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How To Design Analog Filter Circuits PDF
How To Design Analog Filter Circuits PDF
FIG. 1-TWO LOWPASS FILTERS. Even though the filters use different components, they perform
in a similiar fashion.
MANNlE HOROWITZ
Because almost every analog circuit contains some filters, understandinghow to work with them is
important. Here we'll discuss the basics of both active and passive types.
THE MAIN PURPOSE OF AN ANALOG FILTER In addition to bandpass and band- age (because inductors can be expensive
circuit is to either pass or reject signals rejection filters, circuits can be designed and hard to find); they are generally easier
based on their frequency. There are many to only pass frequencies that are either to tune; they can provide gain (and thus
types of frequency-selective filter cir- above or below a certain cutoff frequency. they do not necessarily have any insertion
cuits; their action can usually be de- If the circuit passes only frequencies that loss); they have a high input impedance,
termined from their names. For example, are below the cutoff, the circuit is called a and have a low output impedance.
a band-rejection filter will pass all fre- l o ~ ~ p afilter,
ss while a circuit that passes A filter can be in a circuit with active
quencies except those in a specific band. those frequencies above the cutoff is a devices and still not be an active filter.
Consider what happens if a parallel re- higlzpass filter. For example, if a resonant circuit is con-
sonant circuit is connected in series with a All of the different filters fall into one . nected in series with two active devices
signal source. It lets all frequencies pass of two categories: active or passive. Pas- (such as transistors) it is called a passive
freely, with the exception of those in a sive filters are composed of passive com- filter. But, if the same resonant circuit is
small band of frequencies around the cir- ponents such as resistors, capacitors, and part of afeedback loop, it is then called an
cuit's resonant,freque~zcy.(At its resonant inductors. Inductors, however, are un- active filter. We saw an example of such
frequency, the parallel circuit the- desirable at some frequencies because of an active filter when we discussed a tape-
oretically acts as an infinite impedance. their size andlor practical performance. player preamplifer during our discussion
That impedance is greatly reduced at off- (At low frequencies, a real inductor's of feedback (see the July 1983 issue of
resonant frequencies.) properties vary considerably from those Radio-Electronics).
On the other hand, should the parallel of an ideal inductor.)Active filters consist
L-C circuit be placed across (in parallel of passive elements along with an active Basic filters
with) the signal source, only the narrow element such as a transistor or an A rudimentary passive filter consists of
band previously rejected would be integrated-circuit op-amp. Active filters an R-C network or an R-L network.
allowed to pass from the source to the are usually designed without using in- Those networks can be found in many
amplifier. Thus, we have just described a ductors. Therefore they have the advan- different types of electronic equipment
bandpnss filter. tage of being less expensive on the aver- performing different roles. For example, w
in power supplies, such circuits are used
to filter undesirable ripple. In audio 0
amplifiers, different R-C networks are g (MAXIMUM) - ---I-
I
used in tone-control, scratch-filter, and I-
3
a
rumble-filter circuits. I-
3
ul
0
z
B
W
1
U;1
0
9
7" el"n{t
01;
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l b
FIG. 3-TWO HIGHPASS FILTERS that use dif-
ferent components but perform similiarly. equivalent circuit.
C U R V E WlTH f,, those filters are shown in Figs. 9 and 11.)
CORNERFREQUENCY To minimize their interrelated effects,
The curves add as shown in Fig. 7. The components should be chosen so that the
total curve indicates the overall response 4 -10 CORNERFREQUENCY R2-C2 circuit has a minor shunting effect
of the filter. The two equations differ olily w on R1 and C1 and that the R1-C1 combina-
w TOTAL EFFECT
by the resistance factors. Because R21 lR3 OF TWO FILTER tion has only a ininor affect on loading the
+
is smaller than (R1 R2)l lR3,,f,,, is high- 5
-20
SECTIONS R2-C2 combination. It is best if the two
er in frequency than isf,,, . A similar pro- % -30 circuits were completely isolated from
cedure may be used to determine the fre- each other by placing each R-C filter be-
quency response of other complex tween different transistors in a three-tran-
f o l 2fO1 4fO1 8fO1 3 2 i O 1 6 4 f O 1
arrangements. sistor amplifier circuit.
f02 2f02 4fo2 16fo2 32foz
FREQUENCY-Hz
Active filters
C U R V E WlTH f O 2 FIG. 9-THIS FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CURVE An active filter involving bipolar tran-
shows how the rolloff is sharpened by using sistors, is shown in Fig. 12. Here we
CORNER FREQUENCY
more than one filter. assume that RE 1s much greater than re,
the internal emitter resistance of Q2.
Capacitor C1, along with the output im-
the two sections are then added to determine pedance of QI and the input impedance of
the circuit's overall response. Q2, form one high pass filter. The corner
TOTAL RESPONSE Other two-section filters (two R-C net- frequency, fill, due to those components
CURVE
works) can be combined to generate a band- is
pass filter circuit. That is illustrated in Fig.
C U R V E WITH f o l
-20 CORNERFREQUENCY 10. There is low frequency rolloff due to the
C I -R 1 section of the filter and high frequen-
f o 2f01
~ 4 f o ~a f o l 16f0132foi cy rolloff due to the R2-C2 filter. The corner if we assume that the impedance of C2 is
f 02 zf02 4fo2 8f02
FREQUENCY-Hz much higher than RF atf, Hz. Here, Rc is
FIG. ?-FREQUENCY RESPONSE curve of the the impedance at the input of the filter,
c~rcuitshown in Fig. 6. PRE is the impedance reflected from the
emitter circuit of Q2 into its base circuit,
and PREIIR,, the equivalent resistance of
Sharpening the rolloff R, in parallel with PRE, is the resistance
Rolloff using but one R-C or one R-L at the output of the filter. Due to those
network, cannot exceed a 6 dB-per- resistances, the output rolls off at fre-
octave rolloff rate. However. a faster rol- quencies below f;,, .
loff rate can be achieved by using inore A second corner frequency, f,,, is
FIG. 10-BANDPASS FILTER USING two R-C
than one filter in a circuit. An arrange- networks. