qqk;go elf;f
Kaw;rpg;gth;fns gf;Fth gf;Ftpfs;/ mjhtJ eLj;ju
kdpjh;/ ,e;j eLj;ju kdpjh;fisj; jpUj;jnt jhd;
te;jjhf ts;syhh; TWfpd;whh;/
mfj;nj fWj;Jg; g[wj;J btSj;jpUe;j

cyfuidtiua[k;
rfj;nj jpUj;jpr; rd;khh;f;f r';fj;J
miltpj;jpl mtUk;
,fj;nj guj;ijg; bgw;W
kfpH;e;jpLjw;bfd;nw vidape;j
a[fj;nj ,iwtd; tUtpf;ft[w;nwd;
mUisg; bgw;nwnd/
ts;syhh; gf;jpia kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; fhl;oa

mUshsh; my;y/ kdpjh;fs; Kjypy; xGf;fkhf thH
ntz;Lk; vd;W xGf;f';fis tiuaWj;jhh;/
Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpw;Fr; bry;y rka
rd;khh;f;fk;. kj rd;khh;f;fk; Mfpa ,uz;ila[k; fPH;g;
gofshf vLj;Jf; fhl;odhh;/ mjhtJ rka
rd;khh;f;fk;. kj rd;khh;f;fk; Mfpa ,uz;ila[k;
fle;nj Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk; mila Koa[k;/
rka rd;khh;f;fk;
rka rd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ rj;Jt Fz rk;ge;jk;
cilaJ/ me;jr; rj;Jt Fz ,ay;g[ vd;dbtdpy; :
1/ bfhy;yhik. 2/ bghWik.
28
3/ rhe;jk;. 4/ mlf;fk;. 5/ ,e;jphpa

epf;fpufk;. 6/ Md;k ,aw;iff; Fzkhfpa
$PtfhUz;ak; MFk;/
,e;j MW Fz';fis thr;rpahDgtkhfg; bgw;Wr;
brhU:ghDgtkhtnj rka rd;khh;f;fk;/
kj rd;khh;f;fk;:
mLj;jjhf cs;s kj rd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ
eph;f;Fz yl;rpa KilaJ vd;ghh;/ ntz;Ljy;
ntz;lhik ? V';fy; rypg;g[ ? cwt[ gif tpUg;g[ ?
btWg;g[ Mfpa vjida[k; jd; mfj;nj bfhs;shJ
rkkhfg; ghtpj;jy;/ jha[khd Rthkpfs; nghd;nwhh;
,e;epiy mile;jth;fs; vd;W ts;syhh; TWfpd;whh;/
Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;:
,jw;F mLj;j epiyjhd; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fk;/
,ij rhjfk; rhj;jpak; vd;W ,uz;L gphpthfg;
gphpf;fpd;whh;/ eph;f;Fz epiy mile;jth;fs;
rhjidia nkw;bfhz;lhy; gyd; clnd fpilf;Fk;/
rhjid Kjph;e;J rhj;jpauhdhy; mth;fs; nfl;ly;.
rpe;jpj;jy;. bjspjy;. epc;&il Tly; Mfpa ehd;ifa[k;
fle;J MU:luhf epw;ghh;fs; vd;fpwhh;/ ,th;fns Rj;j
rd;khh;f;f Rfepiya[k;. kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;ita[k;
bgw;w Rj;j rd;khh;f;fpfs; Mth;/
,Jtiu Twpte;j bkhj;j fUj;J ,Jjhd;/
xt;bthU jdp kdpjDk; ,e;jphpa xGf;fk;.
fuz xGf;fk;. $Pt xGf;fk;. Md;k xGf;fk;.
$PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; Mfpa Ie;jpida[k; cz;ikahd
mjp jPtpu Kaw;rpnahL Vw;Wf; bfhz;L filg;gpof;f
ntz;Lk;/ Rj;j rd;khh;f;fj;jpd; Kd;ndhoahd rka
rd;khh;f;fk;. kj rd;khh;f;fk; Mfpa ,uz;oYk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;oa[s;s rj;Jt eph;f;Fz yl;rpa';fis
cz;ikahff; iff; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;//
epj;jpa xGf;fk;:
29
ehk; J}';fpbaGe;J ky$yk; fHpg;gJ Kjy;

,ut[ gLf;Fk; tiu vd;bdd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;
vd;gij neuk; fhyk; Fwpg;gpl;L tiuaiw
bra;Js;shh;/
gy; nja;j;jt[ld; jh;$dp tpuypy; fhprhiyj;
J}s; bfhz;L mz;zhf;fpy; nja;j;jhy; gpj;jePh;. fgePh;
btspahfpf; fz;bzhsp tpnrcp&f;Fk; vd;gJld; KfKk;
trPfukhFk; vd;fpwhh;/
Fof;Fk; ePh:;
Rf;ifr; Rz;zhk;g[ jltpr; Rl;L njhiyr;
Ruz;o J}s; bra;J itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ Ie;J
lk;sh; jz;zPh; vLj;Jr; rpwpjst[ me;jj; J}is
mjpy;nghl;L K:d;W lk;sh; jz;zPh; Rz;Lk; tiu
fha;r;rp kPjk; epw;Fk; ,uz;L lk;sh; jz;zPh;jhd;
Fof;f ntz;Lk;/ ,t;thW bra;a Koahtpl;lhy;
bte;ePuhtJ Fof;f ntz;Lnk jtpu vf;fhuz';
bfhz;Lk; Fsph;e;j ePiug; gUff; TlhJ/ ,t;thW
bte;ePh; gUFtjhy; mk;ik. ilgha;L. k";rs;fhkhiy
nghd;w gy neha;fisj; jLf;fyhk;/
Fspg;gJTl ,s";N:Ls;s bte;ePhpy; jhd;
Fspf;f ntz;Lnk jtpu Fsph;e;j ePhpy; Fspf;ff;
TlhJ vd;fpwhh;/
ey;y thH;tpw;F mth; jUk; N:l;Rkk; ,Jnt
Mfhuk; /// 1-2
Jf;fk; /// 1-8
ikJdk; /// 1-16
gak; /// 0
Mnuhf;akhd thH;tpw;F ,t;tst[ vspa tHp Kiwfis
ts;syhh; nghjpj;Js;shh;/
fhkk; vd;gJ Mirapd; bgUf;fkhFk;/ Mztk;
khia fd;kk; Mfpa K:d;iwa[k; Kk;kyk; vd;W
TWthh;fs;/ Mztk; vd;gJ ehd;/ mjhtJ Raeyk;/
30
khia vd;gJ Mir/ ekf;F Vw;gLk; Mir

vJthdhYk; mJ khiana/ cyfpay; Miria
mRj;j khia vd;Wk; Md;kPf Miriar; Rj;j khia
vd;Wk; Twpa[s;shh;fs;/ vdnt khia vd;gJ Mir/
me;j Miria epiwntw;wpf; bfhs;s ehk; bra;a[k;
fhhpank fd;kk;/ me;jf; fd;kk; gpwh;f;Fj; jPik
tpistpf;Fkhdhy; ghtk; vd;Wk; jPtpid vd;Wk;.
gpwh;f;F ed;ik gaf;Fkhdhy; g[z;zpak; vd;Wk;
ey;tpid vd;Wk; TWthh;fs;/ ey;tpid jPtpid
vd;git kdpjh;f;F kl;Lnk chpadthFk;/ Vbddpy;
Mwwpt[ gilj;j kdpjDf;F kl;Lnk jd; ,r;irg;gor;
bray;g[hpa Mz;ltdhy; mw;g Rje;jpuk;
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ me;jr; Rje;juj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
kdpjd; bray;gLtjhy; ght g[z;zpak; vd;gd
kdpjidr; rhh;fpd;wd/ mjd; gyida[k; kdpjd;
mDgtpj;nj Mf ntz;Lk;/ ,e;j mw;g Rje;jukhdJ
K:d;W tifg;gLk;/
1/ njf Rje;juk;
2/ $Pt Rje;juk;
3/ nghf Rje;juk;
,e;j tpidfis ehk; bra;a[k; tiu mjw;Fhpa
gyid mDgtpg;gnjhL ,e;j tpidfl;nfw;gnt
mLj;j gpwtpa[k; mikfpd;wJ/
mLj;j gpwtp:
kdk; thf;F fhak; Mfpa K:d;wpdhYk;
tpidfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd/ Kd;ng TwpaJ nghy
tpidfs; ghtk; g[z;zpak; vd;W ,U tifahFk;/
kdjhy; ghtk; bra;jth;fs; mLj;j gpwtpapy; rz;lhsg;
gpwtp vLg;ghh;fs;/ thf;fpdhy; ghtk; bra;jth;fs;
mLj;j gpwtpapy; kpUf';fshfg; gpwg;gh;/ njfj;jpdhy;
ghtk; bra;gth;fs; mLj;j gpwtpapy; kuk; Kjypa rhPuk;
vLg;ghh;fs;/
31
mjdhy; ,e;jg; gpwtpapnyna tpidfisf;

fisa ntz;Lk;/ mLj;j gpwtpapy; kdpjuhfnt
gpwg;nghk; vd;w cj;juthjk; fpilahJ/
eaj;jhy; cdJ jpUtUis ez;zhf;

bfhonad; eha[lk;ig
caj;jhd; itnad; koj;jpLntd; koj;jhy;
gpd;dh; cyfj;nj
taj;jhy; ve;j clk;g[ tUnkh vd;d tUnkh
vd;fpd;w
gaj;jhy; Inah ,t;t[lk;igr; Rkf;fpd;nwd;
vk;gu";Rlnu
vd;w ghlypy; jd;idg; gw;wpf; TWtJ nghy ekf;F

mwpt[Wj;Jfpd;whh;/ vdnt ehk; bra;fpd;w ey;tpid.
jPtpidf; nfw;gnt mLj;j gpwtpa[k; mg;gpwtpapy;
thH;f;ifa[k; mika[k;/
gaph;g;g[W fuzg;ghpRfs; gw;gy

caph;j;jpus; xd;bwd ciuj;j bka;r;rptnk
vd;W mftypYk; ,f;fUj;jpid typa[Wj;J fpd;wdh;/
tpidiaj; jtph;g;gJ vg;go>

ve;jr; Rje;juj;ij ehk; gad;gLj; jpdhy;
tpid ek;ikr; N:H;fpd;wnjh me;jr; Rje;juj;ij
Mz;ltDf;nf mspj;Jtpl;L jw;Rje;juj;ij ,He;J
bray;gLnthkhdhy; tpidia ehlhky; thHyhk;/
cjhuzj;jpw;F xU ghly;/
rj;jpak; rj;jpak; mUl;bgU";n$hjpj;

32
je;ijanu vidj; jh';Ffpd;wPnu

cj;jkkhFk; Ek; jpUr; rK:fj;bjd;
cly; bghUs; Mtpia ctg;g[ld;; mspj;njd;
,j;jif cyfpil mitf;Fk; vd; jdf;Fk;
VJk; Rje;juk; ,y;iy ,';fpdp ePh;
vj;jifahapDk; bra;J bfhs;fpw;gPh;
vidg; gs;spbaGg;gp; bka;apd;ge;je;jPnu
ehk; ek;Kila Rje;juj;jpy; ekJ kdk;nghd

nghf;fpy; ey;yJ bfl;lij ehnk jPh;khdpj;Jf;
bfhz;L bray;gLfpnwhk;/ mjdhy; tpidf;F
Mshfpnwhk;/ ts;syhnuh jd; ,r;irahf vija[k;
bra;atpy;iy/ kdk; vd;gJ vy;yhUf;Fk; bghJthd
xd;W/ mJ vy;nyhiua[k; kUl;o mjpl;oj;J itj;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwJ/ ts;syhiua[k; mJ tpl;L
itf;ftpy;iy/ mJ Ml;LtJnghy; ehk; Mof;
bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;/ ts;syhnuh mij mlf;fpdhh; ?
Mjhuk;
kdbkDnkhh; nga;f; Fu';F klg; gany

kw;wth; nghy; vid epidj;J
kUl;lhnj fz;lha;
,dKw vd; brhy;tHpna ,Uj;jp vdpy;
Rfkha; ,Ue;jpL eP
vd; brhy;tHp Vw;wpiy ahdhnyh
jpidast[d; mjpfhuk; bry;ybthl;nld;
cyf";
rphpf;f cid mlf;fpLntd;
jpUtUshy; fzj;nj
edtpy; vid mwpahnah ahbud
,';fpUe;jha;
"hd rigj; jiytDf;F ey;y
gps;is ehnd
33
ts;syhh; jdJ kdij mlf;fpdhh;/

vy;yh "hdpfSk; vLj;Jf; bfhz;l mj;jid
Kaw;rpfSk; kdij mlf;Ftjw;Fj;jhd; vd ehk;
czu ntz;Lk;/
,Jtiu Twp te;j fUj;Jf;fspd; rhuk;:
1/ xt;bthU kdpjDk; xGf;fkhf thH ntz;Lk;

2/ ew;Fz';fspy; Kad;W Kad;W gHf ntz;Lk;
3/ Mfhuf; fl;Lg;ghL ntz;Lk;
4/ kdpjDf;F Xh; mw;g Rje;juk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ/
mjdhy;jhd; mtd; ght g[z;zpak; vd;w
tpidf;F Mshfpwhd;/
5/ ght g[z;zpa';fl;F Vw;gnt mLj;j gpwtp
mikfpwJ/
6/ tpidia ,e;jg; gpwtpapnyna jtph;j;jhy;
mLj;j gpwtpiaj; jLf;fyhk;/
cwf;fk;
ek; thH;tpd; bgUk;gFjp J}f;fj;jpnyna fHpe;J
tpLfpd;wJ/ gLj;jJ bjhpa[k; ? vGe;jJ bjhpa[k;/
,ilapy; neuk; nghdnj bjhpahJ/ Mdhy; Rfkhfj;
J}';fpndd; vd;fpnwhk;/ J}';Fk;nghJ ve;jr;
Rfj;ija[k; mDgtpj;jjpy;iy/ Rfkhd J}f;fk; vd;w
brhy; tHf;fj;jpy; kl;Lnk cs;sJ/ xt;bthUtUk;
jpdk; MW my;yJ VG kzp neuk; J}';f ntz;Lk;
34
vd;W kUj;Jth;fs; TWfpd;wdh;/ Mdhy; ts;syhh;

nghd;w "hdpfnsh J}f;fj;ij xHpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W
TWfpd;whh;fs;/ clk;gpd; fisg;ig. nrhh;itg; nghf;f
cwf;fk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ/ J}';fp; vGe;jt[ld; ekJ
cly; g[jpa cw;rhfj;Jld; ,a';Ffpd;wJ/ J}f;fk;
,y;iynay; kW ehs; ve;j ntiya[k; bra;a
Koatpy;iy/ clypYk; ey;y typ Vw;gLfpd;wJ/ ,J
xt;bthUtUila cz;ik mDgtk;/ vdnt J}f;fk;
kdpjDf;F kpft[k; mtrpakhfpd;wJ/
Mdhy; ts;syhh; TWtJ vd;d bjhpa[kh>
@J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jhy; Ma[R tpUj;jpahFk;/ xUtd;
xU ehisf;F ,uz;liu ehHpif (xU kzp neuk;)
J}';fg; gHf;fk; bra;thdhdhy; mtd; Mapuk; tUlk;
$Ptpj;jpUg;ghd;@ (ciueil gf;fk; 411)
J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jhy; Ma[R tpUj;jpahFk;
vd;fpwhnu mJ gw;wpr; rpwpJ Ma;t[ bra;nthk;/
xt;bthU kdpjDk; xU ehisf;Fr; ruhrhp
21.600 Kiw Rthrpf;fpwhd;/ xU bgz;zplk; ,Uf;Fk;
gpUjptp. mg;g[. nja[. ,akhdd; vDk; tha[ Mfpa
ehd;F jhJf;fSk; Xh; MzplKs;s Mfhak; Md;k
czh;r;rp. gpufpUjp Mfpa K:d;Wk; To xUkpj;Jr;
Rf;fpy Rnuhzpj rk;ge;jg;gl;Lg; gpz;lkhfpwJ/
(ciueil gf;fk; 361)
xt;bthU Kiw Rthrpf;Fk;nghJk; 12 m';Fyk;
gpuhztha[ cs;ns ,Gf;fg;gLfpwJ/ kPz;Lk; btspna
tpLk;nghJ tyJ ehrpj; Jthuk; tHpahf K:r;ir
btspna tpl;lhy; cs;ns ,Gf;fg;gl;l mnj 12
m';Fyf; fhw;W btspna tUfpd;wjhk;/ mnj neuj;jpy;
,lJ ehrpj;Jthuk; tHpahf K:r;ir btspna tpl;lhy;
16 m';Fyk; fhw;W btspna js;sg;gLfpd;wjhk;/ cs;ns
,Gj;jJ 12 m';Fyk;jhnd btspna 16 m';Fyk;
vg;go tu Koa[k;/ kdpj clk;g[ cUthdnghJ
nrh;f;fg;gl;l ,akhdd; vd;Dk; tha[jhd; TLjyhd 4
35
m';Fyf; fhw;W/ ,t;thW xt;bthU Kiwa[k; 4

m';Fyk; ,akhdd; btspnawpdhy; Kothf kuzk;
rk;gtpf;Fk;/ vdnt jhd; "hdpfs; vg;nghJk; tyJ
ehrpj;Jthuk; tHpahfnt Rthrpf;fpd;w gapw;rpapy;
<Lgl;lhh;fs;/
@ve;jf; fhyj;jpy; vJ Fwpj;Jg; gLj;j
nghjpYk; ,lJ ifg; gf;fkhfnt gLj;jy; ntz;Lk;@
(ciueil gf;fk; 339)
@gLj;J tpHpf;fpw ghpae;jk; ,lf;if fPHpUf;fr;
bra;jy;@ (ciueil gf;fk; 344)
gLf;Fk;nghJ ,lJ if fPHpUe;jhy; Rthrk;
tyJ ehrp tHpahfnt elf;Fk; ,jdhy; Ma[s;
tpUj;jpahFk;/
rhjhuz fhyj;ijtpl cw';Fk;nghJ K:r;R
mjpfkhfr; brytHpfpwJ/ Fwl;il tpLfpd;wth;fisr;
rw;W nehf;fpdhy; ,jid ed;F czuyhk;/
J}';Ftij xa;btLg;gjhf vz;QqtJ jtW/ ciHg;g[
mjpfkhfnth fodkhdjhfnth ,Ue;jhy; bgUK:r;R
tUfpwJ/ mJnghy; J}';Fk;nghJk; K:r;R mjpfkhf
tUtjhy; Ma[s; Fiwt[ Vw;gLfpwJ/ ,jdhy;jhd;
J}f;fj;ij xHpj;jhy; Ma[s; tpUj;jpahFk; vd;whh;
ts;syhh;/
J}f;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; cly;epiy ghjpf;Fnk
vd;W fUjyhk;/ J}';Fk;nghJ kdpj K:isapypUe;J
cw;gj;jpahFk; xspf;fjph;fns clw;nrhh;it ePf;fp
cw;rhfj;ijf; bfhLf;fpwJ/ jpahdk; bra;a[k;nghJk;
,e;j xspf; fjph;fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd/ 10 kzp neuk;
J}';fpdhy; vt;tst[ xspf; fjph;fs;; njhd;Wnkh
mt;tst[ xspf; fjph;fs;; xU kzp neuk; jpahdk;
bra;jhny njhd;wp tpLfpd;wJ/ vdnt xU kzp neuk;
jpahdk; bra;tJ 10 kzp neuk; J}';Ftjw;Fr;
rkkhfpd;wJ/ ts;syhh; thf;if epidtpy; bfhz;L.
36
J}f;fj;ijf; Fiwj;Jj; jpahdj;ijg; bgUf;fp

Ma[is tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;nthkhf/
K:g;g[
FHe;ijaha;g; gpwe;jtd; tsh;e;J thypgg;
gUtj;ij mile;J Kothf KJik mile;J
epw;gijf; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpd;nwhk;/ ,sik
epiyahikia Md;nwhh;fs; gytpjkhf vLj;Jf;
fhl;oa[s;sdh;/ thypgj;jpy; kpLf;fhf ,Ue;j cly;
cWg;g[fs; nja;khdk; milfpd;wd/ Kjypy; ,uj;jj;jpd;
jd;ik bfLfpd;wJ/ mjdhy; eiu Vw;gLfpd;wJ/
fz; ghh;it k';fp tpLfpd;wJ/ fhJ
brtpLgLfpd;wJ/ gw;fs; tpHj; bjhl';fp tpLfpd;wd/
cly; gytPdk; milfpwJ/ Kd;nghy; elf;f
Koatpy;iy/ nfhY}d;wp ele;jhYk; js;shLfpd;wJ/
37
vjw;Fk; xU Jiz njitg;gLfpwJ/ ehs; Mf Mf

kuzk; beU';Ftij czu KofpwJ/
Itpsf;F K:g;g[ kuzhjpfis epidj;jhy;
motapw;iw KWf;fhnjh bfhoa Kaw;WyfPh; vd;W
ts;syhh; rhLthh;/
K:g;g[ tUtJ ,aw;ifnaahdhYk; mjida[k;
jLj;J epWj;j Koa[k; vd;Wk;. vd;iwf;Fk;
,sika[lnd ,Uf;fyhk; vd;Wk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;
ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;/
vd;nw vd;dpDk; ,siknahoUf;f
ed;nw jUk; xU "hdkh kUe;nj
(mfty;)
jtj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; fdyhdJ clk;ig
ntjpf;Fk;/ J}a clyhdJ me;jj; jtf; fdypd;
ntjpg;gpdhy; Rj;j njfkhf khWk;/ Rj;j njfj;jpd;
jd;ik 12 taJ gUtk; vd;fpd;whh;/ Rj;j njfk;
bgw;w xUtdpd; taJ Mz;Lf; fzf;fpy; vj;jid
MfpapUe;jhYk; mtdpd; cly; jd;ik 12 taJ
gUtkhf ,sikahfnt ,Uf;Fk;/
K:g;ghdJ vy;yhg; gpzpfSf;Fk; fhuzkhf
epd;W Kotpy; kuzj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ/
jtkhdJ K:g;ig tpul;LtJld; kuzj;ija[k;
jtph;j;J tpLfpd;wJ/ ,Jnt ts;syhh; fhl;Lk;
khh;f;fkhFk;/
jpiue;J jpiue;J cSj;jtUk; jpUk;gt[k;
,sik milayhk; vd ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; cWjp
mspf;fpd;whh;/
tpiue;J tpiue;J mile;jpLkpd; nkjpdpaPhp';nf
bka;ik ciuf;fpd;nwd; ePh; ntW epidahjPh;
jpiue;J jpiue;J cSj;jtUk; ,sikmile;jplt[k;
brj;jth;fs; vGe;jplt[k; rpj;jhly; g[hpa
tiue;J tiue;J vy;yhk; bra;ty;y rpj;jd; jhnd
tUfpd;w jUzk; ,J tuk; bgwyhk; ePtph;
38
fiue;J fiue;J csk; cUfpf; fz;fspy; ePh;

bgUfpf;fUiz elf; flt[is cl;fUJkpndh
fspj;nj
(5583)
ehk; jpUk;gt[k; ,sik mila Koa[k; vd;W

tpsf;fpa ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; jhd; mt;thW ,sik
mile;jjhf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;/
tpiue;J tpiue;J go fle;njd; nkw;ghy;

mKjk; tpae;Jz;nld;
fiue;J fiue;J kdk; cUff; fz;zPh;
bgUff; fUj;jyh;e;nj
tiue;J "hd kzk; bgh';f kzp kd;wuirf;
fz;Lbfhz;nld;
jpiue;J befpH;e;j njhYlk;g[k; brGk;bghd;
clk;gha;j; jpfH;e;njnd (5482)
kzp kd;wk; vd;gJ bghw;rig mDgtk;/ me;j

mDgtj;jhy; ,sik mile;njd; vd;fpd;whh;
ts;syhh;/
ehKk; ts;syhh; fhl;oa jtj;ij nkw;bfhz;L

jtf; fdyhy; ek; clk;ig ntjpj;jhy; K:g;g[
mile;njhU';Tl kPz;Lk; ,sik bgwyhk;/
gak;
39
kuzj;ijj; jUfpd;w gpzp. K:g;g[. gak;. Jd;gk;

Mfpa ehd;fpYk; gpzp. K:g;g[ Mfpa ,uz;Lk;
clw;gpzpahFk;/ gak;. Jd;gk; Mfpa gpd;dpuz;Lk;
kdjpw;F tUtd MFk;/
Mfhuf; fl;Lg;ghLk;. elj;ijapy; bgha;glh
xGf;fKk; ,Ue;jhy; clw;gpzpiaj; jtph;j;Jf; bfhs;s
Koa[k;/
jtk; bra;jhy; ,uz;lhtjhd K:g;igj;
jtph;j;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/
gak; vd;gJ xU tifapy; ftiy vd;W Tlr;
brhy;yyhk;/ gak; fhuzkhf kd mjph;r;rpapy; kuzk;
mile;njhh; gyUz;L/ ,e;jg; gaj;ij vg;go xHpg;gJ>
ve;j neuj;jpYk;. ve;j ,lj;jpYk; ve;jr;
re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; ekf;Fj; Jizahf ,iwtd;
,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;w mGj;jkhd ek;gpf;if
,Uf;Fnkahdhy; gak; Vw;glhJ/ ,iwtdplk; ahh;
ruzhfjp milfpd;whh;fnsh mth;fs; ,iwtid
ek;gpg; gag;glhky; ,Uf;f Koa[k;/ gaj;ij xHpg;gjw;Fg;
gf;jp xd;nw rpwe;j tHp/ ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; cd;gjj;
Jiz xd;iwna gpoj;njd;. mjdhy; gag;gl khl;nld;
vd;W ghLfpwhh;/
gl khl;nld; Jah; rpwpJk; gl khl;nld; ,dp ehd;

gag;glt[k; khl;nld; Ek;gjj; Jiznagpoj;njd;
tpl khl;nld; Vkhe;J tpl khl;nld; fz; Oh;
bka;ikapJ Ek;khiz tpsk;gpdd; Ek;monad;
bfl khl;nld; gpwh; bkhHpfs; nfl;olt[k;khl;nld;
fpsbuhsp mk;gyj;jhly; tsbuhsp Ek;ky;yhy;
elkhl;nld; vd; csj;nj ehd; rhf khl;nld;
ey;y jpU mUshny ehd; jhd; Mndnd
(4747)
40
mk;gyj;nj vd; mg;gd; Mfpa ,iwtdpd;

mUis ek;g[fpd;w gps;is ehd;/ vdnt gank vd;id
tpl;L Xo tpL vd;W gaj;ij tpul;Lk; cghak;
gf;jpna. mUis ek;g[tnj vd;W tHp fhl;Lfpd;whh;
ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;/
gak; vDk; Xh; bfhLk;ghtpg; gany eP ,Jnfs;

gw;ww vd;wid tpLj;Jg; gdpf; fly;
tPH;e;J xspg;gha;
jatpd; ciuj;njd; ,d;Dk; ,Uj;jp vdpy; cdJ
jd; jiyf;Fj; jPk;g[ tUk; jiykl;nlhepdJ
brayhYk; cd; clk;gHpa[k; Rw;wbkyhk; ,wf;Fk;
jPh;e;jjpdp ,y;iy vd;nw jpUthh;j;ij
gpwf;Fk;
maypil neh;e;njhLf eP vd;id mwpahnah
mk;gyj;bjd; mg;gd; mUs; ek;g[ gps;is
ehnd (4850)
rd;khh;f;fj;jpy; Mfhuk; \. epj;jpiu 1-8. ikJdk; 1-

16. gak; 0 g{$;ak; Mfg; bgWjy; vd;fpwhh; ekJ
ts;sw;bgUkhdhh; (ciueil gf;fk; 344)
gak; 0 vd;why; gakpy;yhky; thH;tJ/ mJ
vt;thW rhj;jpakhFk;/ mr;rk; vd;w gaj;jpw;F xnu
fhuzk; ehk; bra;fpd;w jtWjhd;/ vg;go xU
jpUldhdtd; nghyPirf; fz;L jhnd m";Rfpd;whndh
mt;thnw jtW bra;gtDf;Fj;jhd; mr;rk; my;yJ
gak; Vw;gLk;/ ve;jj; jtWk; bra;ahjtd; ahUf;Fk;
vg;nghJk; m";rj; njitapy;iy/ gaj;ij ey;y
xGf;fj;jpdhy; jtph;j;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/ kw;wgo
tuf;Toa gak; vJthdhYk;. ehk; ve;jj; bja;tj;ij
tz';Ffpd;nwhnkh me;jj; bja;tj;jpd; kPJ
cz;ikahd mstw;w gf;jpa[k; ek;gpf;ifa[k; bfhz;L
jtph;j;Jf; bfhs;syhk;/
41
ve;jtpj ec;&lKk; ekf;F Vw;glhJ vd;w cs;

mGe;jpa gpuf;i"na r';fy;gk; vd;W tpsf;fk;
jUfpwhh;/ bja;tk; Jiz ,Ug;gjhy; ve;j ,Hg;g[k;
Vw;glhJ vd;W nkbyGe;jthW my;y cs; mGe;jpa
Kont r';fy;gk;/ r';fy;gk; kakhdhy; rpthDgtk;
bgwyhk; vd;fpwhh;/
ve;ij gpuhd; vd; ,iwtd; ,Uf;f ,';nf

vd;d Fiw ekf;bfd;nw ,Wkhg;g[w;nw
ke;j cyfpy; gpwiu xU fhRf;Fk; kjpahky;
epd; mona kjpf;fpd;nwd; ahd;
,e;j monadplj;J cd; jpUt[se;jhd;
vt;thnwh mwpfpnyd; ViHnad; ehd;
rpe;ij kfpH;e;J mUl;FUtha; vd;id
Kd;nd
rpWfhiy Ml;bfhz;l njt njnt
vd;W ghLfpwhh;/
,iwtd; JizapUf;fpwhd; vd;W ahh;
mDgtj;jpy; czh;e;J bfhz;lhh;fnsh mth;fs;
vg;nghJk; gag;gl khl;lhh;fs;/
cs;Sk; g[wKk; ts;sy; JizapUf;f

thl;lnkd; vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;/
,iwtd; Jizia ek;g[nthk;/ xGf;fkhf thH;nthk;.

jtW bra;ahky; thH;nthk;. jat[ld; thH;nthk;. mr;rk;
jtph;j;jhd; vd;W CJ CJ r';nf vd ts;syhh;
ghoa[s;sJnghy; mr;rk; mjhtJ gak; mw;W thH;nthk;/
Jd;gk;;
42
Jd;gk; gytifaha; kdpjDf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

cly; eyf; Fiwt[. bghUs; ec;&lk;. Vkhw;wk;.
kdjpw;Fg; gpof;fhj xU braiyr; bra;jhf ntz;Lk;
vd;w N:H;epiy. tWik nghd;w gy fhuz';fshy;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ/
@ve;jf; fhyj;jpy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ve;jtpjkhf
ve;j kl;oy; vij mDgtpf;f ntz;Lnkh mij
me;jf; fhyk; me;j ,lk; me;j tpjk; me;j kl;Lk;
bghUe;jg; bghrpg;gpf;fpd;wJ/ jpUtUl; rf;jpaha;
,Ue;jhy; ekf;bfd;d Rje;juk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ> vy;yhk;
jpUtUl; rf;jp fhhpak; vd;W mijj; jpahdpj;J
,Uf;f ntz;Lk;@ (ciueil gf;fk; 481) vd;fpwhh;
ts;syhh;/
,e;j cWjp kdjpy; gjpa[khdhy; tUk;
Jd;g';fisj; jh';fpf;; bfhs;s ,aYk;/ mnj nghy
ehk; gLfpd;w Jd;g';fl;Ff; fhuzk; ehk; Kd; bra;j
jPtpidfns/ kdk; g[j;jp rpj;jk; mf';fhuk; Mfpa
me;jf; fuz';fspd; bray;ghLfl;nfw;gnt ,e;jg;
gpwtpapy; ,d;g Jd;g';fis mDgtpf;fpd;nwhk; vd;w
bjspt[ ntz;Lk;/ ,d;g Jd;g';fs; ek;Kila
fuz';fs; Kd;g[ bra;j bray;fshy; ,e;jg; gpwtpapy;
ehk; bgWk; ghpRfs; MFk; vd;fpd;whh;/
gaph;g;g[W fuzg; ghpRfs; gw;gy

caph;j;jpus; xd;bwd ciuj;j bka;r;rptnk
(mfty;)
Jd;g';fs; tUtjw;F Kd; bra;j tpidfs;

fhuzk; vd;why; mj;Jd;g';fis mDgtpj;njjhd;
Mfntz;Lkh>
,y;iy vd;fpwhh; ek; bgUkhdhh;/ Kd;
tpidia CH; vd;fpnwhk;/ CiH mfw;w KoahJ
43
mDgtpj;nj Mf ntz;Lk; vd;W Kd;ndhh; jpl;l

tl;lkhf mwptpj;Js;sdh;/ Mdhy; CiH mfw;w Koa[k;
vd;fpwhh; ts;sw; bgUe;jif/
@CiH mfw;w cstwpahg; bgha;ad; ,td;

gPiH kdk; ek;ikg; bgwhjk; kdk; bfhoa
jhiH vd vz;zp vd;idj; js;sp tpl;lhy;
vd; bra;ntd;
ViH ehd; xw;wp vGj;jwpa[k; bgUkhnd/ (746)
Jd;gk; eP';Ftjw;Fk; gf;jpna Mjhukhf

cs;sJ vd;gnj cz;ik/
Kothf ehk; czh;tJ ,Jnt:
1/ Mfhug; gf;FtKk; rPhpa Fz';fSk;

clw;gpzpiaj; jtph;f;Fk;/
2/ jtj;jpdhy; K:g;g[ khwp ,sik mila Koa[k;
3/ gf;jpapdhy; gaj;ija[k; Jd;gj;ija[k;
mfw;wyhk;/ ,it mfd;why; kuzKk; eP';Fk;/
44
gf;jp
ehk; tz';Fk; ,iwtd; kPJ ehk; bfhs;fpd;w

md;ng gf;jpahFk;/ ,iwtd; fUizna tothdtd;/
,iwtid tHpgLtjw;F ekJ Kd;ndhh; rhpia
fphpia nahfk; "hdk; vd ehd;F bewpfis
tiuaWj;jdh;/ ,tw;wpy; rhpia fphpia vd;gd g[w
tHpghL/ nahfk;. "hdk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mf tHpghL/
gf;jp vd;gJ kdbefpH;r;rp kd cUf;fk; vd
tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;/ ekJ jpUtUl;gpufhrh;/ ekJ
bgUkhdhh; mUspa[s;s jpUtUl;ghtpy; gf;jp bts;sk;
bgUfp XLtij czuyhk;/
,iwtnd ehd; cd;id tz';fpanj ,y;iy/
cd; kPJ md;g[ bfhz;L cd;idg; ghoanj ,y;iy/
cd; mw;g[j';fs; epiwe;j E}y;fisg; goj;jjpy;iy/
goj;j ey;nyhh;fs; cd;idg; g[fHe;J Twpaijf;
nfl;lJkpy;iy gf;jpnahL cdf;Fg; g{khiyahtJ
mzpe;njdh mJt[k; ,y;iy/ kdk; cUf vd;
fz;fspy; ePuhdJ Mwha;g; bgUf cd; Kd; epd;W
mGjJk; ,y;iy/ cd;idj; bjhGjJk; ,y;iy/
,tw;wpw;bfy;yhk; fhuzk; vdJ mf';fhuk;jhd;/ me;j
mf';fhunkh xU rpwpJk; Fiwe;jjpy;iy/ gpw caph;fs;
kPJ ehd; jat[ fhl;oanj ,y;iy/ ehd; cz;ik
ngrpaJk; ,y;iy/ ,uf;f kw;w jo nghy; my;yth
ehd; ,Uf;fpnwd;/ ehd; vt;tst[ bfhoatd; vd;gjw;F
ntnw Mjhuk; njitapy;iy/ vdf;F mUs;
jUtjw;nf cdf;Fj; Jzpt[ ntz;Lk;/ Jzpt[
45
bfhz;ly;yth vdf;F mUs; mspj;jha; vd

thH;j;Jfpd;whh;/
gzpe;jwpnad; md;g[lnd ghLjYk; mwpnad;

goj;jwpnad; nfl;lwpnad; gf;jpapy; g{khiy
mzpe;jwpnad; kdKUff; fz;fspy; ePh; bgUf
mGjwpnad; bjhGjwpnad; mf';fhuk; rpwpJk;
jzpe;jwpnad; jatwpnad; rj;jpa thrfKe;jhd;
mwpnad; cGe;joj;j joaJ nghypUe;njd;
Jzpe;bjdf;Fk; fUiz bra;j Jiuna
vd;Dsj;nj Rj;j elk;g[hpa[k; rpj;jrpfhkzpna
cs;Sk; g[wKk; ts;sy; JizapUf;f thl;lnkd;

vd;ghh;/ gf;jpa[s;sth;fs; ,ij ed;F czu ntz;Lk;/
Kjypy; g[w tHpghLjhd; bra;a ntz;Lk;/ Jitjkhf
,Ue;jhy; mj;itjk; jhnd MFk; vd;ghh;/ ,iwtd;
ntW $Ptd; ntW vd;w epiyjhd; Jitj epiy/
$PtdhdJ jdJ Fiwfis ed;F czu ntz;Lk;/
mt;thnw ,iwtdJ mUik bgUikfisa[k; czu
ntz;Lk;/ gf;jpiag; gagf;jp vd;W TWthh;fs;/
gf;jpapy; gakh vd;W tpdtyhk;/ Mk; gak;jhd;
vg;nghJk; vf;fhyj;Jk; ehk; ,iwtdpd;
ghh;itapy;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;nwhk; vd;gij czh;e;jhy;
ve;jj; jtWk; bra;a khl;nlhk;/ ,iwtd; ek;ik ekJ
braiy. ekJ ngr;ir. ekJ vz;z';fis
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhd;
vd;w mr;r czh;t[ Vw;gLtijj;jhd; ga gf;jp vdf;
Twpdhh;fs;/
jpUtUl;ghtpy; xt;bthU ghl;ila[k; ftdpj;jhy;
gf;jpg; bgUf;fpd; vy;iyiaf; fhzyhk;/
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; tpsf;f ahuhy; ,aYk;/ ghid
nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhW gjk; vd;W brhy;tJ nghy;
xd;wpuz;L ghly;fis ,';F ftdpg;nghk;/
46
ve;jj; jtWk; ,dpahtJ bra;af; TlhJ/

xGf;fe;jtwhJ thH ntz;Lk; vd;W gy cWjpfis
vLf;fpnwd;/ Mdhy; me;j cWjpfisg; gyg;gy
fhuz';fshy; jtw tpLfpd;nwd;/ ,t;thW Vw;gLk; vd;
jsh;itbayhk; vLj;Jiuj;jhy; rhe;j brhU:gpahd
cdJ kdj;jpy;Tlr; rpdk; njhd;wf; TLk;/ mt;thW
rpdk; njhd;wpdhYk; guthapy;iy vd;W vd;Dila
jsh;itbay;yhk; epd;ghy; ciug;gndad;wp ntW
vth;f;fhtJ ciug;ngdh ? mt;thW ciuf;f ehd;
Kw;gl;lhYk; vd; eh vGkh vd;W jhd; bfhz;l
gf;jpia btspg;gLj;J fpd;whh;/
khbdGe;jhL'; fuj;njha; epd; rhe;j kdj;jpy;rpde;
jhbdGe;jhYk; vGfbtd;nw vd; jsh;itbayhk;
CbdGe;jhh;f;f epd;ghy; ciug;gdd;wp Ch;f;Fiuf;f
ehbdGe;jhYk; vd; eh vGnkh bkhHp ey;fplnt/
cd;dplk; ciug;ngndad;wp ntbwth;f; fhtJ
ciuf;f ehd; Jzpe;jhYk; vd; eh vGnkh vd;fpwhnu
me;j cWjp v';nf>
,e;jj; bja;tj;jpw;Fr; rf;jp mjpfkh me;jj;
bja;tj;jpw;Fr; rf;jp mjpfkh vd;W Ma;t[ bra;J
mof;fo bja;tj;ij khw;wpf; bfhs;Sk; gf;jh;fis
,f;fhyj;jpy; epiwa fhz;fpd;nwhk;/ nftyk;
gzj;jpw;fhft[k; rpy mw;gg; gpunah$d';fSf;fht[k;
kj';fiana khw;wpf; bfhs;fpd;whh;fns/ ,e;jg; gf;jp
cz;ikahd gf;jpay;y/ fhhpa gf;jp/
,d;Dk; gw;gy ehs; ,Ue;jhYk;

,f; fze;jdpny ,we;jhYk;
Jd;Dk;thd; fjpf;nf g[Fe;jhYk;
nrhh;e;J kh eufj;JHd;whYk;
vd;d nkYk; ,';F vdf;F te;jhYk;
vk;gpuhd; vdf;F ahJ bra;jhYk;
ed;dh; be";rfk; eho epd;nwh';Fk;
47
ekr;rpthaj;ij ehd; kwntnd/
vd;d te;jhYk; ,iwtid kwthj gf;jpna

cz;ikahd gf;jp/
rpyh; Kd; bra;j tpidapd; fhuzkhf
tWikapy; thlyhk;/ cz;z czt[k; cLf;f cila[k;
Tl ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;/ Kd; b$d;khtpy; bra;j
fh;ktpidapdhy; ,t;thW tWikapdhy; thodhYk;
,iwtidf; nfl;lhy; mt;tsita[k; bgw;Wf; bfhs;s
yhkhk;/
nrhW ntz;oDk; Jfpyzp Kjyhk;

Rf';fs; ntz;oDk; Rfkyhw; Rfkhk;
ntW ntz;oDk; epidaile;jd;wp
nkbthzhbjDk; nkyth; ciuf;nfhh;
khW ntz;onyd; te;J epw;fpd;nwd;
ts;sny cd; jd; kdf; Fwpg;gwpnad;
rhW ntz;oa bghHpy; tlyunr
rj;jpar; rigj; jdpg; bgUk; gjpna
clk;gpw;F VnjDk; neha; tUfpd;wjh MH;e;j

gf;jpapdhy; mija[k; ePf;fpf; bfhs;syhk;/ ,iwtid
ntz;odhy; jPuhj neha[z;lh. neha; eP';f ,njh xU
mUl;gh/
bghy;yhj N:h;f;fpisiaj; joe;jkuh;

gLe;Jaug; g[d;ik ePf;Fk;
ty;yhnd vdJ gpzp eP epidj;jhy; xU
fzj;jpy; khwplhnjh
fy;yhnjd; vdpDk; vid ,fHhnj epdjoah;
fHfk; Tl;lha;r;
48
bry;yhjhh; typalf;Fk; rp';fg[hpjdpykh;e;j

bja;tf;Fd;nw
,iwtd; vg;nghJk; ekf;Fj; Jiz ahfnt

,Uf;fpd;whd;/ ,ij czh;e;jth;fns gf;jpkhd;fs; ?
,iwtdpd; JizapUg;gij czh;e;jth;fs; vg;go
,Ug;ghh;fs; vd;gij ekJ ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;/
ve;ij gpuhd; vd; ,iwtd; ,Uf;f ,';nf
vd;d Fiw ekf;bfd;nw ,Wkhg;g[w;nw
ke;j t[yfpy; gpwiu xU fhRf;Fk; kjpahky;
epd;dona kjpf;fpd;nwd; ahd;
,e;j monadplj;Jd; jpUt[se;jhd; vt;thnwh
mwpfpnyd; ViHnad; ehd;
rpe;ij kfpH;e;J mUl; FUtha; vd;id
Kd;nd rpW fhiy Ml;bfhz;l
njtnjnt
,iwtnd cd; gjj;Jiz xd;iwna
gw;wpndd; mjdhy; ,dpj; Jah; rpwpJk; gl khl;nld;/
ve;jf; fhuz'; bfhz;Lk; gag;glt[k; khl;nld;/ kw;wth;
nghy; Vkhe;J cd;id tpl;L tpl khl;nld;/ ,J
bgha;ahd thh;j;ijay;y/ rj;jpakhd thh;j;ij/
gpwUila ngr;irf; nfl;Lf; bfl;Lg; nghfkhl;nld;/
cd;idj; jtpu ntbwhd;iw vd; cs;sj;nj
elkhl;nld;/ ehd; rhf khl;nld;/ cd;Dila ey;y
jpUtUshny ehd; ePahfnt Mfptpl;nld;/ ,J ts;sw;
bgUkhd; fhl;Lk; tHp/
glkhl;nld; Jah; rpwpJk; glkhl;nld;

,dp ehd; gag;glt[k; khl;nld;
cd; gjj;Jizna gpoj;njd;
tplkhl;nld; Vkhe;J tplkhl;nld;
49
fz; Oh; bka;k;ik ,J Ek;khiz

tpsk;gpdd; Ek; monad;
bflkhl;nld; gpwh; bkhHpfs; nfl;olt[k; khl;nld;
fpsbuhsp
mk;gyj;jhly; tsbuhsp Ek;ky;yhy;
elkhl;nld; vd;Dsj;nj ehd; rhf
khl;nld; ey;y jpUtUshny
ehd;jhd; Mndnd/
,e;jg; ghly;fspbyy;yhk; gf;jpapd; MHj;ij.

cWjpia. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fis ts;sw;
bgUkhdhh; Jy;ypakhf tpsf;Ffpd;whh;/
,Jtiu thH;e;j ek; thH; ehl;fspy; neha;fSk;
Jd;g';fSk; Mgj;JfSk; ek;ikj; jhf;fpapUf;ff;
TLk;/ ,iwtd; fUiz apdhy; ehk; gyKiw
jg;gpj;J kPz;oUf; fpnwhk;/ vjph;ghuhj ed;ikfs;
ekf;Ff; fpl;oapUf;ff; TLk;/ ,tw;iwbay;yhk; ehk;
xt;bthd;whf mof;fo epidj;Jg; ghh;f;f ntz;Lk;/
mg;go epidj;jhy; ,iwtd; ekf;Fj; Jizahf
vg;nghJk; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwhd; vd;gij czuyhk;/
mij czUk;nghJ ekJ kdjpny befpH;r;rp
njhd;Wk;/ me;j befpH;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,iwtd; kPJ
md;g[ bgUFk;/ me;j md;gpw;F milahskhf ekJ
fz;fspypUe;J ePh; bgUFk;/ ,e;j epiyapy; ekJ
tha; jhdhfnt mtd; g[fiH mtdJ bgaiu thahu
thH;j;Jk;/ ,e;j mDgtj;jpd; Kothd gyd; vd;d
bjhpa[kh> kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;t[/ ts;syhh; ghl;ilf;
ftdpa[';fs;/
epide;J epide;J czh;e;J czh;e;J befpHe;J
befpH;e;J md;ng epiwe;J epiwe;J
Cw;bwGk; fz;zPujdhy;clk;g[
eide;J eide;J mUsKnj ed;dpjpna "hd
elj;junr vd;Dhpik ehafnd vd;W
50
tise;J tise;J Vjj;JJk; ehk; tk;kpd;cyfpayPh;

kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;tpy; thH;e;jplyh'; fz; Oh;
g[ide;Jiunad; bgha;g[fnyd; rj;jpak;brhy;fpd;nwd;
bghw;rigapy; rpw;rigapy; g[Fe;jUzkpJnt/
ehad;khh;fs; MH;thh;fs; tHh;f;ifapy; ,iwtd;

nehpy; njhd;wp fhl;rp bfhLj;jjha[k; mth;fs;
tpUg;g';fisbay;yhk; epiwntw;wp itj;jjhft[k;
epiwag; goj;jpUf;fpnwhk;/ mg;gog;gl;l epfHr;rpfs;
ekJ thH;tpYk; elf;fhjh vd;d> epr;rak; elf;Fk;/
mth;fs; ,iwtd; kPJ gf;jp vt;thW
brYj;jpdhh;fnsh mt;thW ehKk; gf;jp brYj;jpdhy;
elf;Fk;/
ahiu ehk; bja;tkhf tz';F fpd;nwhnkh
me;jj; bja;tj;jplk; ekJ cly; bghUs; Mtp
K:d;iwa[k; mh;g;gzpj;J tpl;Lr; ruzhfjp mile;jhy;
ekf;F ve;jf; Fiwa[k; tuhJ/
thahu thH;j;Jfpd;nwhh; kdj;jkh;e;j bja;tk;
vd;W ts;syhh; ghLthh;/ thahu thH;j;Jnthk;/ jpdKk;
fhiyapy; Fspj;J Koj;jt[ld; xU gj;J epkplk;
,iwtid thahug; ghoj; Jjpg;nghk;/ ,Ugj;J ehd;F
kzp neuj;jpy; xU gj;J epkplk; jhd;/ ve;jg; ghl;L
ghodhy; ekJ kdk; befpGnkh me;jg; ghl;il thahug;
ghl ntz;Lk;/ mg;gog; ghoj; Jjpj;jhy; vd;w ed;ik
fpilf;Fk;/
jpdk; bra;a[k; ghuhazj;jhYk; md;d
tpuaj;jhYk; ehk; mwpahJ bra;a[k; ght';fs; eP';Fk;
jpdKk; gf;jpnahL ghoj; Jjpg;nghk;/ gHtpid
mWg;nghk;/ gf;jpf;F Xh; cjhuzk;/
fhuzg;gl;L fe;jrhkp vd;gth; bgUkhdplk;
kpFe;j <LghL bfhz;lth;/ muRg; gjtpapypUe;J Xa;t[
bgw;wt[ld; fpilj;j gzj;jpy; jpUmUl;gh MW
jpUKiwfis mr;rpl;L ,dhkhf vy;nyhh;f;Fk;
51
tH';fpath;/ jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;syhiuna bja;tkhf

tHpgl;L te;jth;/ mtuJ cUtg; glj;ijj; jd;khh;gpy;
fl;o bjh';f tpl;Lf; bfhz;nl cytpdhh;/ ahuhtJ
brhw;bghHpt[f;F miHj;jhy; @jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;sw;
bgUkhid cghrdh K:h;j;jpahff; bfhz;L xGFk;
fhuzg;gl;L fe;jrhkp@ vd;W jd; bgaiu mr;rplr;
brhy;thuhk;/ bgUkhdplk; mth; bfhz;l gf;jpna gf;jp/
gpuhh;j;jid bra;a[';fhy; jdf;fhf kl;Lk;
gpuhh;j;jid bra;af; TlhJ/ cyfk; KGtJk;
ed;ikailag; gpuhh;j;jpf;f ntz;Lk;/ mg;gog;
gpuhh;j;jpj;jhy; mjpy; mtDf;F ntz;oaJk;
ml';fptpLk; vd;ghh; ekJ bgUkhdhh;/ vdnt
fhiyapy; gpuhh;j;jid bra;a[k;nghJ ekf;F ntz;oa
ghly;fisg; ghoKoj;j gpd; ,Wjpahf ,e;jg;
ghly;fisg; gho Kof;fyhk;/ ,J gf;jpkhd;fSf;F Xh;
Mnyhrid kl;Lnk/
epjpna vd;Ds;s epiwnt bghJtpy; epiwe;j rpt

gjpna mUl;bgU";n$hjpand mk;gyk; tps';Fk;
fjpna vd; fz;Qq'; fUj;Jk; fspf;ff; fye;J
bfhz;l
kjpna mKj kiHna epd; nguUs; thHpant
thHp vd; Mz;ltd; thHp v';nfhdUs; tha;ik

vd;Wk;
thHp vk;khd; g[fH; thHp vd; ehjd; kyh;g;gj';fs;
thHp bka;r; Rj;j rd;khh;f;fg; bgUbewp khz;g[
bfhz;L
thHp ,t;itaKk; thdKk; kw;wt[k; thHpant
52
thHp tlw; rpw;rigapy; thH;e;j eluhruUs;

thHp mtz; g{rpf;Fk; khjth;fs;/ thHpvd;Wk;
ts;sy; ,uhkyp';f kd;doahh;fbsy;yhk;
gps;sypyh ,d;gkpire;nj
$PtfhUz;ak;
ts;syhhpd; jiyaha bfhs;ifna $PtfhUz;ak;

MFk;/ rhjp kjk; rkak; Kjypa vy;yhg; gphpt[fisa[k;
rhLk; ts;syhh; ve;jg; ngjKkpy;yhky; vy;yh kf;fSk;
rnfhju chpika[ld; thH ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;/ Mdhy;
mtUk; kf;fis mftpdj;jhh; vd;Wk; g[wtpdj;jhh;
vd;Wk; ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fpd;whh;/ mftpdj;jhh; vd;nghh;
khkprk; cz;zhjth;fs;/ g[wtpdj;jhh; khkprk; cz;nghh;/
,uf;fk; vd;gJ Jspa[k; ,y;yhky; caph;f;
bfhiyf;Ff; fhuzkhtjhy; khkprk; cz;nghiug;
g[wtpdj;jhh; vd;W fz;oj;jJld; mg;gog;gl;lth;fSld;
el;g[ bfhs;sf; TlhJ. mth;fSf;F ey;y gz;g[fisa[k;
vLj;Jr; brhy;yf; TlhJ/ g[yhy; cz;zhjth;fs;
g[yhy; cz;gth; tPl;oy; vijr; rhg;gpl;lhYk; mth;fSk;
g[iyanu vd;fpwhh;/
tpuj';fspy; jiyrpwe;j tpujk; bfhy;yhik/
bfhy;yhikia ahh; tpujkhff; bfhs;fpd;whh;fnsh
mth;fis ,iwtd; js;Stjpy;iy vd;Wk; caph;f;
bfhiya[k; g[iyg;g[rpg;g[k; cilath;fis Mz;ltd;
jGt[tjpy;iy vdt[k; ghLfpwhh;/
53
cs;shidf; fjt[ jpwe;J cs;ns fhz

csbtdf;nf
ciuj;jhid czuhh; ghl;ilf;
bfhs;shid vd; ghl;ilf; Fwpf;bfhz;lhid
bfhy;yhik tpujbkdf; bfhz;lhh; jikj;
js;shid bfhiy g[iyiaj; js;shjhiuj;
jGthjhid ahd; g[hpe;j jtW nehf;fp
vs;shid ,lh; jtph;j;jp'; bfd;id ahz;l
vk;khidf; fz;L fspj;jpUf;fpd;nwnd/
bfhy;yhikia ahh; tpujkhff; bfhs;

fpd;whh;fnsh mth;fs; kl;Lnk ,iwtdpd; mUSf;Fg;
ghj;jpukhthh;fs;/ ,uf;fk; ,y;yhky; khkpr czt[
cz;gth;fs; ve;j Myaj;jpw;Fg; ngha; ve;j ,iwtid
tz';fpdhYk; mUisr; rpwpJTlg; bgw KoahJ/
,J ts;syhh; fUj;J/ mg;goahdhy; ,Jtiu
te;j kw;w mUshsh;fl;F ,e;j cz;ik bjhpahjh
vd;W nfl;fyhk;/ vy;yh mUshsh;fSk; md;igj;jhd;
nghjpj;jhh;fs;/
irtk; vd;whny g[yhy;. khkprk; jtph;j;jJ
jhd;/ irt rkaj;jhh;f;Fhpa Mfhuk; irt Mfhuk;
jhd;/ ,ij czuhky; irth;fs; mirt czthfpa
khkpr czit cz;gJ mth;fs; rhh;e;Js;s
rkaj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ/ irth;fs; gd;dpuz;L jpUKiw
tFj;J mt;tg;nghJ Kw;nwhjy; bra;thh;fs;/
jpUke;jpuk; mjpy; xU jpUKiw MFk;/ mjpy;
jpUK:yh; kf;fisg; ghh;j;J vd;d nfl;fpwhh; bjhpa[kh>
fhl;oYs;s re;jd ku';fisbay;yhk; miuj;Jr;
re;jdhgpnc&fk; bra;jhYk; thd; mstpw;F khkyh;
,l;L ,iwtDf;F mh;r;rid bra;jhYk; khkprk;
czthff; bfhz;lhy; ,iwtdJ. jpUtoia vg;go
mila Koa[k; vd;W nfl;fpwhh;/
54
fhDW nfho fofkH; re;jdk;

thDW khkyhpl;L tz';fpDk;
Cdpid ePf;fp cz;gth;f;fy;yJ
njdkh; g{';fHy; nru xz;zhnj (jpUke;jpuk;)
mWgj;J K:d;W ehad;khh;fSs; jpUts;StUk;

xUth;/ mth; vGjpa jpUf;Fwspy; bfhy;yhik vd;W
Xh; mjpfhunk vGjpapUf;fpwhh;/
clk;igg; bgUf;f Cdpid cz;lhy; mUs;
v';fpUe;J tUk; vd;W mth; tpdt[fpwhh;/
,ijbay;yhk; goj;Jk; mwpe;Jk; irth;fs;
khkprk; cz;zyhkh>
_kd; ehuhazd; kr;rhtjhuk; (kPd;) Th;khtjhuk;
(Mik) tuhftjhuk; (gd;wp) Kjypa mtjhu';fs;
vLj;jhd; vd;W itzth;fs; mtidg;
nghw;Wfpd;whh;fs;/ fz;zdhf mtd; mtjhpj;jnghJ
khL fd;Wfisg;ghtpj;Jf; nfhghyd; vd;W bgah;
bgw;whd;/ g[ul;lhrp khjk; xU khjk; kl;Lk; rpy
itzth;fs; khkprk; cz;gjpy;iy/ kw;w khj';fspy;
cz;zyhkh> kPid. gd;wpia. Mikiag; ghh;f;Fk;
nghbjy;yhk; _kd; ehuhazidg; ghh;g;gJ nghyy;yth
ghh;f;f ntz;Lk;/ itzth;fSk; khkprk; cz;zf;
TlhJ/
Vd; ve;j kdpjDk; khkprk; cz;zf; TlhJ/
bfhiy ghtk; khkprk; cz;gtidr;rhUk;/ ,uf;fnk
kdpjDf;F chpaJ/ Xh; caph; Jog;gij.
Jd;gg;gLtij czUk; mwpt[ kdpj ,dj;jpw;F
kl;Lnk cz;L/ Vd; me;j mwpit kdpjDf;F kl;Lk;
,iwtd; mspj;jhd;/ me;j Mz;ltd; kdpjdplk;
vd;d vjph;ghh;f;fpwhd;> ,uf;fk; xd;iwj;jhd;
Mz;ltd; kdpjdplk; vjph;ghh;f;fpwhd;/ kdpjd;
gilf;Fk; nj';fha;. thiHg;gHk; bgh';fy; gpurhjk;
Mfpatw;iw Mz;ltd; vjph;ghh;f;ftpy;iy/ mtd;
55
vjph;ghh;f;Fk; ,uf;fj;ij kdpjd; fhl;Lt jpy;iy/

Mz;ltDf;F tpnuhjkhf caph;f; bfhiy bra;J
tpl;L Mz;ltid tz';fpdhy; mUs; fpl;lhJ/
mjdhy; jhd; ts;sw; bgUkhd; g[yhy; cz;gij
td;ikahff; fz;of;fpwhh;/
jat[ xd;wpdhy; kl;Lnk ,iwtdJ mUisg;

bgw Koa[k;/ ntW xd;wpdhYk; mtd; mUisg; bgw
KoahJ vd;fpwhh;/ mtUila thH;tpy; epfH;e;j rpy
rk;gt';fs; mtuJ kdjpd; befpH;r;rpia ,uf;fj;ij
btspg;gLj;Jk;/
,uhkyp';fh; rhpahfg; gof;ftpy;iy vd;W
mtuJ jikadhh; fz;oj;J tPl;ow;F tu ntz;lhk;
vd;whh;/ FHe;ij ,uhkyp';fk; (Ie;J taJ) tPl;il
tpl;L btspnawp tpl;lhh;/ mtuJ mz;zpahh; ,uz;L
brhl;L fz;zPh; tpl;L mGJ tPl;oy; j';fp tplf;
Tlhjh vd;whh;/ FHe;ij ,uhkyp';fk;; mz;zpahhpd;
fz;zPUf;F ,u';fp tPl;oy; j';fp; tpl;lhh;/
Mfhuk; miu vd;gJ mtuJ bfhs;if/ bgw;w
jhahUf;nfh jd; FHe;ij ed;whf tapuhw epiwar;
rhg;gpl ntz;Lk;/ ,uhkyp';fhpd; jhahUk; mg;goj;jhd;/
jd; FHe;ij ,uhkyp';fk; epiwar; rhg;gpl tpy;iyna
vd;W mtuJ jhahhpd; kdk; thl;l Kw;wJ/ mijf;
fhzr; rfpahky; ,uhkyp';fh; epiwa cz;lhuhk;/
bgw;w jha; Kf thl;lk; ghh;g;gjw;f";rpg;
ngUzt[z;ldd; vd;W ghLfpwhh;/ Fiwthfr; rhg;gpl
ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtUila bfhs;if/ gpwh; Kfk;
thlf; TlhJ vd;gJ mtuJ $PtfhUz;ak;/ vJ
bghpaJ. $PtfhUz;ak; jhd; bghpaJ/ bfhs;if
$PtfhUz;aj;;jpw;Fj; jilaha; ,Uf;ff; TlhJ/
,uhkyp';fh; ghly;fis vGjpf; bfhz;oUe;jhh;/
mtuJ moath;fs; mtuJ ghf;fis mr;rpl;Lg;
g[j;jfkhf;f Mirg; gl;ldh;/ g[fiH tpUk;ghj
56
ts;syhh; mr;rpLtjw;F mDkjp junt ,y;iy/

gj;jhz;L fhyk; nghuhoa[k; ve;jtpj gyDkpy;iy/
Kothf ,Wf;fk; ,uj;d Kjypahh; ts;syhUf;F xU
fojk; vGjpdhh;/ g[j;jfk; mr;rpLtjw;F mDkjpfpl;Lk;
tiu xU ntis kl;Lnk rhg;gpLntd; vd;W me;jf;
fojj;jpy; vGjpdhh;/ ,ijg; goj;j ts;syhh; clnd
mDkjp mspf;fpwhh;/ me;j $Ptd; gl;odp fplg;gjh
vd;W tUe;jpdhh;/ mtuJ ,uf;fk; vd;nd! vd;nd!
$Ptd;fs; grp. gpzp. jhfk;. ,r;ir. vspik.
gak;. bfhiy Mfpa VG Mgj;Jf;fspdhy; Jd;gk;
mDgtpg;gijf; fz;l nghjhfpYk; nfl;l nghjhfpYk;
clnd tpiue;J brd;W mj;Jd;gj;ij ePf;Ftnj
$PtfhUz;ak; vd;W nghjpj;jhh;/
Jwtpfl;Fk; kw;wth;f;Fk; ,ug;nghh;f;Fk;
,y;thH;thd; vd;ghd; Jiz vd;whh; jpUts;Sth;/
Mdhy; ts;syhh; vd;w Jwtp ,jw;F khwhf
tlY}hpny 1867k; Mz;L nk khjk; 23k; ehs;
jUkr;rhiy xd;iwj; bjhl';fpdhh;/ jUkr;rhiyf;F
mof;fy; ehl;L tpHh elj;jpa md;nw kw;bwhU gf;fk;
jpwg;g[ tpHht[k; elj;jp md;djhdj;ij bjhl';fpdhh;/
mth; md;W K:l;oa mLg;ghdJ ,d;W tiu ViH
kf;fspd; grpahw;Wfpd;wJ/
,iwtid mila jUknk tHp vd;W
czh;j;jnt jUkr;rhiy vd;W bgahpl;lhh;/
Xh; Mizg; bgz;zhf;fp. me;jg; bgz;iz
kPz;Lk; Mzhf;fp ,we;j gpzj;jpw;nf caph;
bfhLf;Fk; Mw;wy; bgw;w rpj;jd; MdhYk; kdjpny
,uf;fk; ,y;yhky; Xh; capiuf; bfhd;W mjd;
khkprj;ij cz;z ntz;Lk; vd;w epidg;g[ ,Ue;jhy;
mtid "hdp vdf;Twf; TlhJ vd;fpwhh;/
$PtfhUz;aj;ijg; ngrpf;bfhz;oUe;j nghJ
mJ vJ tiu bry;Yk;> ,Uth; rhiyapy; ele;J
ngha;f; bfhz;oUe;jdh;/ xUth; fhy;gl;L xU kz;zh';
57
fl;o cile;J tpl;lJ/ mjidf; fz;l kw;wth;

ka';fp tpGe;J tpl;lhh;/ Vd; ka';fp tpGe;jPh;fs; vd;W
nfl;lnghJ c';fs; fhy;gl;L me;j kz;zh';fl;o
cUf;Fiye;J tpl;lnj mij vd;dhy; jhs
Koatpy;iy vd;whuhk; ka';fp tpGe;jth;/ xU
kz;zh';fl;o cile;jjw;nf kaf;fk; tUkhdhy; Xh;
caph; Jog;gij vt;thW jhs Koa[k;> ,ija[k; fle;J
$PtfhUz;ak; bry;Yk; vd;whuhk;/
fUizf;F ts;syhh; vd;W rhjhuz kf;fSk;

ghuhl;Lk; bgUik bgw;W ,uf;fnk totha; ts;syhh;
,Ue;jhh;/ ,uf;fk; xUtpy; (kiwe;jhy;) vd; capUk;
xUt[k; vd;whh; ts;syhh;/
ehk; $PtfhUz;aj;ij nkw;bfhs;nthk;/ jat[ld;
thH;nthk; vy;yh caph;fisa[k; nerpg;nghk;/ ahh; kdJk;
g[z;glhjthW elg;nghk;/ ehk; gpw caph;fs; kPJ
bfhs;Sk; rpwpa jatpdhy; ,iwtdJ bgUe;jathfpa
nguUisg; bgw Koa[k;/ ,iwtd; mUis ntW ve;j
tHpahYk; bgw KoahJ/ ,uf;fk; xd;wpdhy; kl;Lnk
bgw Koa[k;/
rkaj; bja;t';fs;
ifyhaj;jpy;rptbgUkhd; ,Ug;gjhft[k;
itFe;jj;jpy; _kd; ehuhazd; ,Ug;gjhft[k;
irtKk; itztKk; Twp tUfpd;wd/ irt rkak;
rhh;e;j mUshsh;fspd; g{j cly; kz;zpny rkhjp
58
itf;fg;glyhk; my;yJ beUg;gpypl;L jfdk;

bra;ag;glyhk;/ vg;go ahapDk; mth;fsJ $PtdhdJ
ifyhak; mile;J rptbgUkhDld; If;fpakhfptpLk;
vd;fpwhh;fs;/ mnjnghy; itzth;fs; me;jr; rkak;
rhh;e;j mUshsh;fs; ,we;j gpwF mth;fsJ $Ptd;
itFe;jk; brd;W ehuhazDld; fye;JtpLk;
vd;fpd;whh;fs;/ ,jidna ifyha gjtp vd;Wk;
itFe;j gjtp vd;Wk; Twp itj;jhh;fs;/ $PtdhdJ
(,we;J nghd clypypUe;J gphpe;j gpwF) ,iwtDld;
If;fpakhtijna Kf;jp vd;Wk; Twpdhh;fs;/ rpy
rhkpahh;fs; j';fs; $Ptdh dJ ,iwtDld;
fyg;gjw;F clk;ng jilaha[s;sJ vd;W fUjpj;
jh';fns typar; brd;W rkhjpapy; ,w';fpa[k; jiyapy;
nj';fha; cilf;fr; bra;Jk; capiu kha;j;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ clk;ig tpl;Lg; gphpe;j
capuhdJ nkhl;rj;jpw;nfh. brhh;f;fj;jpw;nfh.
eufj;jpw;nfh nghFbkd; gija[k; my;yJ ,iwtDld;
If;fpa khfptpLk; vd;gija[k; ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;
Vw;Wf; bfhs;stpy;iy/
ahuhapUe;jhYk; ,e;jg; gpwg;gpnyna mjhtJ
capuhdJ clk;ig tpl;Lg; gphpahky; thH;e;J
bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghnj ,iwtid mila
ntz;LnkbahHpa ,we;j gpwF milant KoahJ/
khwhf ,e;jj; njfj;jpy; thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; bra;j
ey;tpid jPtpidf;nfw;g mLj;j gpwtpjhd; vLf;Fk;
vdj; jpl;ltl;lkhf mwptpf;fpd;whh;/ ,e;j
cz;ikawpahky; thH;e;J khz;L bfhz;oUf;Fk;
eLj;ju kf;fisj; jpUj;jpr; rd;khh;f;f r';fj;jpy;
mth;fisr; nrh;j;J ,e;jg; gpwtpapnyna ,iwtid
miltpf;fr; bra;ant jhd; ,iwtdhy; mDg;gg;gl;L
te;jjhft[k; ts;syhh; TWfpd;whh;/
,Jtiu njhd;wpa mUshsh;fs; gytpj
tot';fspy; gyg;gy bgah;fspy; bja;t';fs;
59
,Ug;gjhff; fhl;odh;/ ,e;j cUt'; fbsy;yhk;

bgah;fbsy;yhk; "hdpfspd; fw;gidna vd;W
bfh";r';Tl czuhj ghku kf;fs; ,e;jj;
bja;t';fbsy;yhk; cz;ik apnyna ,Ug;gjhfnt
vz;zp cz;ik md;g[ld; tHpgl;L tUfpd;whh;fs;/
jtk;; bra;j "hdpfs; gyg;gy mDgt';fis
mile;jhh;fs;/ me;j mDgt'; fisbay;yhk;
kf;fSf;F mwptpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w J}a nehf;Fld;
mitfis cUt fg;gLj;jpdh;/ mUshsh;fs; bgw;w
mDgt'; fisg; gy "hdpfs; gytpjkhf
mwptpj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;/ kdpj clk;gpy; Vw;gLk;
mDgt';fisg; g[wj;nj fhl;odh;/
ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; ek; kPJs;s
bgU';fUizapdhy; bja;tj;jpd; cz;ikia ,Jtiu
mwptpf;fg;glhj cz;ikfis cyfwpaj;
bjhptpf;fpd;whh;/ g[wj;nj bja;tkhff; fhl;lg;gl;l
cUt';fs; ek; clk;gpd; ve;j ghfj;J mDgt';fs;
vd;W ts;syhh; bjhptpf;fpd;whh;/
1) kdpj njfj;jpy; nfhrj;jpw;F ,uz;liu
m';Fyj;jpw;Fnky; ehw; rJukhd xU iga[z;L/ mjpy;
nrUk; ,e;jphpank jhkiu vd;W brhy;yg;gLk;/ mjd;
kj;jpapy; xU Mtp bghd; tz;zkha; ,Uf;Fk;/ mjd;
mjph;c;&lhd njtijna gpukd; vd;W brhy;yg;gLk;/
g[wj;nj gpuk;k nyhfj;jpy;. tpc;&Qqtpd;
ehgpapypUe;J tUk; bfhoapd; Edpapy; cs;s jhkiug;
g{tpy; gpUk;kh ,Ug;gjhf g[uhzj;jpy; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ/
,jd; cz;ikia ts;syhh; kdpj clk;gpd; xU
ghfkhf vLj;Jf; fhl;oa[s;shh;/
mLj;J ce;jpf;F neuhf cl;ghfj;jpy; rJukha;
xU iga[z;L/ me;jg; igapd; nkYs;s ehoapd;
kj;jpapy; brk;gpdJ fspk;g[ nghd;W gr;ir nkdpaha;
xU rf;jpa[z;L/ mij tpc;&Qqbtd;W brhy;fpwJ/
(ciueil gf;fk; 364)
60
,Ujaj;jpy; kyh;e;j thiHg;g{g; nghy xU

iga[z;L/ mJ btz;ikahapUf;Fk;/ ,ijf; ifyhak;
vd;W brhy;fpwJ/ ,e;jg;; igapy; mf;fpdp kakha; xU
MtpapUf;Fk;/ ,jw;Ff; fhuzhf;fpdp vd;W bgah;/ ,t;
tf;fpdpiaj;jhd; fhy re;jpu Uj;u K:h;j;jp vd;gJ/
,e;j mf;fpdpg; igapy; Fz;lyp tl;l euk;g[
xd;W cz;L/ ,e;j euk;gpd; moapy; ,uz;L euk;g[
tyj;jpy; Ie;J ftUilajha[k; ,lj;jpy; MW
jiya[ila ftuha[k; epw;fpd;wd/ tyj;jpy; cs;sJ
fzgjp vd;Wk; ,lj;jpYs;sJ Rg;ukz;ah; vd;Wk;
brhy;YtJ (ciueil gf;fk; 366)
,Ujaj;jpw;F nky; ,uz;liu m';Fykhd
fz;lj;jpy; knfRtuDk;. mjw;Fnky; ,uz;liu
m';Fy mz;zhf;fpy; rjhrptKk;. mjw;Fnky;
,uz;liu m';Fy cauj;jpy; g[Utkj;jpapy; tpe;Jt[k;.
mjw;F nky; ,uz;liu m';Fyj;jpy; ehjKk;. mjw;F
nky; ,uz;liu m';Fyj;jpy; gutpe;Jt[k;. mjw;F nky;
,uz;liu m';Fyj;jpy; guehjKk;. mjw;F nky;
,uz;liu m';Fyj;jpy; jpf;fpuhe;jk;. mjpf;fpuhe;jk;.
Jthj rhe;jk; KjyhditfSk; mjPjj;jpy; Rj;j
rptKk; cs/ knf!;tu !;jhdk; Kjy; tpe;J !;jhdk;
tiuapYk; Kd;nghy; ,lk; eho bjhHpy; tz;zk;
Kjypat[Ks;sd/ ehj !;jhdk; bjhl;Lj; Jthj
rhe;jk; tiuapy; mDgt btspahfpa Mfhr
ngjkakhapUf;Fk;/ mjw;F nky; mjpfhuz khj;jpukha;
Md;khDgtj;jpy; tps';Fk;/ (ciueil gf;fk; 367)
,e;j mDgtj;ij ,t;thW thpirg;
gLj;jyhk;/
Rj;j rptk;
Jthj rhe;jk;
mjpf;fpuhe;jk; mjPjk; mDtj;jpy; tps';Fk;
jpf;fpuhe;jk;
61
guehjk;
gutpe;J
tpe;J /// g[Utkj;jp

rjhrptd; /// mz;zhf;F
knfRtud; /// fz;lk;
Uj;ud; /// ,Ujak;
tpc;&Qq /// ehgp
gpuk;kh /// ehgpf;Ff; fPH;
,e;j mDgt';fs; kdpj clk;gpny

Vw;gLfpd;witna MFk;/ ngUgnjrj;jpd;; nghJ
ts;syhh; TwpajhtJ. @,jw;F nkw;gl ehk; ehKk; Kd;
ghh;j;Jk; nfl;Lk; yl;rpak; itj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;j
ntjk;. Mfkk;. g[uhzk;. ,jpfhrk; Kjypa fiyfs;
vjdpYk; yl;rpak; itf;f ntz;lhk;/ Vbdd;why;
mitfs; xd;wpyhtJ FG:cf;Fwpad;wpj; bja;tj;ij
,d;dgo vd;Wk;. bja;tj; jpDila cz;ik
,d;dbjd;Wk;. bfh";rnkDk; g[w';ftpar; brhy;yhky;.
kz;izg; nghl;L kiwj;J tpl;lhh;fs;/ mQqkhj;jpu
nkDk; bjhptpf;fhky; gpz;l yl;rzj;ij mz;lj;jpy;
fhl;odhh;fs;/ ahbjdpy; ifyhrgjp vd;Wk;.
itFz;lgjp vd;Wk;. rj;jpa nyhfhjpgjp vd;Wk;
bgahpl;L. ,lk;. thfdk;. Ma[jk;. totk;. U:gk;
Kjypaita[k; xU kDc;&aDf;F mikg;gJ nghy;
mikj;J cz;ikahf ,Ug;gjhfr;
brhy;ypapUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ bja;tj;jpw;Ff; if fhy;
Kjypad ,Uf;Fkh vd;W nfl;gth;f;Fg; gjpy; brhy;yj;
bjhpahJ tpHpf;fpd;whh;fs;/ ,`J cz;ikahf
,Ug;gjhfnt Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; cs;s bghpath;fbsd;W
bgahpl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jth;fSk; cz;ikia mwpahJ
mg;gona fz;iz K:of; bfhz;L cswpapUf;fpd;whh;fs;
(ciueil gf;fk; 466?467)/
62
nkw;fz;l thrf';fis Cd;wpf; ftdpj;jhy;

xU ngUz;ik tps';Fk;/ mjhtJ gpUk;kh. tpc;&Qq.
Uj;ud;. knfRtud;. rjhrptd; Mfpa Ith;fSk; ,e;j
clk;gpy;; Vw;gLk; mDgt';fns xHpa g[wj;jpy;
Mfhaj;jpny g[uhz';fspy; TwpapUg;gJnghy;
cz;ikapy; ,Ug;gth;fs; my;y vd;gJ/ ,nj nghy
vy;yh ,iw tot';fSk; mDgt';fns/ ts;syhUk;
mUl;bgU";n$hjpia mDgtkhfnt TWfpd;whh;/
@jD fuzhjpfs; jhk; fle;J mwpa[k; Xh;
mDgtk; Mfpa mUl;bgU";n$hjp@
(mfty;)
rhjid gw;wp ts;syhh; :
mDgt';fis ntW KiwapYk;

TwpapUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ mjhtJ
$hf;fpuj;
brhg;dk;
RGj;jp mt!;ijfs; Ie;J
Jhpak;
JhpahjPjk;
jpunahj rhe;jkhtJ ahbjdpy;

1/ $Pt rhf;fpuk;
2/ $Pt brhg;gdk;
3/ $Pt RGj;jp
4/ eph;ky rhf;fpuk;
5/ eph;ky brhg;dk;
6/ eph;ky RGj;jp
7/ gu rhf;fpuk;
8/ gu brhg;dk;
63
9/ gu RGj;jp
10/ FU rhf;fpuk;
11/ FU brhg;gdk;
12/ FU RGj;jp
13/ FU Jhpak;
14/ FU Jhpah jPjk; Mf 14/ ,jw;F
nkYKs/
Rj;j rpt rhf;fpuk;

Rj;j rpt brhg;gdk;
Rj;j rpt RGj;jp
Rj;j rpt Jhpak;
Rj;j rpt Jhpah jPjk;/ ,it neU';fhy;
$Pt
rhf;fpuhjp ePf;fg;gLk;
,t;tst[ mDgtKk; g{h;tj;jpYs;s

mDgtpfshy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l epiyfspy; ,y;iy/
xUthU FU Jhpa ghpae;jk; ntjhfk';fshYk;
jj;Jtuhah; Kjypa kfhd;fsDgtj;jhYk;
Fwpf;fg;gLk;/ mjw;F nkw;gl;l mDgtk; Rj;j
rd;khh;f;fj;jpy; rhj;jpak;/ (ciueil gf;fk; 369)
,e;j mDgt';fs; midj;Jk; jtj;jpdhy;

kl;Lnk bgwf; Toaitna jtpu ntW tHpfshy; bgw
KoahJ/ vdnt jtk; Rj;j rd;khh;f;f mDgtj;jpw;F
mtrpak; vd;gJ kWf;ff;Tlhj cz;ikna/
kdij mlf;fp ,iwtid mila ehd;F
khh;f;f';fis ek; Kd;ndhh; fhl;odh;/
rhpia. fphpia. nahfk;. "hdk; Mfpa ehd;fpy;
rhpia fphpia vd;w ,uz;Lk; g[wtHpghL. nahfk;
"hdk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mf tHpghL/ Koe;j Kot[
"hdk;jhd;/
64
rd;khh;f;fk; vd;gJ "hdj;ij mDc;&of;fpd;w

Tl;lk;; vd;W ts;syhh; TWfpd;whh;/ nkYk; rhfhjtnd
rd;khh;f;fp vd;gJk; mtuJ thf;F/ fpilj;j ,e;j
njfj;ijna epj;jpa njfkhf;fpf; bfhz;L
vf;fhyj;Jk; vjdhYk; jilglhj xg;gw;w nghpd;gg;
bgUthH;itg; bgw;W thH;jny Md;kyhgk; vd;Wk;
jpUtUl; gpufhr ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; mwptpj;jhh;/
fle;j fhy tuyhw;wpd; VLfisg; g[ul;odhy;
"hdk; bgWtjw;fhff; fhl;ony brd;W gy Mapuk; ngh;
fLe;jtk; nkw;bfhz;L thH;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ kidtp.
kf;fs;. brhj;J. Rfk; midj;ja[k; Jwe;J tpl;Lf;
fhdfk; brd;wpUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ Vd; Jwt[
nkw;bfhz;lhh;fs;> Vd; fhdfk; brd;W fLe;jtk;
g[hpe;jhh;fs;> ,iwtid milat[k; kuzj;ij
bty;yt[k;jhd;/ mile;jhh;fsh> mile;jjhfg;
g[uhz';fs; TWfpd;wdnt jtpu rhpj;jpuk;
Twtpy;iyna/ g[uhz';fs; TWfpd;wd rhpj;jpuk;
Twtpy;iyna vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; ahbjdpy;. g[uhzk;
vd;gJ tU';fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;F ePjpiag;
nghjpg;gjw;fhff; fw;gidahf vGjg;gl;l fij/
rhpj;jpuk; vd;gJ cz;ikahfg; gpwe;J thH;e;j
kf;fspd; tuyhW/ cjhuzkhf kJiu kPdhl;rpia
kze;j brhf;fehj ghz;oad; jpUtpisahlw;
g[uhzj;jpnyjhd; ,lk; bgw;wpUf;fpd;whnu jtpu jkpH;
ehl;Lg; ghz;oa kd;dh;fspd; tuyhw;wpny ,lk;
bgwtpy;iy/ jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; xU fl;Lf;
fijna jtpu cz;ik tuyhwy;y/ kdjpny
vs;sst[Tlr; re;njfk; ,y;yhky; g[uhz';fl;Fk;
tuyhw;Wf;Fk; cs;s ntw;Wikfisg; g[hpe;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;/ tuyhw;wpy; te;jhy; jhd; cz;ik/
g[uhz';fspy; tUtbjy;yhk; "hdpfspd; fw;gidna/
rpj;jpapd; bfhLik jh';fhJ fhdfk; brd;W
fLe;jtk; g[hpe;J ehuhazdplk; tuk; bgw;w JUtd;
65
vd;w mur Fkhud; tl jpirapy; JUt el;rj;jpukhf

tps';Ffpd;whd; vd;gJk; trpc;&lh; Kjyhd rg;j
hpc&pfs; mtidj; jpdKk; Rw;wp tyk; tUfpd;whh;fs;
vd;gJk; fw;gid/
tpRthkpj;jpuh; vd;w Kdpth; jd;Dila jt
typikahy; jphpr';F vd;w kd;did njnte;jpud;;
Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l njtnyhfj;jpw;F clnyhL mDg;gpdhh;
vd;gJk;. khdplh; njtnyhfj;jpw;F tUtjh vd;W
rpd'; bfhz;l njnte;jpud; jphpr';Fitf; fPnH js;sp
tpl;ljhft[k;. jphpr';Ftpd; Tf;Fuiyf; nfl;l
tpRthkpj;jpuh; njnte;jpud; kPJ rpd'; bfhz;L. me;jj;
jphpr';F kd;did mg;gona me;juj;jpy; epWj;jp
m';nfna me;j kd;dDf;fhfg; g[jpabjhU
Rth;f;fj;ijna eph;khzpj;jjha[k; ,Jnt jphpr';F
brhh;f;fk; vd miHf;fg;gLk; bjd; jpir el;rj;jpuk;
vd;Wk; TWtJ g[uhzk; ? fw;gid ? ,it tuyhwy;y/
,e;jf; fijfs; midj;Jk; btWk;
fw;gidjhnd vd;W btWj;J xJf;fp tplyhkh
vd;why; m';nfjhd; ts;syhhpd; jdpj;jd;ik
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ/ ntj';fs;;. Mfk';fs;. g[uhz';fs;.
,jpfhr';fs; Kjyhf cs;s fiyfs; mj;jida[k;
cz;ikia btspg;gilahf vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s
KoahjthW N:jhf vGjg; gl;litjhd; vd;W TWk;
ts;syhh;. mtw;iw mg;gona tpl;L tplhjPh;fs; mjd;
cz;ikia mwpe;J bfhs;S';fs; vd;Wk;
bewpg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;/
JUt el;rj;jpuj; jphpr';F Rth;f;f cz;ik:

tlf;nf xU el;rj;jpuk; vg;nghJk; m';nfna
,Uf;Fk;/ mjw;Fj; JUt el;rj;jpuk; vd;W bgah;/
mijr; Rw;wp VG el;rj;jpu';fs; jpdk; tyk; te;J
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd/ mnjnghy; vg;nghJk; bjd;
jpirapy; ehd;F el;rj;jpu';fs; ilkd; totj;jpy;
66
vg;nghJk; ,Uf;Fk;/ ,it jhd; jphpr';F brhh;f;fk;.

,e;j el;rj;jpu';fs; ,Ug;gJ cz;ik/ Mdhy;
mtw;iwg; gw;wp; vGjg;gl;l fij kl;Lnk fw;gid ?
bgha;/
Md;kPfj; Jiwapy; vijg; goj;jhYk; me;j
thh;j;ijfisnah. brhw;fisnah mg;gona vLj;Jf;
bfhs;shky; ahh; brhd;dJ ? ahhplk; brhd;dJ ? Vd;
brhy;yg;gl;lJ ? ve;jr; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; brhy;yg;gl;lJ ?
vd;gij Ma;t[ bra;nj Kot[ bra;a ntz;Lk;/
xU igad; fha;fwp th';fp tuf; filf;Fg;
nghdhd;/ fhrpy;yhky; filf;Fg; nghfhnj vd;W
mtDila jha; Twpdhs;/ igad; filf;nf nghfhky;
epd;W tpl;lhd;/ igaidg; ghh;j;J Vz;lh filf;Fg;
nghftpy;iyah vd;W jfg;gdhh; nfl;lhh;/ filf;Fg;
nghfhnj vd;W mk;kh brhd;dhns fhjpy;
tpHtpy;iyah vd;W igad; gjpy; brhd;dhd;/
fhrpy;yhky; filf;Fg; nghfhnj vd;why; fhR
vLj;Jf; bfhz;L filf;Fg; ngh vd;gJ jhnd
bghUs;> filf;Fg; nghfhnj vd;w brhy;iy kl;Lk;
vLj;Jf; bfhz;L filf;Fg; nghf khl;nld; vd;gJ
rhpah>
mJnghy $PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; vd;w jdJ
ciueilapy; Kjw; gFjpapy; ts;syhh; TWtJ
,Jjhd;/
$PtfhUz;a xGf;fj;ij cilath; fshfp
mUe;jy;. bghUe;jy; Kjypa gpug";r nghf';fis
mDgtpf;fpd;w rKrhhpfs; vy;yhk; rh;t rf;jpa[ila
flt[sUSf;F KGJk; ghj;jpuk; Mthh;fs;/ $PtfhUz;a
xGf;fkpy;yhky; "hdk;. nahfk;. jtk;. tpujk;. b$gk;.
jpahdk; Kjypaitfisr; bra;fpd;w th;fs;
flt[sUSf;Fr; rpwpJk; ghj;jpuk; Mfhh;fs;/ mth;fis
Md;k tpsf;fk; cs;sth;fshft[k;
epidf;fg;glhJ/$PtfhUz;a kpy;yhJ bra;ag;gLfpd;w
67
bra;iffs; vy;yhk; gpunah$dk; ,y;yhj khah$hyr;

bra;if fnsahFbkd;W mwpa ntz;Lk;/ (ciueil
gf;fk; 127)
$PtfhUz;aj;ija[ila rKrhhpfl;nf mUs;

fpl;Lk; vd;why; $PtfhUz;aKila "hdpfl;Fk;. jtk;
bra;nthh;f;Fk; mUs; fpl;lhkyh ngha; tpLk;/
$PtfhUz;a xGf;fk; cilath;fs; kl;Lnk jpahdk;
jtk; Kjypait bra;ayhk; vd;gJk; $PtfhUz;ak;
,y;yhky; jpahdk; jtk; bra;nthh; kf;fis kaf;fnt
mt;thW bra;fpwhh;fs; vd;gJk; ts;syhh; fUj;J/
,Jnt cz;ik/ $PtfhUz;aj;Jld; jpahdk; jtk;
ntz;Lk; vd;gnj ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; jUk; Kot[/
nkYk; ts;syhh; Twpa[s;sJ/
$PtfhUz;aj;jhy; gpukd; Ma[Rk;. ghr
ituhf;fpaj;jhy; tpl;LQqtpDila Ma[Rk;. <Ru
gf;jpahy; Uj;jpuDila Ma[Rk; gpuk "hdj;jhy;
vd;Wk; mHpahj Rth;z njfk; Kjypaita[k; bgw;Wf;
flt[s; kakhfyhk; (ciueil gf;fk; 417)
gpuk "hdj;jhy; kl;Lnk vd;Wk; mHpahj Rth;z
njfk; Kjypatw;iwg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;syhk; vd;w
thrfj;jpd;go jtk; jtph;f;f Koahj xd;whfpd;wJ/
kz;ghz;lk; Rl itj;jhy; jhd; ePoj;J
ciHf;Fk;/ Fatd; fsp kz;zhy; ghj;jpuk;
bra;fpd;whd;/ mJ mg;gona ,Ue;jhy; gad;glhJ/ Rl
ntz;Lk;/ mJnghy; ,e;j kz; clk;iga[k; Rl
ntz;Lk;/ vg;gor; RLtJ> jtj;jhy; cz;lhFk;
btg;gj;jpdhy; Rl ntz;Lk;/ ,';nf ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;
nghw;wpa jpUf;Fwis xnu xU rhd;whf vLj;Jf;
bfhs;syhkh>
Rlr; Rl xspUk; bghd; nghy; jtk;
Rlr; Rl nehf;fpw; gth;f;F/ (Fws;)
68
jtk; bra;jhy; cc;&zk; cz;lhFk; vd;gjw;F vd;d

Mjhuk;>
@ekJ Md;khitj; bjhpabthl;lhky;
K:oapUf;fpd;w gr;irj; jpiuahfpa uhfhjpfis tprhu
mjp cc;&zj;jhyy;yhJ kw;w cc;&z';fshy; ePf;f
KoahJ/ me;j cc;&zk; nahfpapDila mDgtj;jpy;
bjhpa[k;/ mij kDc;&a juj;jpy; cz;L
gz;Qqtjw;Fj; bjhpahJ/ me;j tprhuj;ij tpl
Mz;ltiu !;njhj;jpuk; bra;fpd;wjpYk; bja;tj;ij
epidf;fpd;wjpYk; mjpf cc;&zk; cz;lhFk;/ nahfpfs;
tdk; kiy KiH Kjypatw;wpw;Fg; ngha; E}W. Mapuk;
Kjypa tUc& fhyk; jt";bra;J. ,t; cc;&zj;ij
cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;fpd;whh;fs;/ ,g;goj; jt";bra;J
cc;&zj;ij cz;L gz;zpf; bfhs;Sfpwijg;
ghh;f;fpYk; bja;tj;ij !;njhj;jpuk; bra;fpd;wjpYk;.
epidf;fpd;w jpYk; ,ijtplf; nfhog; g';F. gj;J
nfhog; g';F mjpfkhf cc;&zk; cz;L gz;zpf;
bfhs;syhk;@ (ciueil gf;fk; 464)
jtk; bra;a ntz;Lkh ? njhj;jpunk nghJnk

vd;W fUjyhk;/ jtk; ntz;lhk; vd;why; mtnu
bra;jpUf;f khl;lhnu/
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; tplr; rhpia. fphpia Mfpa
,uz;odhy; tUk; Kothd gyd; kdk; Rj;jkhFk;
vd;Wk;. nahfj;jpdhy; ghrk; mWk; vd;Wk;.
"hdj;jpdhy; tut[ nghf;fw;w epiy.mjhtJ gpwg;g[.
,wg;g[ mw;w epiy TLk; vd;Wk; ek; bgUkhdhh;
bjhptpf;fpd;whh;/ Mjhuk;/
gjp g{ir Kjypa ew;fphpiaahy; kdk; vDk; gR

fuzk; <';F mRj;j ghtidawr; Rj;j
ghtidapy; epw;Fk; bka;g;gjpnahf
epiyikajdhy;
69
kjp ghrkw;W mjpy; ml';fpLk; ml';fnt

kiytpd; bka;";"hd kakha; tut[ nghf;fw;w
epiy TLk; vd vdJns te;Jzh;t[ je;j
FUnt
Jjp tha;ik bgW rhe;j gjk; nkt[k; kjpank
JhprW Ra";n$hjpnanjhif thfd kPjpy';f tU
njhd;wny brhy;yhpa ey;y Jizna
jjp bgWk; brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsh;
jynkh';F fe;jntns jz;Kfj; Ja;akzp
cz;Kfr; irtkzp rz;Kfj; bja;tkzpna
(bja;tkzp khiy)
gpwg;g[. ,wg;g[ mw;w epiy ifTl ntz;Lk;

vdpy; "hdbewpf;F ehk; bry;y ntz;Lk;/
vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;> vg;gor; bra;a ntz;Lk;
vd;W xd;Wk; mwpahky; jhd; ,Ue;jjhft[k; ,iwtnd
mth; mUfpy; te;J mtiu vGg;gp nahfk; "hdk;
Kjypad g[hpahky; Vd; eype;J nghfpwha;/ vGe;J
clnd g[hpthahf mUsKjk; cz;L ,d;g[Wthahf
vd;W mwpt[Wj;jpajhft[k; ts;syhh; TWfpd;whh;/
(Mjhuk;)
thl;lbkhL rpwpandd; bra;tifia mwpahJ

kdkpf ka';fp xU ehs; kz;zpy; fple;J
mUis cd;dp cyfpaiy kwe;J
Japy;fpd;wnghJ
ehl;lKW itfiwapy; vd;dUfize;J vd;id
ed;Ww vGg;gp kfnd ey;nahf "hdk; vdpDk;
g[hpjypd;wp eP eypjy; mHnfh vGe;nj
<l;Lf epd; vz;zk; gypf;f mUsKjk; cz;L
,d;g[Wf vd;w FUnt vd; Mirna vd;wd;
md;ngepiwe;j nghpd;gnk vd; bry;tnk/
70
ntl;lit mspf;fpd;w epjpank rhfhj

tpj;ijapy; tpise;j Rfnk bka;";"hd
epiy epd;w tp";"hd fyUns nkt[ eluhr
gjpna (3674)
(eluhr gjpkhiy)
nahf "hdk; bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W

mwpt[Wj;jpa ,iwtnd! mijj; jhd; tps';fpf;
bfhs;SkhW ,d;W ,unt te;J jdf;Fj; bjhptpf;f
ntz;Lk; vd;W ts;syhh; ntz;odhh;/ (Mjhuk;)
Mz;ltd; ePahfpy; cdf;F moaDk; ehdhfpy;

mUSilaha; ,d;wputpy; mUspiwaha; te;J
ePz;ltnd KjypaUk; jPz;lhpjhk; bghUspd;
epiyfhl;o moKoapd; bewp KGJ';fhl;o
tPz;ltnd fhiyapy; eP tpHpj;jt[ld; vGe;J
tpjp Koj;Jg; g[hpjp ,J tps';F bkdg; g[fy;tha;
jhz;ltnd mUl;bghJtpy; jdp Kjny fUizj;
jl'; flny beLe;jifna r';fund rptnd
(2801)
mth; ntz;oathW ,iwtd; ghjp ,utpy;

vGe;jUsp mtUf;F mUl;n$hjp mspj;jhd; (Mjhuk;)
ghjp ,utpy;; vGe;jUspg; ghtpnaid vGg;gp mUl;

n$hjp mspj;J vd; cs;sfj;nj N:H;e;J fye;J
Jy';Ffpd;wha;
ePjp el";bra; nghpd;gepjp ehd; bgw;w beLk;ngw;iw
Xjp KoahJ vd; nghy; ,t;t[yfk; bgWjy;
ntz;Ltnd/
71
,Jtiu Twp te;j bra;jpfspd; bjhFg;g[ ,Jjhd;:
i) g[uhz';fs; fw;gidahf "hdpfshy;

vGjg;gl;lit/ mtw;wpy; tUk;
epfH;r;rpfnsh. rk;gt';fnsh cz;ikapy;
ele;jit my;y/ kf;fSf;Fr; brhy;y
ntz;oa cz;ikfisa[k;. ePjpfisa[k;
Mjhukhf itj;nj g[uhz';fs;
vGjg;gl;Ls;sd/
ii) ,e;j epyt[yfpy; filrpahf te;j

jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;
fUizna totkhf tps';fpath;/
jtj;ija[k; nkw;bfhz;Ljhd; jdJ
njfj;ij vd;Wk; mHpahj njfkhf
khw;wpf; bfhz;lhh;/ jtk; mtrpank/
iii) $PtfhUz;aKk; ey;y xGf;f'; fisa[k;

cila rKrhhpfs; kl;Lnk jtk;
bra;tjw;Fj; jFjpahdth;fs;/
iv) kz;zhy; bra;j ghz;lk; Rl itj;jhy;

kl;Lnk epw;Fk;/ mJnghy; ,e;j
njfj;ija[k; jt mf;dpahy; Rl ntz;Lk;/
jtj;jhy; kl;Lnk mHpahj njfk; bgw
Koa[k;/ vdnt jtk; mtrpak;/
v) jtk; bra;tJ vg;go vd xt;bthU

kdpjDk; mwpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
72
rhjid
ts;syhh; ek;ikg; nghy xU jha;f;Fk;

je;ijf;Fk; Ie;jhtJ kfdhfg; gpwe;jth;jhd;/ Mdhy;
mth; epfH;j;jpa mw;g[j';fs;; epiwa cz;L/ gj;J
ngUf;F kl;Lnk ,Ue;j czit E}W ngUf;Fg;
ghpkhwp ,Uf;fpwhh;/ jpUePW mspj;Jg; ghY bul;oahhpd;
Fc;&l nehiaa[k;. njtehj gps;isapd; kfdhd
Iahrhkpg; gps;isapd; ilgha;L Ruj;ija[k; ,d;Dk;
gyUila neha;fisa[k; jPh;j;J itj;jpUf;fpwhh;/
gz;Ul;oapy; mtuJ md;ghpd; tPL vhpe;J
bfhz;oUe;jJ/ tlY}hpypUe;j ts;syhh; jd;
nky;Jz;il vLj;J mirf;f gz;Ul;oapy; vhpe;J
bfhz;oUe;j jP mize;J tpl;lJ/
fU';FHpapy; ,ut[ KGJk; jz;zPh; tpl;nl
tpsf;if vhpj;jpUf;fpwhh;/
kiHna ,y;yhj fpuhkj;jpy; mth; jiy kPJ
xU brk;g[ jz;zPh; tpl kiH bga;a itj;jpUf;fpwhh;/
rpjk;guj;jpy; eilbgw;w jpUthjpiu eluh$
eldj;ij tlY}h; jUkr; rhiyapy; xU jpiuapl;L
mjpy; fhl;oapUf;fpwhh;/
,g;gog;gl;l gy;ntW mw;g[j';fis ,aw;Wk;

Mw;wiy mth; vt;thW bgw;whh;>
mtnu xU ghl;oy; TWfpd;whh;/
fhl;ilbayh'; fle;J tpl;nld; ehl;il

aile;J cd; foefh;g; bghd;
kjpw;fhl;rp fz;Fspuf; fz;nld;
73
nfhl;ilbayh'; bfho ehl;of; nfhykplg;

ghh;j;njd; nfhapypd; nky; thapypny
Fiwfbsyhk; jtph;j;njd;
nrl;ilaw;Wf; fUtpbayhk; vd;trk;
epd;wplnt rpj;jpbayhk; bgw;nwd; ehd;
jpUr;rpw;wk;gynky;
ghl;ilbayhk; ghLfpd;nwd; ,J jUzk;
gjpna gye;jUk; vd;cse;jdpny
fye;J epiwe;jUns
Rk;kh ,Uj;jy;:
kdk;. thf;F. fhak; vd;w K:d;wpida[k;

jphpfuzk; vd;ghh;fs;/ ve;j ntiya[k; bra;ahky;
clk;igr; Rk;kh itj;jpUf;f Koa[k;/ mnjnghy; ve;j
thh;j;ija[k; ngrhky; thiaa[k; Rk;kh itj;jpUf;f
Koa[k;/ Mdhy; ve;j neuj;jpYk; vijahtJ
epidj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; kdijr; Rk;kh
itj;jpUf;f ahuhYk; ,ayhJ/
ekJ bja;tj; je;ijahh; ghoa ,e;jj;
jpUmUl;ghitr; rw;W ftdpg;nghk;/
,d;W tUnkh ehisf;nf tUnkh my;yJ kw;

bwd;W tUnkh mwpnad; v';nfhnt Jd;W ky
btk;khia aw;W btspf;Fs; btsp fle;J
Rk;kh ,Uf;Fk; Rfk;/
,e;jg; ghlypd; bghUs; vd;d>
kdpj clk;gpy; bka;. tha;. fz;. K:f;F. brtp

Mfpa Ie;Jk; ,e;jphpa';fs; MFk;/ bjhLk; czh;t[.
Rit czh;t[. ghh;it. thrid. nfs;tp Mfpa Ie;J
74
czh;t[fs; ,it K:yk; ekf;F vg;nghJk; fpilj;Jf;

bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd/ ,it g[wj;jpy; bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wd/ mfj;jpny kdk;. g[j;jp. rpj;jk;. mf';fhuk;
vd;fpd;w me;jf; fuz';fs;; ,a';Ffpd;wd/ mit
K:yk; rpe;jpj;jy;. tprhhpj;jy; epr;rapj;jy;. bray;gLjy;
Mfpa bray;ghLfs; epfH;j; jg;gLfpd;wd/ jtk; bra;a
Kaw;rpg;gth;fs; Kjypy; ,e;jphpa';fspd; bray;ghLfis
epWj;j ntz;Lk;/ ,e;jphpa';fspd; bray; ghLfs; epd;W
tpl;lhYk; fuz';fspd; bray;ghLfs; epfH;e;J
bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;Fk;/ mLj;j Kaw;rpahff;
fuz';fspd; bray;ghLfisa[k; epWj;j Kaw;rpf;f
ntz;Lk;/ ,e;jphpa';fs; fuz';fs; Mfpa midj;jpd;
bray;ghLfSk; epd;W tpl;lhy; mJnt Rk;kh ,Ug;gJ/
,e;jphpa';fspd; bray;ghlw;w epiy xU btsp ?
fuz';fspd; bray;ghlw;w epiy xU btsp/ ,e;jphpa
btsp fle;J cs;spUf;Fk; fuzbtspiaf;
flg;gijj;jhd; btspf;Fs; btspfle;J vd;Wk; me;j
epiyapy; njhd;Wk; Rk;kh ,Uf;Fk; Rfk; ,d;W
tUnkh ehisf;nf tUnkh my;yJ kw;bwd;W tUnkh
vd;Wk; V';fpdhh;/
Rk;kh ,Uf;Fk; Rfj;ij milant vy;yh
"hdpfSk; mUk;ghLgl;ldh;/ ve;j tHpapy; brd;why;
me;jr; Rfk; vspjpy; fpilf;Fk; vd;W gyntW
Kiwfspy; rpe;jpj;jhh;fs;/ mjd; gadhfnt gyntW
rhjidfs; njhd;wpd/
rhjdh rfhak;:
"hdpfs; kdpj clk;gpny K:yhjhuk;.
Rthjpc;&lhdk;. kzpg{ufk;. mehfjk;. tpRj;jp. Mf;"h
vd;W MW Mjhu';fs; ,Ug;gjhff; fz;lhh;fs;/
gpukr;rhpa tpujk; iff;bfhz;L Rf;fpyj;ij
tPzhf;fhky; nrkpj;J K:r;Rg; gapw;rpapdhy;.
K:yhjhuj;jpy; K:z;blGk; fdiy vGg;gp xt;bthU
Mjhukhff; flj;jp Kothf Mf;"h vDk;
75
g[Utkj;jpf;F me;jf; fdiyf; bfhzh;e;J m';nf

cs;s fjitj; jpwe;J nky; mDgtj;ijg; bgw
ntz;Lk;/ ,jw;fhf xU FUthdth; vt;thW
cl;fhh;e;J vt;thW gapw;rp bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W
cgnjrk; bra;thh;/ me;jf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fs;
fl;Lg;ghl;LlDk; xGf;fj;JlDk; FUgf;jp epiwa
cilatuha[k; ,Ue;jdh;/ ,e;jg; gapw;rp xUthW
mf;fhyj;jpw;nfw;g ,Ue;jJ/ jw;fhyj;jpy; ehfhPfk;
vd;w bgauhy; tPl;ow;F tPL bjhiyf; fhl;rpg; bgl;o
(T.V.) nghd;wit te;Jtpl;l epiyapy; fl;Lg;ghL
xGf;fk; Kjypad monahL Fiwe;J tpl;ld/ vdnt
mk;Kiw jw;fhyj;jpw;F xt;thj xd;whf Mfptpl;lJ/
jpUtUl;gpufhr ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; jw;fhyr;
N:H;epiyia ed;F mwpe;jtuhjyhy; gapw;rp Kiwia
khw;wp ekf;F Vw;g mikf;fpwhh;/ Mf;"h vd;fpw g[Ut
kj;jpapy; cs;s fjitj; jpwe;J bfhs;sf; fdy;
njit jhd;/ gpuk;kr;rhpak;. xGf;fk;. FU gf;jp
Kjypait mw;Wg; nghd fhykhf ,f;fhyk;
tps';Ftjhy; ekJ K:yhjhuj;jpy; K:z;blG fdiy
ehnk nknyw;wpf; bfhs;tJ rhj;akpy;iy/ vdnt
Mf;"h gPlj;jpd; fjitj; jpwe;J bfhs;sj;
njitahd btg;gj;ij ntbwhUthplkpUe;J bgw;Wf;
bfhs; vd;fpwhh; ts;syhh;/ jf;f Mrhhpaidf; bfhz;L
bew;wpf; fz;izj; jpwe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;W
ts;syhh; nghjpj;jjpd; nehf;fk; ,Jnt/ giHa
fhyj;J Kiwg;go gapw;rp; bra;jhy; K:yhjhuj;jpd;
fdiy xt;nthh; Mjhukhf nknyw;wp Mf;"htpw;Ff;
bfhz;Ltu mnef Mz;Lfs; gpof;Fk;/ mt;tst[
ciHg;iga[k; vspjhf;fpj; jf;f Mrhhpaidf; bfhz;L
clnd jpwe;J bfhs;S';fs;; vd;fpwhh;/ rd;khh;f;fj;jpy;
xU rpyh; rpyiu Mrhhpauhff; bfhz;L rhjfk; bra;J
tUfpd;whh;fs;/
76
fhprhiy mhpaJ:
FUtpd; cgnjrk; bgw;W gpuzhahkg; gapw;rpia
me;jf; fhyj;jpy; Kiwahfr; bra;J te;jhh;fs;/
,jDila gyd; ahbjdpy; eho. Rj;jp mjhtJ
,uj;jk; Rj;jkhFk;/ ,e;jf; fhynkh gpuhzhahkk;
bra;ag; nghjpa neuk; xJf;f Koahj mtruf; fhykhf
cs;sJ/ gpuhzhahkj;jpd; mtrpaj;ija[k; kf;fspd;
jw;nghija epiyiaa[k; ed;F czh;e;j ts;sw;
bgUe;jif fhprhiyiar; rhg;gpL';fs; vd;fpwhh;/
myl;rpak; bra;ahky; fhprhiyiaj; jpnd jpnd
gr;irahfthtJ my;yJ rikay; bra;jhtJ rhg;gpl
ntz;Lk;/ mg;gor; rhg;gpl;lhy; ,uj;jk; Rj;jkhtJld;
mrf;jKk; eP';Fk; vd;fpwhh;/ nkYk; gpujk cs;Slk;ig
ePof;fr; bra;a[khk;/ czt[ $Puzpg;gjw;F Kf;fpa
cWg;ghfpa fy;yPuiyg; ghJfhj;J nehaw;w thH;itj;
jUk;/ kfhd;fsplj;jpy; brd;W mndf fhyk;
fhj;jpUe;jhYk; ,jd; kfpikia btspapl khl;lhh;fs;
vd;Wk; Rl;of; fhl;o vt;tpjj;jhyhtJ fhprhiyiaj;
jpnd jpnd rhg;gpl ntz;Lk; vd;W nghjpf;fpd;whh;/
77
jtk;
mjpfhiy 4/30 kzp Kjy; 6 kzp tiu

mKjf; fhw;W g{kpapy; tpahgfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
xt;bthUtUk; mtrpak; fhiy 4/30 kzpf;nf vGe;J
tpl ntz;Lk;/
vGe;jt[ld; fhiyf; flid Koj;Jf; bfhz;L
ek; bgUkhdhh; Twpa[s;sgo gy; nja;j;J Kof;f
ntz;Lk;/
gpd;dh; jdp ,lk; xd;wpy; Rfhrdk; ,l;Lr;
brt;itahf cl;fhh;eJ ; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ gpd;dh;
@m';@ vd;W bksdkhff; Tw ntz;Lk;/ mg;gor;
brhy;Yk;nghJ ehf;F ve;j epiyapy; epd;wnjh
mt;thnw mirahky; ehit epWj;jp thia kl;Lk;
mGj;jkhf ,uhJ rhjhuzkhf cjLld; cjL
nrUk;go K:of; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/ gpd;dh; ,U
fz;fSk; g[Ut kj;jpia nehf;Fk;gor; bra;J
fz;fspd; fhpa kzpfs; ve;j epiyapy; cs;sdnth
mtw;iw mnj epiyapy; epWj;jp ,ikfis K:l
ntz;Lk;/ gpd;dh; g[Utkj;jpapy; Mrhdhy; njhw;W
tpf;fg;gl;l czh;it kl;Lk; ed;whff; Th;e;J
ftdpf;f ntz;Lk;/
,e;j neuj;jpy; ve;j ke;jpuj;ija[k; b$gpf;f
ntz;oajpy;iy/ Vbddpy; kdk; bray;gl;lhy; ,iw
mDgtk; Vw;glhJ/ me;j czh;it kl;Lk; ftdpj;Jf;
bfhz;nl ,Ue;jhy; ehsiltpy; czh;t[ gyg;gLk;/
ehjk;:
78
ehjk; xypf;fj; Jt';Fk;/ ehj xyp nfl;lhy;

,iw mDgtk; Vw;glg; nghfpd;wJ vd;W czuyhk;/
,iwtd; tUfpd;whd; vd;W me;j ehjk;
czh;j;Jfpd;wjhk;/ Mjhuk;/
kd;dh; ehjh; mk;gyth; te;jhh; te;jhh;

vd;W jpUr;rpd;d ehjk; vd;dpuz;L
brtpfspDs; brhy;Yfpd;wnj@
muR tUfpd;w bjd;nw miwfpd;nwd; eP jhd;

IaKnwy; cw;Wf;nfs; mirahJ njhHp
KuR r';F tPiz Kjy; ehj xyp kpft[k;
KH';FtJ jpUnkdp tH';F bja;t
kze;jhd;
tpur v';Fk; tPRtJ ehrp caph;j;jwpf
tPjpbayhk; mUl;n$hjp tps';FtJ fhz;f
gurp vjph; bfhs;SJk; ehk; fw;g{u tpsf;Fg;
ghpe;bjLj; bjd;Dld; tUf bjhpe;jLj;J
kfpH;e;nj (5764)
tlY}h; ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; jdJ 12tJ tajpy;

"hd thH;itj; bjhl';fpdhh;/ 1867y; jUkr;rhiy
bjhl';fpa gpwF. mtuJ jtk; me;jr; rhiyapny
epiwt[w;wjhf mwptpf; fpd;whh;/ vy;yh xGf;f';fSk;
g{uzkhff; iftug; bgw;wth; ek; bgUkhdhh;/ gpwe;j
nghnj "hd mwpt[ld; gpwe;jth;/ cznth. cilnah.
bghd;ndh. bghUnsh vjd; kPJk; gw;wpy;yhky; ,Ue;J
jtk; bra;jjdhy; 32 Mz;Lfspy; Rj;j njfk; bgw;W
tpl;lhh;/ Mjhuk; :
fhiyapny vd;wdf;nf fpilj;j bgUk; bghUns

fspg;ng vd; fUj;jfj;nj fdpe;j eW';fdpna
79
nkiyapny ,k;ikapny xUikapny jtj;jhy;

nkt[fpd;w bgUk; gadhk; tpisitbayhk;
jUkr;
rhiyapny xU gfypy; je;jjdpg;gjpna rkur
rd;khh;f;fr; r';fj; jiyakh;e;j epjpna
khiyapny rpwe;j bkhHp khiyazpe;jhLk;
khelj;junr vd; khiya[k; mzpe;J
kfpH;e;jUns/
ehj xyp nfl;f Muk;gpj;j gpd; czh;t[ld;

ehjj;ija[k; cw;Wf; nfl;f ntz;Lk;/ mt;thW
nfl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jhy; me;j ehjkhdJ KuR. r';F.
tPiz Kjyhf xypf;Fk;/ mnj neuj;jpy; ,e;jj;
J}anjfj;jpypUe;J kyh; kzk; tPRk; vd;fpd;whh; ek;
bgUkhdhh;/ (Mjhuk;)
mk;gyj;nj jpUel";bra; mokyh; vd; Konky;

mzpe;J bfhz;nld; md;bghLk; vd;
MUaph;f;Fk; mzpe;njd;
vk;guj;nj kzf;Fk; me;j kyh; kzj;ij njhHp vd;
ciug;ngd; ciuf;f btd;why; vd; mstd;wJnt
tk;gpirj;nj dd;wo eP vd;dUnf ,Ue;Jd;
kzp ehrp milg;gjidj; jpwe;J
Kfh;e;jwpfhz;
ek;g[W ghh; Kjy; ehj tiua[s ehl;ltUk; ed;F
Kfh;e;jdh; tpae;jhh; ed;kzk; <bjdnt
kyh; kzj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh;; bgU";n$hjp;

njhw;wkhFk;/
mfj;nj me;jf; fhl;rpiaf; fz;L fspf;Fk;
ntisapy; kjp kz;lyj;jKjk; ehtpd; tHpahf
80
,w';Fk;/ me;j mKjk; cz;lth;fs;

kuzkiltjpy;iy/
xf;f mKjj;ij cz;nlhk; ,dpr; rw;Wk;
tpf;fy; tuhJ fz;lha; vd;W ghLthh;/
,jDld; rpw;rig mDgtk; epiwt[Wfpd;wJ/

ngbuhspapd; eLnt bghd;bdhsp njhd;Wk;/
,g;bghd;bdhspna bghw;rig MFk;/
,g;bghd;bdhspapd; eLnt brt;bthsp njhd;Wk;/

,Jnt ,iwtd; ,jd; mirnt eluhr eldk;/ ,e;j
xsp clk;gpy; fyg;gnj ,iwtDld; fyj;jy; MFk;/
,e; epfH;r;rp ,e;j epyt[yfpy; clk;g[ cs;s nghnj
Vw;gl ntz;Lk;/ ,e;j mDgtk; bgw;wth;fns
flt[s;epiy mwpe;J mk;kakhdth;fs;/ mth;fs; njfk;
vd;Wk; vjdhYk; mHptjpy;iy/ ts;syhh; bgw;w
mDgtk; ,Jnt/ ehk; xt;bthUtUk; bgw ntz;oa
mDgtKk; ,Jnt/ ts;sw; bgUkhdhh; Jiz ,Ue;J
ekf;Fk; mth; bgw;w ngw;wpid mspg;ghuhf/
Md;kh:
kdpj njfj;jpy; Md;khthdJ jdpj;J
,Uf;fpwJ/ mjdhy; mJ clk;ig tpl;L btspnawp
kuzj;ij clk;gpw;F Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ/ me;j
Md;khit ,Ujak; EiuaPuy; nghd;w cs; cWg;ghf
khw;wpdhy; mJ clk;ig tpl;L btspnawhJ/ ehk;
bra;af; Toa jtj;jpd; tpist[ me;j Md;khit mf
cWg;ghf khw;WtjhFk;/ mjw;bfdnt rpw;rigahfpa
g[Ut kj;jp kdpjDf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ/ Mjhuk; :
mfg;g{ mft[Wg;ghf;f mjw;fit
81
mfj;nj tFj;j mUl;bgU";n$hjp

(mfty;)
vdnt g[Ut kj;jpapy; kdij epWj;jpj; jtk;

bra;J Md;khit cs; cWg;ghf;fp mJ btspnaw
bthl;lhky; jLj;J tplyhk;/ jt btg;gk; Vw Vwj;
J}y clk;ghdJ Rj;j njfkhfkhWk;/ kuzj;ij
,t;thW jtph;f;f Koa[k;/ rpe;jpg;nghk; ? ts;syhh;
fhl;Lk; tHpiaj; Jy;ypakhf mwpar; rd;khh;f;f
r';fj;ijr; rhh;nthk;/ mth; fhl;oa tHp ele;J
kuzj;ij bty;nthk;/ vd;Wk; thH;nthk;/ thH;f
ts;syhh; xsp bewp/ tsh;f Md;k neak;/
tpdh tpil
1) jf;f Mrhhpaidf; bfhz;L bew;wpf;

fz;izj; jpwf;fg; bgw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;
vd;W ts;syhh; Twpa[s;shh;/ jf;f Mrhhpadpd;
yl;rzk; vd;d>
ts;sy; bgUe;jif mUl;bgU";n$hjp mfty;

vd;w xd;iw (1596 thpfs; bfhz;lJ)
82
vGjpa[s;shh;/ mjpny rhfhf; fy;tpapd; juk;

,J vd tpsf;fpa[s;shh;/ thpfs; 1039 Kjy;
1066 tiu)
1/ rh!;j;jpu "hdk; (gu "hdk;)

2/ mDgt "hdk; (mgu "hdk;)
3/ kjp epiy ? utpapd; tsh; epiy ?
mdypd; jpjp epiy
4/ fz epiy ? mtw;wpd; ? fU
epiy
5/ gjp epiy ? gR epiy ? ghr
epiy
6/ gpuk ufrpak;
7/ guk ufrpak;
8/ rpt ufrpak;
9/ rj;jpay; ? rpj;jpay;
10/ mwpgit
11/ nfl;git
12/ fhz;git
13/ bra;git
14/ cz;git
,tw;iw ed;F mwpe;J tpsf;ff; Toath;fis

xUthW FUthf Vw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;
(my;yJ)
g[j;jp jj;Jtj;jhy; ed;ik jPikia tprhhpj;J
ed;ikna cUtha; tps';Fk;/ bghpahiuj; Jiz
bfhz;L mtuhy; ,lg;gLk; jpUg;gzpiaf;
iff;bfhz;L ,ilawhJ bra;apy; mt;tUisg;
bgwyhk; (ciueil gf;fk; 453)
,t;thW njoa[k; xU FUit milayhk;/
83
2/ bew;wpf; fz;izj; jpwe;J bfhz;ljw;F vd;d

milahsk;>
bew;wpapd; g[Ut kj;jpapy; vWk;g[
Ch;tJnghy Xh; czh;t[ Vw;gLk;/ me;j
czh;itf; ftdpg;gnj jpahd Muk;gk;/ bew;wpf;
fz;izj; jpwe;J bfhz;ljw;F me;j czh;nt
milahskhFk;/
3/ ve;bje;j ntisfspy; jpahdk; bra;a ntz;Lk;>

fhiy.khiy. kj;jpahdk;. ,ut[. ahkk;
itfiw ,e;j MW ntisfspYk; jpahdk;
bra;a ntz;Lk;/
Mjhuk;
kLf;fEk; nguUs; jz; mKJ vdf;nf khiya[k;
fhiya[k; kj;jpahdj;Jk;
fLf;Fk; ,utpDk; ahkj;Jk; tpoaw;
fhiyapYk; je;J vd; fLk;grp jPh;j;J
vLf;F ew;whbahLk; ,ize;J epw;fpd;wPh;
,iwatnu ck;ik ,';F fz;ly;yhy;
mLf;ftpH; fiy vLj;J cLf;ft[k; khl;nld;
mUl;bgU";n$hjpaPh; Miz Ek;kPnj
(ghly; vz; 532)
4/ jpahdk; bra;a[k;nghJ kdjpy; vij epidf;f

ntz;Lk;>
vija[k; epidf;ff; TlhJ/ g[Ut

kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; me;j czh;it kl;Lk;
ftdpf;f ntz;Lk;/ ehj xyp nfl;fpd;wjh
vd;W kl;Lk; Th;e;J ftdpf;f ntz;Lk;/
jpahdk; bra;a[k; ntisapy; K:r;R tyJ gf;fk;
tUk;go tyJ fhiy ,lJ fhypd; nky;
84
itj;Jr; Rfhrdj;jpy; brt;itahf mku

ntz;Lk;/ Mjhuk; :
N:hpa fiy vd;gJ tyJ ehrpapy; Rthrpg;gJ/

re;jpu fiy vd;gJ ,lJ ehrpapy; Rthrpg;gJ/
N:hpa fiyapy; jpahdk; bra;a ntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;F Mjhuk;/
@My kuj;joapy; N:hpaid tz';f ntz;oaJ
vd;gJ vd;bddpy; N:hpa fiyapy; jpahdk;
Kjypa bray;fs; bra;a ntz;oaJ gw;wpr;
brhd;dJ/@ (ciueil gf;fk; 398 jiyg;g[ 80)
vija[k; epidf;fhky; ehjj;ij cw;Wf; nfl;f
ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F Mjhuk; :
muR tUfpd;w bjd;nw miwfpd;nwd; eP jhd;
IaKnwy; cw;Wf;nfs; mirahJ njhHp
KuR r';F tPiz Kjy; ehj xyp kpft[k;
KH';FtJ jpUnkdp tH';F bja;t kze;jhd;
tpur v';Fk; tPRtJ ehrp caph;j;jwpf
tPjpvyhk; mUl;n$hjp tps';FtJ fhz;f
gurp vjph; bfhs;SJk; ehk; fw;g{u tpsf;Fg;
ghpe;bjLj; bjd;Dld; tUf bjhpe;jLj;J
kfpH;e;nj (2498)
5/ $gk; jpahdk; jtk; K:d;iwa[k; tpsf;Ff/
FUthdth; cgnjrpf;Fk; ke;jpuj;ijg; gyKiw

cr;rhpg;gJ $gk;/
g[wj;nj Xh; cUtj;ij itj;J mjid cs;ns

fhz Kaw;rpg;gJ jpahdk;/
85
vija[k; epidahky; kdij xU epiyapy;

itj;Jr; bray;glhky; ,e;jphpa';fisa[k;
fuz';fisa[k; epWj;Jtnj jtk;/
6/ ,e;j tpsf;f';fl;F vd;d Mjhuk;>
$gk; :
brt;tha;f; fpHik tpuj Kiw ek; bgUkhdhh;

vGjpaUspapUf;fpwhh;/ mjpy; mth;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ
@Xk; tapj;jpa eh jha ek vd;W E}w;bwl;L.
Mapuj;bjl;L ,uz;oy; ve;j msthtJ
brgpj;J ////////@ (ciueil gf;fk; 583)
jpahdk;
@jpahdk; bra;a ntz;Lkhfpy; VjhtJ Xh;

cUtj;ijj; jpahdpf;f ntz;Lk;/ epc;&fskha;
,Uf;fg;glhJ/ cUtkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
mUtkhfj; jpahdpf;fg;glhJ/ gpd;
cUt';fiue;J mUtkhFk;/ Jitjkhf
,Ue;jhy; mj;itjk; jhnd MFk;/ vg;go
vdpy; ghh;f;Fk; jhd; bfLtJ mj;itjk;/
ghh;f;fg;gLk; bghUSk; bfLtJ mjPjk;
rj;jpak;/@ (ciueil gf;fk; 398/ jiyg;g[ 81/
jpahdk;)
jtk;
,d;W tUnkh ehisf;nf tUnkh my;yJ kw;
bwd;W tUnkh mwpnad; v';nfhnt Jd;Wky
btk;khia aw;W btspf;Fs; btsp fle;J
86
Rk;kh ,Uf;Fk; Rfk;/
kd; g[Ut eL Kjyh kdk; g[ijj;J beL';fhyk;

vd; g[Utha;j; jtk; bra;thh; vy;yhUk; Vkhf;f
md;g[Utk; bgw;wjd; gpd; mUSUtk; mile;J
gpd;dh;
,d;g[Utk; Mapid eP vHpy; thjt{h; ,iwna/
g[Ut kj;jpapy; kdk; g[ijj;J epw;gnj

jtk; vd;gJk; ,e;jphpa';fSk; fuz';fSk;
fle;J Rk;kh ,Ug;gnj mjd; Rfk; vd;gJk;
tps';Fk;/
7/ $gk;. jpahdk;. jtk; Mfpa K:d;wpDs; ts;syhh;

bra;jJ vd;d>
jtk; jhd;/ (Mjhuk;)
ehnd jtk; g[hpe;njd; ek; bgUkhd; ey;yUshy;

ehnd mUl;rpj;jp ehlile;njd; ? ehnd
mHpah totk; mit K:d;Wk; bgw;nwd;
,Hpahky;MLfpd;nwd; ,';F (2247)
jhd; jtk; g[hpe;jijg; gyg;gy ghly;fspy;

ts;syhh; TWfpd;whh;/
8/ jtk; bra;nthh; milaf; Toa mDgt';fis

thpirg; gLj;jpf; Tw Koa[kh>
Kf;fpakhd rpwg;g[ tha;e;j mDgt';fis

ts;sw; bgUe;jif vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;/
1/ g[Ut kj;jpapy; czh;t[
2/ ehj mDgtk;
3/ fhl;rp mDgtk;
87
4/ mKjk; cz;Qqjy;
5/ ,iwtndhL fye;J kuzj;ij
bty;Yjy;
Mjhuk;
1) Rw;wJ kw;wt;tHp khN:jJ vd;W vz;zhj;
bjhz;lbuyhk; fw;fpd;whh; gz;Lkpd;W';
fhzhh;
vw;w Jk;g[ kzpkd;wpy; ,d;g elk; g[hpa[k;
vd;Dila Jiuna ehd; epd;Dila
mUshy;
fw;wJ epd;dplj;nj gpd; nfl;lJ epd;dplj;nj
fz;lJ epd;dplj;nj cl;bfhz;lJ
epd;dplj;nj
bgw;wJ epd;dplj;nj ,d;g[w;wJ epd;dplj;nj
bghpa jtk; g[hpe;njd; vd; bgw;wp
mjprank (3044)
2) mwpgit vyhk; mwptpj; bjd;Ds;ns

gpwptw tps';Fk; bghpa rw;FUnt
nfl;git vyhk; nfl;gpj; bjd;Dns
ntl;ifapd; tps';Fk; tpky rw;FUnt
fhz;git bayhk; fhl;L tpj;bjdf;nf
khz;gjk; mspj;J ta';F rw;FUnt
bra;git vyhk; bra; tpj;bjdf;nf
ca;git mspj;bjDs; X';F rw;FUnt
cz;git vyhk; cz;Qqtpj; bjd;Ds;
gz;gpdpy; tps';Fk; guk rw;FUnt
(mfty; thp 1055 ? 1064)
9/ ntW mDgt';fs; VnjDk; cz;lh>
i) ehj mDgtj;jpy; ,e;j clk;gpypUe;J kyh;

kzk; tPRk;/ Mjhuk;
88
mk;gyj;nj jpUel";bra; mokyh; vd; Konky;

mzpe;J bfhz;nld; md;bghLk; vd;
MUaph;f;Fk; mzpe;njd;
vk;guj;nj kzf;Fk; me;j kyh; kzj;ijj; njhHp
vd; ciug;ngd; ciuf;f vd;why;
vd;dstd;wJnt
tk;gpirj;njd; md;wo eP vd; mUnf ,Ue;Jd;
kzp ehrp milg;gjidj; jpwe;J
Kfh;e;jwpfhz;
ek;g[W ghh;Kjy; ehjtiua[s ehl;ltUk;
ed;F Kfh;e;jdh; tpae;jhh; ed; kzk;
<bjdnt (2448)
ii) ,iwtDld; fye;j gpd;dh; clk;gpy; fw;g{u
kzk; tPRkhk;/ Mjhuk;
fw;g{uk; kzf;fpd;wbjd; clk;g[ KGJk; fzth;
jpUnkdpapny fye;j kzk; mJjhd;
,w;g{j kzk;nghny kiwtjd;W fz;lha;,aw;if
kzk; Jhpa epiw ,iw totj;Jsnj
bghw;g{t[k; eWkzKk; fz;lwpahh; cyfh;
g[z;zpadhh; jpUtotpy; ez;zpa thwJnt
ew;g{jp mzpe;j jpUtot[ Kw;Wk; njhHp
ehd; fz;nld; ehd; g[zh;e;njd; ehd; mJ
Mndnd (2457)
iii) g[Ut kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; czh;tDgtk;

bjhlh;e;J ,uhky; rpy fhyk; jilgl;oUf;Fk;
Mjhuk;/
,th;f;Fk; vdf;Fk; bgU tHf;fpUf;fpd;wJ / / /

md;W ,njh tUfpd;nwd; vd;W nghdth; m';nf
89
ahh; bra;j jilahnyh ,Ue;jhh; vd;

ifapy; r';if
,d;W jk; ifapy; bfhz;nl te;J epw;fpd;whh;
,';nf ,e;jf; fjit K:L ,th; nghtjpdp
v';nf (1232)
,e;jg; ghly; Mwhk; jpUKiwf;
fPh;j;jidg; gFjpapy; cs;sJ/ Ie;jhk;
jpUKiwapypUe;J kw;WbkhU ghliyf;
fhzyhk;/
jdpj;j guehj Koj;jyj;jpd; kpirj; jiyj;nj
jiytbuyhk; tz';f epd;w jiytd; eluh$d;
,dpj;j Rfk; mwpe;J bfhsh ,sk; gUte;jdpny
vd; g[Ut eL ,Ue;jhd; gpd;g[ fz;nld;
,y;iy
mdpj;jkpyh ,r; rhpjk; ahh;f;Fiug;ngd; me;njh
mtd; mwpthd; ehd; mwpntd; maywpthh;
csnuh
Jdpj;j epiy tpLj;bjhUfhy; Rj;j epiy
mjdpy; Rf'; fz;Lk; tpLntndh brhy;yha; vd;
njhHp (3026)
(iv) bjhlh;e;J Kd;ndw Koahky; gytpjkhd

jilfs; Vw;gLk;:
ehk; ,e;j epiyf;F cah;e;J tpl;nlhk; vd;w
Mztk; Vw;glyhk;/
jtj;jpy; Kjypy; ,Ue;j Mh;tk; gog;goahff;
Fiwe;J nghfyhk;/
mf';fhuk; Vw;gl;Lj; jtj;ijj; jil
bra;ayhk;/
kz;. bgz;. bghd;. g[fH; ,g;go VjhfpYk; Xh;

,r;irapy; kdk; gw;wyhk;/
90
Mztk;. khia. fd;kk; Mfpa Kk;ky';fisj;

jLf;f mUs; Jiz fpl;lhkYk; nghfyhk;/
(Mjhuk;)
"hdkzpg; bghJel";bra; jpUto fz;olnt

elf;fpd;nwd; me;njh Kd; ele;j tHp
mwpnad;
CdkpFk; Mztkhk; ghtp vjph;g; gLnkh
cilikbayhk; gwpj;jpLnkh eilbkype;J
nghnkh
<dKWk; mf';fhug; g[yp FWf;nf tUnkh
,r;ir baDk; ,uhf;fjg; nga; vidg;
gpoj;Jf; bfhSnkh
Mdkyj; jil ePf;f mUs; Jizjhd; cWnkh
Iah; jpUt[sk; vJnth ahJ kwpe;jpynd/
(119)
10/ ehk; jt mDgtj;jpy; tsh;e;J tUfpnwhk;

vd;gjw;F vspa mDgtk; VnjDk; cz;lh>
ehk; cz;Qqfpd;w cztpd; mst[k; ehk;
J}';Ffpd;w J}f;fj;jpd; mst[k; Fiwe;J
bfhz;nl tUk;/ MirfSk; Fiwe;J tUk;/
Mjhuk;
@jpahdk; kakhdhy; bghrpg;g[ khWk;@
(ciueil gf;fk; 533)
11/ jtk; bra;a vg;go cl;fhh;e;J vt;thW bra;a

ntz;Lk;>
,lJ fhypd; kPJ tyJ fhy;

,Uf;Fk;gor; Rfhrdk; ,l;L mkuntz;Lk;/
91
KJF neuhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ ,uz;L

fz;fisa[k; g[Utkj;jpia nehf;Fk;go epWj;j
ntz;Lk;/ bjw;F nehf;fp cl;fhu ntz;Lk;/
kdjpy; vija[k; epidahky; g[Ut kj;jpapy;;
njhd;Wk; czh;tpy; kl;Lk; ehl;lk; itf;f
ntz;Lk;/
12/ bjw;F nehf;fp cl;fhu ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F

vd;d Mjhuk;>
jpU mUl;gh ciueilapy; ts;syhh;

Twpa[s;sJ/
fpHf;F ? jpf;if nehf;fpj; jpahdk;
bra;fpd;wJ nghf rpj;jpiag;
bgWfpd;wjw;F
nkw;F ? brhh;z rpj;jpiag;
bgWfpwjw;F
bjw;F ? rhfhf;fiyia (epj;jpa
njfj;ija[k; "hd
rpj;jpiaa[k;) bgWfpwjw;F
tlf;F ? rpj;j Rj;jpiag; bgWfpwjw;F
bjw;F rhfhf; fiyia epj;jpa

njfj;ijj; jUtjhy; bjw;F nehf;fp cl;fhu
ntz;Lk;/ (ciueil gf;fk; 349)
13) fz;fs; ,uz;Lk; g[Ut kj;jpia nehf;f
ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F vd;d Mjhuk;>
,e;jg; ghliyf; ftdpa[';fs; :
md;dg; ghh;g;ghy; mHfhk; epiya{nl
mk;gyk; bra;J epd;whLk; mHfh;
Jd;dg; ghh;j;J vd; caph;j; njhHpa[k; ehDk;
N:jhLfpd;w mr;N:Hypy; te;nj
cd;idg; ghh;j;Jd;Ds;ns vd;idg; ghuhnj
92
Ciug; ghh;j;njho cHy;fpd;w bgz;nz

vd;idg; ghh; vd;fpd;whh; vd;do mk;kh
vd;if gpof;fpd;whh; vd;do mk;kh/
(2404)
14/ nkw;Twpa ghlypd; tpsf;fk; vd;d>
md;dg; ghh;g;g[ vd;gJ md;dg; gwitf;

F";R MFk;/ md;dg; gwitia nehpy;
ghh;f;fhtpl;lhYk; glj;jpy; ghh;j;jpUf;fpd;nwhk;/
thj;jpd; cly; nghYk; bfhf;fpd; fGj;jpd;
nghYk; ,Uf;Fk;/ ekJ fz;fs; md;dg;
gwitapd; clyhf ,Uf;Fk;gog; glk; xd;W
tiue;jhy; mJ ,t;thW ,Uf;Fk;
md;dg; gwitapd; mHfhd epiy g[Ut

kj;jpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ/ me;j epiyna
mk;gyk; vd;gJ/ m';nf eldk; MLfpd;whdhk;
,iwtd;/ Jd;dg; ghh;j;J vd;why; beU';fpg;
ghh;j;J vd;W bghUs;/ fz;fs; ,uz;odhYk;
g[Ut kj;jpia nehf;fpdhy; mit beU';Fk;/
15/ ve;jtpjr; rhjid bra;a ntz;Lk; vJ

ntz;lhk; vd;W ts;syhh; v';fhtJ
TwpapUf;fpwhuh>
93
,lJ ehrpj;Jthuj;jpy; K:r;ir ,Gj;J

cs;ns rpwpJ neuk; mlf;fpg; gpd;dh; tyJ
ehrpj; Jthuj;jpd; tHpahf btspna tpl;L
kWgo tyJ ehrpapy; ,Gj;J cs;ns mlf;fp
,lJ ehrp tHpahf btspna tpLfpd;w Rthrg;
gapw;rp xd;W cz;L/ ,jw;F vz;zpf;if
mst[Tl cz;L/ ,ijg; g{ufk; Fk;gfk; nurfk;
vd;W TWthh;fs;/ ,e;jg; gapw;rp ntz;lhk;
vd;fpwhh;/
fz;fspYs;s fUtpHpia kiwf;fr;

bra;jYk;. mtw;iwr; Rw;WjYk;. mtw;iwf;
bfhz;L ,ikahky; cw;W nehf;FjYk; nghd;w
gapw;rpa[k; ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh;/
Xh; Mrhid mile;J mtdplk; mwpt[

tpsf;fk; bgw;W fuz';fs; eP';fpf; fdy;
vGk;g[fpd;w gapw;rp ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;whh;/
Mjhuk;/
gw;WjYk; tpLjYk; cs; mlf;FjYk; kPl;Lk;

gLjbyhL RLjYk; g[z;gLj;jYk; ,y;yhnj
cw;bwhsp bfhz;nlh';fp v';Fk; jd; kakha; "hd
cUthfp caph;f;Fapuha; X';Ffpd;w beUg;ng
Rw;WjYk; njhd;WjYk; kiwjYk; btr;brd;nw
RLjYk; ,y;yhJ vd;Wk; Jy';Ffpd;w Rlnu
Kw;Wk; czh;e;jth; csj;nj jpUr;rpw;wk;gyj;nj
Ka';Fk; elj;junr vd; bkhHpa[k; mzpe;jUns/
(850)
gw;Wjy;: K:r;Rf;fhw;iw cs;ns

,Gj;jy; ? g{ufk;
94
tpLjy;: K:r;Rf;fhw;iw
btspna tpLjy; ? nurfk;
cs;slf;Fjy;: K:r;Rf;fhw;iw cs;nsna
mlf;Fjy; Fk;gfk;
kPz;Lk; gLjy; ? ,t;thW kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; bra;jy;
RLjy; ? btg;gk; cz;lhFjy;

g[z;gLj;jy; ? K:yj;jpy; uj;jk; btspg;gLjy;
,y;yhJ ? ,it ,y;yhky;
Rw;WjYk; ? fz;fisr; RHw;Wk; gapw;rp
njhd;WjYk; mg;gona fz;fis epWj;Jjy;
kiwjYk; fUtpHpiag; gpd;gf;fk; jpUg;gp
bts;is epwk; kl;Lk;
btspna bjhpa[k;gor; bra;jy;
btr;brd;nw rLjYk; ? fz;fis ,ikf;fhJ
epWj;jp vhpf;Fk;gor; bra;jy;
,y;yhJ ? ,itfs; ,y;yhky;
cw;W xsp bfhz;L ? Mrhhpad; mDf;fpufj;jhy;
xsp bgw;W
X';fp ? mjid tsur; bra;a[k; jtk;
,J ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;/
16/ mt!;j;ijfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
mt!;j;ijfs; K:d;W ? mitahtd $hf;uj;.

brhg;dk;. RGj;jp vd;gdthFk;/
17/ mtw;wpd; tpsf;fk; vd;d>
cs;sk; gpj;j cc;&zj;njhL To

yyhl!;jhdj;jpy; epw;gJ $hf;uj;/ brhg;dkhtJ
95
thj ehonahL Tof;fz;l !;jhdj;jpy;

,Ug;gJ RGj;jpahtJ cs;sk; rpnyj;Jk;
ehonahL To khh;g[ !;jhdj;jpy; epw;gJ
(ciueil gf;fk; 395. jiyg;g[ 70)
18/ mUspaypy; cs;sth;fis vj;jid tifaha;

ts;syhh; gphpf;fpwhh;>
moah; vd;Wk; md;gh; vd;Wk; ,uz;lhfg;

gphpf;fpd;whh;/ Mjhuk;/
broaWj;nj jpl njfKk; nghfKk;

moaUf;nf jUk; mUl;bgU";n$hjp
Jd;gWj;J xU rpt Jhpa Rfe;jid

md;gUf;nf jUk; mUl;bgU";n$hjp
19/ moaUf;Fk; md;gUf;Fk; cs;s tpj;jpahrk;

vd;d>
jpl njfKk; nghfKk; kl;Lk; moah; bgWth;/

Jhpa Rfk; md;gUf;Ff; fpl;Lk;/
20/ md;gh; vd;gth; ahh;>
md;gh; vd;gJ bghUs; g[fHhjpiaf;

Fwpj;Jg; gapy;nthiu ePf;fpr; rpthde;jk; ve;ehs;
milJk; vd;W ,iltplhJ mjidna
tpUk;gpg; gapy;nthiuf; Fwpj;jJ vd;W czh;f/
96
(ciueil gf;fk; 170 ? xHptpbyhLf;fg; ghapu

tpUj;jp)
mfg; gzpahfpa jtk; bra;nthiu md;gh;

vd;W jpU mUl;gh tpsf;Ffpd;wJ/ Mjhuk;
kzthsh; tUfpd;w jUzkpJ kltha;

khspifapd; thapbyyhk; tsk;bgw eP g[idf
Fzthsh; miza[k; kyh; miz mfj;ij ehnd
Fyt[ kzp tpsf;fj;jhy; my';fhpf;fg;
g[Fntd;
jzthj Rfe;jUk; vd; jdpf; fzth; thpnyh
rw;Wk; may; thjidfs; cw;wpLjy; Mfh
mzthj kdj;jtiug; g[wg; gzpf;nf tpLf
md;g[ilahh; fSf;fpLf mfg;gzp bra;jplnt
(2466)
21/ Kd; brhd;d ghliy tpsf;Ff :-
kzthsh; tUfpd;w jUzkpJ kltha;

vd;id kze;j vd; fzth; tUk; neuk;
,JthFk; njhHp
njhHp vd;gJ kdk;
khspifapd; thapbyyhk; tsk;bgw eP g[idf/
khspif ? njfk;
thapy; ? bka; tha; fz; K:f;F brtp
Mfpa ,e;jphpa';fs;
,e;j njfj;jpYs;s Ie;J

,e;jphpa';fshfpa bka;. tha;. fz;. K:f;F. brtp
Mfpaitw;iw Fw;w';fs; ,y;yhJ J}a;ikahf
itj;Jf; bfhs;/ Kjypy; ,e;jphpa
xGf;fj;jpw;F th vd;W bghUs;/
97
Fzthsh; miza[k; kyh; miz mfj;ij

ehnd
Fyt[ kzp tpsf;fj;jhy; my';fhpf;fg; g[Fntd;
vy;yh ew;Fz';fSk; mikag; bgw;w vd;

fzth; vd;id mizaf; Toa ,lk; vd;
mfkhfpa g[Ut kj;jpapy; cs;s kyuizna
ahFk;/ me;j kyuizia ehnd vd; ,uz;L
fz;fis beUf;fpg; ghh;j;J mHF gLj;Jntd;/
kzp ? vd;gJ fz;kzp
Fyt[ ? vd;gJ ,Uth; kfpH;t[ld;
beU';fp beU';fp;
cwthLtijf; Fyht[jy;
vd;fpnwhk;/,uz;L fz;fSk;
beU';fpg; g[Ut kj;jpia
nehf;Ftijna Fyt[ kzp
tpsf;fk; vd;whh;/
jzthj Rfe;jUk; vd; jdpf; fzth; thpnyh

rw;Wk; may; thjidfs; cw;wpLjy; Mfh/
jzpahj ,d;gk; mspf;fpd;w vdJ
xg;gw;w fzth; tUifapy; vdf;Fg;
g[wk;ghf cs;s ve;jr; bra;jpa[k;
cs;ns EiHaf; TlhJ/
mzthj kdj;jtiug; g[wg;gzpf;nf tpLf
md;g[ilahh; fSf;fpLf mfg;gzp bra;jplnt
,ij xg;g[f; bfhs;shj kdk;
cilath;fl;Fg; g[wj;nj bra;af;
Toa ntiyfis ,Lf/ rpthDgt
tpUg;gKilath;fl;nf mfg; gzpahfpa
jtk; bra;gzp ,Lf/
98
22/ jtk; bra;tJ mtrpak; vd;W ts;syhh;

typ;a[Wj;jp cs;shuh>
Mk;/ mDgtkhiyg; ghlypy; ,ijtpl mjhtJ
jtk; bra;tij tpl ehd; bra;af; Toa gzp
ntW vd;d TW vd;W tpdt[fpwhh;/ Mjhuk;
jhH; FHyha; vidr; rw;nw jdpf;f tpl;lhy; "hd

rigj; jiyth; tUfpd;w jUzkpJ ehd; jhd;
thH;til bghd; kz;lgj;nj gspf; fiwapD}nl
kyuizia my';fhpj;J itj;jpLjy; ntz;Lk;
N:Gw ehd; my';fhpg;ngd; vd;fpd;wha; njhHp
Jiuf;F kdkpy;iyaJ Jzpe;jwpe;njd; gyfhy;
VH; flypy; bghpjd;nwh ehdile;j Rfkp';F
,ijtpl ehd; bra; gzp ntbwg;gzp eP ,ak;ng
(2464)
jhH; FHyha; vd;Wk; njhHp vd;Wk; ,';F

miHf;fg;gl;lJ kdijna MFk;/ kdk;
my';fhuk; bra;tJ ,iwtDf;Fr;
rk;kjkpy;iy vd;Wk; ehd; mile;j Rfk; VG
fliy tplg; bghpaJ vd;Wk; ,ijtpl ehd;
bra;gzp ntbwg;gzp vd;Wk; nfl;fpwhh;/ jtk;
bra;tJ vjida[k; tpl kpf kpf mtrpak;
vd;gJ tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/
99
23/ rpw;rig bghw;rig ,uz;Lk; kdpj clk;gpy;

v';nf ,Uf;fpd;wd>
kdpj njfj;jpy; g[Ut kj;jpna rpw;rig

MFk;/ Mrhhpad; xUtid mQqfp mtdplk;
rhjid vg;gor; bra;tJ vd;W fw;Wf;
bfhz;lJk; vWk;g[ Ch;tJ nghy Xh; czh;t[
njhd;Wk;/ me;j czh;t[ bjhl';fp ehj
mDgtj;jpw;Fg; gpd; njhd;Wk; ngbuhspf;
fhl;rpa[ld;. mKjk; cz;gJ tiu rpw;rig
mDgtk; MFk;/
ngbuhspapd; eLnt njhd;Wk;
bghd;bdhspa[k; mjd; eLnt njhd;Wk;
cs;bshspahfpa brt;bthspa[k; bghw;rig
mDgt';fs; MFk;/
Mjhuk;/
fs;Sz;lhbsdg; g[fd;whh; fdfrig eLnt
fz;lJz;L rpw;rigapy; cz;lJk; cz;lo ehd;
vs;Sz;l gytplaj;jpwf;F';fs; md;nw
vd;Wk; ,wth epiyapy; ,Uj;J';fs; cyfh;
cs;Sz;l nghJ kaf;Fw;wpL';fs;; mynt
cs;s kaf;fidj;jpida[k; xHpj;jpL';fs; kltha;
ms;Sz;l gpwUk; vid mLj;jLj;Jf; fz;lhy;
mwpt[ jUk; mth;f;Fkp';nf ahDz;l fs;ns
(mDgtkhiy ghly; 12)
24/ rkaj; bja;t';fs;; gw;wp; ts;syhhpd;; fUj;J

vd;d>
xt;bthU rkaKk; xt;bthU bja;tj;ijj;

jiyikahf itj;J tHpgl;L tUfpd;wJ/
100
irtk; rptida[k;. itztk; ehuhazida[k;.

bfskhuk; KUfida[k;. fhzhgj;ak;
fzgjpiaa[k;. rhf;jk; rf;jpiaa[k; brsuk;
N:hpaida[k; ,njnghy; kw;w kj';fspy; ,!;yhk;
my;yhita[k;. fpwpj;Jtk; gukgpjhit a[k;.
i$dk; mUfiua[k;. tz';FtJ nghy
cyfj;jpYs;s mj;jid rka'; fSk; j';fs;;
bja;tnk cah;e;jJ vd;Wk; cz;ikahdJ
vd;Wk; nghjpg; gJld; kw;w bja;t';fs;
cz;ikapy; cs;sjy;y vd;Wk; nghjpf;fpd;wd/
vy;nyhUf;Fk; bghJthf ,iwtd;
xUtnd/ me;j xUtidj; jhd; xt;bthU
rkaKk; j';fs; j';fs; kdk;nghd nghf;fpy;
bgahpl;L tz';fp tUfpd;whh;fs;/ vy;yhg;
bgah;fSk; vy;yh tot';fSk; "hdpfspd;
fw;gidna jtpu cz;ikapy; ,Ug;gdty;y/
vdnt rkaj; bja;t';fis tHpghL bra;tJ
mtrpaky;y/
25/ rkaj; bja;t';fs;; fw;gidna vd;why;

bja;tj;jpd; cz;ikjhd; vd;d
xt;bthUtUk; j';fs; mfj;jpny jhd;
,iwtid mwpa Koa[nk jtpug; g[wj;jpy;
mJjhd; ,iwtd; vdf; fhl;l KoahJ/
Mjhuk; :
bghJ czh; czUk; nghjyhy; gphpj;nj
mJ vdpy; njhd;wh mUl;bgU";n$hjp
(mfty;)
26/ ,iwtid mUl;bgU";n$hjpahf ts;syhh;

TWfpd;whnu ? me;j mUl;bgU";n$hjpa[k;
mDgtk; jhdh>
101
Mk;/ mUl;bgU";n$hjpa[k; mDgtnk/ Mjhuk;

jD fuzhjpfs; jhk; fle;J mwpa[k; Xh;
mDgtkhfpa mUl;bgU";n$hjp
(mfty;)
27/ mUl;bgU";n$hjp vg;nghJ mDgtkhFk;>
jD vd;gJ cly;/ mjhtJ bka;. tha;.

fz;. K:f;F. brtp Mfpa Ie;J ,e;jphpa';fs;/
fuzhjpfs; vd;gJ kdk;. g[j;jp. rpj;jk;.

mf';fhuk; Mfpait MFk;/
,e;jphpa';fSk;. fuz';fSk; fle;j

epiyapy; mjhtJ bray;ghlw;w epiyapy;
mUl;bgU";n$hjp mDgtkhFk;/
28/ me;j mDgtk; vg;go ,Uf;Fk;>
kdk; bray;ghlw;w epiyapy; mjhtJ

tpe;J. ehjk;. gutpe;J vd;w epiyfs; fle;J
guehjk; vd;w epiy jtj;jpy; Vw;gLk;nghJ
ngbuhsp xd;W njhd;Wk;/ gpd;dh; mjd; eLnt
bghd;bdhsp njhd;Wk;/ Kotpy; mjd; eLnt
brt;bthsp njhd;Wk;/ ,e;jr; brt;bthspna
,iwtd; MFk;/
Mjhuk;:
<w;wwpnad; ,Ue;J ,Ue;J ,';F mjprag;gbjd; eP
vd;fpd;wha; eP vid tpl;L VFbjhWk; ehd;jhd;
fhw;wwpahj; jPgk; nghy; ,Ue;jpLk; mj;jUzk;
fz;l ghpR vd;g[fy;ntd; mz;lgfpuz;lk;
njhw;wwpahg; bgU";n$hjp kiy guehjj;nj njhd;wpaJ
M';F mjd; eLnt njhd;wpaJ xd;W mJjhd;
102
khw;wwpahg; bghd; xspnah mt;bthspf;Fs; MLk;

ts;sy; mUbshspnah <J mjprapf;Fk; tifna
(5767)
29/ kdk; vg;nghJ mWk;>
(nghj mirt[); mth mwpy; kdk; jhnd mWk;/

m`J
mwhj ,lj;J vt;thw;whDk; mwhJ/
30/ ghrk; vg;nghJ eP';Fk;>

jtk; bra;J guehj epiy mDgtk;
Vw;gLk; nghJ ghrk; mWk;/
Mjhuk; :
ghpf;fpuf epiy KGJk; bjhlh;e;njhk; nkiyg;
gutpe;J epiy midj;Jk; ghh;j;njhk; ghrk;
vhpf;Fk; ,aw; guehj epiyf; fz; bky;y
va;jpndhk; mg;ghYk; vl;og; nghndhk;
bjhpf;fhpa btsp K:d;Wk; bjhpe;njhk; v';Fk;
rptnk epd; rpd;kak; Xh; rpwpJk; njnwhk;
jhpf;fhpJ vd;W Mfk';fs; vy;yhg; nghw;wj;
jdpepd;w guk; bghUns rhe;jj; njnt
(kfhnjt khiy 64)
31/ ghrj;ij mWf;f ntW VnjDk; tHp cz;lh>
rhpia fphpia Koj;J nahf rhjidapy;
gjpa[ld; xd;W gl;lhy; ghrk; mWk;/ Mjhuk; :
103
gjp g{ir Kjy ew;fphpiaahy; kdk; vDk; gRfuzk;

<';F mRj;j ghtid mwr; Rj;j ghtidapy;
epw;Fk; bka;g; gjpnahf epiyik mjdhy;
kjp ghrk; mw;W mjpd; ml';fpLk; ml';fnt
kiytpd; bka;";"hd kakha; tut[ nghf;fw;w
epiyTLk; vd vdJns te;Jzh;t[ je;j FUnt
Jjp tha;ik bgW rhe;j gj nkt[ kjpank JhprW
Ra";n$hjpna njhif thfd kPjpy';f
tUnjhd;wny brhy;yhpa ey;y Jizna
jjp bgWk; brd;idapy; fe;j nfhl;lj;Js; tsh;
jynkh';F fe;jntns jz;Kfj; Ja;akzp
cz;Kfr; irtkzp rz;Kfj; bja;t kzpna
(bja;tkzp khiy 5)
32/ ts;syhh; ve;j epiy mile;jhh;>

ts;syhh; Kj;njf rpj;jp bgw;whh;/
33/ Kj;njf rpj;jp vd;gJ vd;d>
,e;j J}a njfj;ijr; Rj;j njfk;.

gpuzt njfk;. "hd njfk; Mf khw;wpf;
bfhs;tJ/
34/ J}y njfj;ijr; Rj;j. gpuzt. "hd njfkhf

khw;wpf; bfhz;lhy; J}y njfk; vd;d MFk;>
J}y njfk; jhd; Rj;j gpuzt "hd

njfkhf khWk;/
35/ njf khw;wj;ijr; rw;W tpsf;ft[k;>
FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ek;Kila KfKk;

njfKk; vg;go ,Ue;jd> thypg tajpy; Kfj;
104
njhw;wKk; cly; tsKk; vt;thW ,Ue;jd/

taJ Kjph;e;jt[ld; mnj KfKk; cly;
njhw;wKk; vt;thW tps';Ffpd;wd/ FHe;ijg;
gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;j Kfk; tajhd gpd; fpHL
jl;o tpLfpd;wnj/ milahsk; fhz
KoahjthW Kfj; njhw;wk; khWgl;L
tpLfpd;wnj/ me;j Kfk; ngha; ntW Kfkh
njhd;wpaJ/ xnu Kfk; FHe;ijg;
gUtj;jpypUe;J thypgg; gUtj;jpYk; gpd;dh;
tnahjpfg; gUtj;jpYk; vt;thW khw;wk;
mile;J tpLfpd;wnjh mt;thnw ,nj J}y
njfkhdJ Rj;j gpuzt "hd njfkhf
khWfpd;wJ/
36/ Rj;j njfj;ij vt;thW miltJ/ mjd;

jd;ik vd;d>
J}y njfkhdJ jt btg;gj;jpdhy;

ntjpf;fg;gLk;nghJ njf khw;wk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ/
MfhuKk; J}f;fKk; Fiwe;J bfhz;nl te;J
njitapy;iy vd;w epiy Vw;gLk;/ Mfhuk;
,y;yhjjhy; ky$yKk; ,Uf;fhJ/ tpah;ita[k;
epHYk; ,Uf;fhJ/ njfk; njhd;Wk; gpogLk;/
taJ 12 taJ gUtk;/ Rj;j njfj;jpd;
jd;ik ,t;thW ,Ug;gJld; cnuhkKk; tsh;r;rp
jhH;r;rp ,y;yhJ epd;W tpLk;/
37/ gpuzt "hd njf';fspd; jd;ik vd;d>
gpuzt njfk; njhd;Wk;/ gpoglhJ/ gUtk;

5 taJ gUtk; MFk;/ "hd njfk;
njhd;wpa[k; njhd;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk;/
105
38/ ,e;j K:d;W njf';fisa[k; ts;sw; bgUkhdhh;

tpsf;fpa[s;sthnw tpsf;Ff:
Rj;j njfk;
fhhpa U:gk;
gu czh;r;rp
gu mwpt[
guj;Jtk;
bghd; tz;zk;
mgu";rp khw;W
12 taJ gUtk;
eiu jpiu gpzp
K:g;g[ kyk; $yk;
tpah;it Mfhuk;
epj;jpiu jhfk;
rhia Kjypad
,y;yhik
nuhk tshr;rp
jhH;r;rp ,y;yhik
fh;k rpj;jp
fy;g njfp
mgu khh;f;fp
gpuzt njfk;
guk;gu njfk;
guk;gu mwpt[
guk;gu jj;Jtk;
16 Kjy; 108 tiu
khw;W
5 taJ Kjy; 8 taJ gUtk;
njfk; njhd;Wk; gpoglhJ
rh;t rpj;jp
gpuhz fy;g b$ae;jp
106
"hd njfk;
v';Fk; g{uz tpahgfk;
guhgu mwpt[
guhgu jj;Jtk;
mst[ fle;j khw;W ciuglhjJ
rg;j ka jhprdk;
cUtk; njhd;wpa[k; njhd;whkYk; ,Uf;Fk;
rh;t kfh rpj;jp
rh;t Rje;juk;
fhyhjPjd;
39/ ts;syhh; Rj;j njfk; bgw;whh; vd;gjw;F vd;d

Mjhuk;>
Rj;j njfk; epHy; ,Uf;fhJ/ epHw;glk;

(nghl;nlh Photo) vLf;f ,ayhJ/ ts;syhiu
xd;gJ Kiw Kaw;rp bra;Jk; mtuJ epHw;
glk; vLf;f ,ayhJ nghapw;W/ epHw; glj;jpy;
mth; cUtk; tpHtpy;iy/ mjdhy; xt;bthU
ts;syhh; glKk; xt;bthU tpjkhf
,Uf;fpd;wjw;F mtuJ cz;ikahd Kf
cUtk; epHw;glj;jpy; tpHhky; nghdnj fhuzk;/
,uhkfpUc;&z gukcwk;!h; tpntfhde;jh;
nghd;nwhhpd; epHw;glk; cs;sJ/ ts;syhhpd;
epHw;glk; ,y;iy/ mth; Rj;j njfk; bgw;wjw;F
,Jt[k; xU rhd;W/
40/ ts;syhh; bgw;w kuzkpyhg; bgU thH;tpw;F

mfr; rhd;W VnjDk; cz;lh>
107
jhd; mile;j me;j thH;itg; gyg;gyg;

ghf;fspy; giwrhw;wpa[s;shh;/ xd;wpuz;il
cjhuzkhf ,';nf fhzyhk;/
MLfpd;w nrtof;nf Mshndd; khshj ahf;if
bgw;nwd;
TLfpd;w rd;khh;f;f r';fj;nj eLtpUe;J
Fyht[fpd;nwd;
ghLfpd;nwd; ve;ij gpuhd; ghjg; g[fiHg;
ghog;gho
ePLfpd;nwd; ,d;gf; Tj;jhLfpd;nwd;
vz;zbkyhk; epuk;gpndnd
fhw;whny g[tpahny ffdkjdhny fdyhny
g[dyhny fjpuhjpahny
Tw;whny gpzpahny bfhiyf;fUtpahny nfhshny
gpwtpaw;Wk; bfhL"; bray;fshny
ntw;whny v";"hd;Wk; mHpahnj tps';Fk;
bka;aspf;fntz;Lbkd;nwd; tpiue;jspj;jhd;
Vw;whny ,Hpbtd ePh; epidahjPh; cyfPh;
ve;ij mUl;bgU";n$hjp ,iwtidr;rhh;tPnu/
ehnd jtk; g[hpe;njd; ek; bgUkhd; ey;yUshy;
ehnd mUl;rpj;jp ehlile;njd; ? ehnd
mHpah totk; mit K:d;Wk; bgw;nwd;
,Hpahky; MLfpd;nwd; ,';F/
41/ fhiyapy; fhprhiy J}Jis KRKRf;if
rPufk; ,it xd;W fye;j bghoia cz;z
ntz;Lk; vd;W ts;syhh; Twpa[s;shnu/ mjdhy;
Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; vd;d>
ehk; cz;Qqk; czit $Puzpg;gjw;Ff;

fy;yPuy; jhd; bgUk;gzp Mw;WfpwJ/ mf;
fy;yPuiyg; gGjilahJ ghJfhf;Fk;/
uj;jj;Jld; fye;Js;s kw;w fpUkpfis ehrk;
108
bra;tJld; ,uj;jj;ija[k; Rj;jkhf;Fk;/

mrf;jk; nghf;Fk;/ mjhtJ fisg;g[ milar;
bra;ahJ/ kuzj;jpw;F K:y fhuzkhd
rspiaa[k; ePf;Fk;/ thj gpj;j rpnyj;Jk';fs;
TlhkYk; Fiwah kYk; mst[ld; epw;Fk;/
42/ kw;w mUshsh;fs; Vd; Twtpy;iy>
kfhd;fs; mwpe;Jk; gytw;iw

,ufrpakhfnt fhg;ghw;wp kiwj;J tpl;lhh;fs;/
ek; kPJ bfhz;l bgU'; fUiz fhuzkhfnt
,tw;iwbay;yhk; ts;syhh; tpsf;fpdhh;/
43/ thdj;jpd; kPJ kapyhlf; fz;nld;

kapy; Fapyhr;Rjo mf;fr;rp
kapy; Fapyhr;Rjo // vd;W Xh; mUl;gh
ghh;j;njd;/ mjd; bghUs; vd;d>
thdk; vd;gJ g[Utkj;jp/ kapy;

MLk;nghJ jdJ njhifia tphpj;Jr;
rpyph;f;Fk;/ mjd; njhifapy; fz;nghd;W
epiwa ,Uf;Fk;/ g[Utkj;jpapy; bew;wpf; fz;
cs;s ,lj;jpy; Xh; mirt[ njhd;Wk;/ ekJ
,U fz;fshYk; mij cs;ns fhz ntz;Lk;/
,e;jj; jtk; bra;a[k; Kiwiaj;jhd; thdj;jpd;
kPJ kapyhlf; fz;nld; vd;whh;/ mt;thW ehk;
rhjid bra;J te;jhy; ehjk; nfl;Fk;/ ,e;j
mDgtj;ijna kapy; Fapy; Mr;Rjo vd;whh;/
,';nf mf;fr;rp vd;w xU brhy;iy ek;
bgUkhdhh; ifahSfpd;whh;/ mf;fr;rp vd;w
brhy;iyg; gphpj;jhy; mf; + mr;rp vd;W MFk;/
mr;R vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ/ mf; vd;gJ `
109
MFk;/ fPHpuz;L g[s;spfs; Kfj;jpuz;L fz;fs;/

nkYs;s g[s;sp bew;wpf; fz;/ kdpj clk;gpy;
,e;j K:d;W fz;fs; jhd; mr;R MFk;/
jtj;jpw;F Ma[jk; ,e;j K:d;Wnk/ mjdhy;
jhd; ,jid Ma[j vGj;J vd;whh;fs;/
44/ Ma[j g{i$ bfhz;lhLtjd; jj;Jtk; vd;d >
etuhj;jphp tpHhtpy; filrpahf Ma[j

g{i$ mjw;fLj;j ehs; tp$ajrkp/ mjhtJ
kfpc&hRu rk;khuk; Koe;j filrp ehs;/ ,jd;
tpsf;fk; vd;dbtdpy; kfpc&k; vd;gJ vUik/
vUik vd;gJ jhkr Fzk;/ mRud; vd;gJ
jhkj Fzj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; nfLfs;/ Ma[j
g{i$ vd;gJ FUtpd; mUshy; bew;wpf;
fz;izj; jpwe;J bfhz;L jtk; bra;J jhkr
Fzj;ij bty;tnj kfpc&hRu rk;khuk;/
45/ ntj';fs; Mfk';fs; g[uhz';fs; ,jpfhr';fs;

,it gw;wpa ts;syhh; fUj;J vd;d>
mitfspy; cz;ikfs; Twg; gl;Ls;sd/

MdhYk; me;j cz;ik fisg; ghku kf;fSk;
g[hpe;J bfhs;sf; Toa tifapy;
btspg;gilahfr; brhy;yhky;
kiwj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;/ mitfspy; Twg;gl;Ls;s
vy;yhr; rk;gt';fSk; fw;gidna jtpu cz;ik
tuyhwy;y/ cz;ik kiwf;fg;gl;L tpl;ljhy;
ve;j ed;ikiaf; fUjp mit vGjg;
gl;ldnth me;jg; gad; kf;fSf;Fr;nrutpy;iy
vd;gnj ts;syhh; fUj;J/ Mjhuk;
110
ntjhfk';fs; vd;W tPz; thjk;

MLfpd;wPh;
ntjhfkj;jpd; tpistwpaPh; N:jhfr;
brhd;dtyhy; cz;ik btspnjhd;w
ciuj;jypiy
vd;d gandh ,it/
46/ jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; jpUeht[f;furh; nghd;nwhh;

jpUk;gp tUthh;fs; vd;w ngr;rpw;nf vg;go
,lkpy;iynah mt;thnw ts;syhUk; jpUk;gp
tUthh; vd;w ngr;rpw;nf ,lkpy;iy vd;W
TWfpwhh;fns cz;ikah>
,y;iy/ jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; jpUeht[f;furh;

nghd;nwhh; jhk; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; clk;ig
kiwj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; rpj;Jf;fs; bgw;wjhf
,y;iy/ Mdhy; ts;syhh; 1870k; Mz;nl jd;
cliy kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L MW khj';fs;
fHpj;J btspg;gl;oUf;fpwhh;/ gpwFk; gyKiw
kiwe;J kiwe;J gpd;dh; btspte;jpUf;fpwhh;/
,ij mtuJ jiy khzhf;fh; bjh/ ntyha[j
Kjypahh; milahW gpUk;k "hd r';fj;jpw;F
mspj;j thf;FK:yj;jpy; Twpa[s;shh;/ clnyhL
kiwtJk; gpd;dh; clnyhL tUtJk; ts;syhh;
bgw;w ngW. vdnt Kd;nghynt kPz;Lk;
ts;syhuhy; tu Koa[k;/ tUthh;/
47/ mth; clnyhL kiwe;jjw;F muR Mjhuk;

cz;lh>
xUth; ,we;J tpl;lhy; mtuJ

brhj;Jf;fis mtuJ thhpRjhuh; clnd
mDgtpf;fyhk;/ Mdhy; xUth; fhzhky; ngha;
111
tpl;lhnyh rl;lg;go VG Mz;Lfs; fHpe;j

gpd;dh;jhk; thhpRfs; mtuJ brhj;Jf;fis
mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ ,Jjhd; ,e;jpa ehl;Lr;
rl;lk;/ ts;syhh; 1874k; Mz;L $dthp 30k;
ehs; fhzhky; ngha; tpl;lhh;/ mth; nghpypUe;j
tlY}h; jUkr;rhiy cs;spl;l epy';fSf;F
murh';fj;jhh; VG Mz;Lfs; rl;lg;gof;
fhj;jpUe;nj 1881k; Mz;L khh;r; khjk;jhd;
V$z;Lfis epakpj;jdh;/ ts;syhh; fhzhky;
nghdjw;F ,Jnt nghJkhd MjhukhFk;/
48/ ts;syhh; kiwe;jpue;j fhy';fspy; vd;d

bra;jpUg;ghh;>
jtk; jhd; bra;jpUg;ghh;/ ntW vd;d

bra;jpUf;f Koa[k;/
49/ ,g;g[j;jfj;ij ,Jtiu goj;jjdhy; vij

kf;fs; mwpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;>
ey;ybjhU tpdh/ bghWika[ld; goa[';fs;

:
1/ kdpjg; gpwtp vspjpy; fpl;lhj xd;W/

ekf;Ff; fpl;oa[s;sJ/
2/ gpwe;njhk; thH;fpnwhk; ,wf;fg; nghfpnwhk;
vd;w mwpt[ tpsf;fk; kdpjid jtpu
ntW ve;j $PtDf;Fk; fpilahJ/
112
3/ kdpjdha;g; gpwe;J Vd; kuzk; mila

ntz;Lk; vd;W rpe;jpf;f ntz;Lk;/
4/ gpzp. K:g;g[. gak;. Jd;gk;. Mgj;J. tpgj;J
nghd;w kuzj;jpw;Fhpa fhuz';fis czu
ntz;Lk;/
5/ ek;ikg; nghyg; gpwe;J tsh;e;j ts;syhh;
kuzj;ijbtd;wpUf;fpwhh; vd;gij
ed;whf czu ntz;Lk;/
6/ ek;khYk; kuzj;ij bty;y Koa[k; vd;w
ek;gpf;if bfhs;s ntz;Lk;/
7/ Kjypy; khkpr czit cz;zhky; mij
monahnl kwe;J tpl ntz;Lk;/
8/ ts;syhh; Twpa[s;s Mfhug; gf;Ftj;ija[k;.
,e;jphpa xGf;fk;. fuz xGf;fk;
Kjypatw;iwa[k; mjp jPtpu tpUg;g
Kaw;rpa[ld; gHf ntz;Lk;/
9/ xU ey;y FUit mLj;J ekJ bew;wpf;
fz;izj; jpwf;fg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;L
xt;bthUtUk; jtk; bra;a ntz;Lk;/
10/ me;jj; jt cc;&ze;jhd; clk;ig khw;Wk;
rf;jp cilaJ vd mwpa ntz;Lk;/
11/ rpdk; fhkk; cl;glj; jPa Fz';fs;
midj;jpida[k; ePf;f ntz;Lk;/
12/ rhpia fphpia nahfk; "hdk; Mfpa
ehd;F bewpfspYk; epw;f ntz;Lk;/
13/ rkaj; bja;t';fs; midj;Jk; fw;gidna
vd;W jPh;f;fkhf mwpa ntz;Lk;/
14/ ts;syhiuna bja;tkhf Vw;Wf; bfhz;L
gf;jp bra;a ntz;Lk;/ mth; fhl;oa
tHpapy; jtwhky; elf;f ntz;Lk;/
15/ vy;yh $Ptd;fsplKk; ,uf;fk; fhl;l
ntz;Lk;/ me;j ,uf;fj;jpw;F Xh; mst[
,Uf;ff; TlhJ/
113
16/ gpw caph;fs; kPJ fhl;Lk; jat[ xd;wpdhy;

kl;Lnk mUisg; bgw Koa[k; vd;W czu
ntz;Lk;/
17/ Toa mst[ epiwe;j kdJld; thHg;
gHf ntz;Lk;/
18/ bte;ePiuna Fof;f ntz;Lk;/
bte;ePhpnyna Fspf;f ntz;Lk;/
19/ $PtfhUz;ak; Kjw;go. mjDld; xGf;fk;.
gf;jp. Mfhuf; fl;Lg;ghL. jtk;
Kjypatw;iw tplhJ filg;gpoj;jhy;
kuzj;ij bty;yyhk;/
,g;g[j;jfk; fpilf;Fkplk;
1) K/ ghY
98 neU bjU
MH;thh; jpUefh;
brd;id?600 087
2) rp';fg;g{h; rptFkhh;
3) Rgh!;re;jpud;
knyrpa _mfj;jpah; rd;khh;f;f
FUFy ,af;fk;. knyrpah
**************
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ts;syhh; fhl;oa "hdbewp

vy;yh $Ptd;fisa[k;tpl mwptpw; rpwe;jtd;

JiwfspYk; kdpjd; fz;Ls;s rhjidfs; Vuhsk;

1/ ahuhapUe;jhYk; vd;whtJ xU ehs;

xt;bthU rkaKk; jd;Dila bja;tnk

g{ry;fSk; kjr; rz;ilfSk; kype;Jtpl;l ,e;jf;

1/ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ve;j $PtDk; eufj;jpw;nfh.

kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;it kdpjdhy; mila

ts;syhh; Vw;gLj;jpa rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f

,uhkyp';f mgak; Jiz

$Ptd;fspy; Xuwpt[s;s jhtuk; Kjy; Ie;jwpt[s;s

bghUshjhuk; njitjhd;/ Mdhy; bghUshjhuk;

trg;gLj;jt[k; brk;ikg;gLj;jt[k;. mikjpahd thH;it

mhpaJ/ ,ij Md;kPfk; xd;nw ju Koa[k;/ tp";"hdk;

xGf;fk; $PtfhUz;ak; jtk; Mfpatw;iwf;

1823k; Mz;L mf;nlhgh; khjk; 5k; ehs;

njhd;wpdhh;/ mth; ve;j Mrphpahplj;Jk; fy;tp gapyhJ

gpg;uthp; khjk; mr;rpl;L btspapl;ldh;/ gpd;dh;; Ie;jhk;

1873 mf;nlhgh; khjk; 22k; ehs; Kjd; Kjyhf

,e;j kuzkpyhg; bgUthH;t[ vd;gJ vd;d>

rpe;jpf;f ntz;oa rpe;jidfs;

,e;j cyfk; vg;nghJ njhd;wpaJ> vt;thW

mtiu milaf;Toa khh;f;f';fisg; gw;wpa[k;

kJ mUe;Jjy; mJ nky;ehl;Lr; ruf;fha;

mg;go vr;rhpf;ifahf ,Ue;jhYk; rpy gpzpfs;

,J moath; thf;F ? ts;syhh; ngh; brhy;nthk;

cz;Qqfpd;whnuh mth; clYf;F ve;j kUe;Jk;

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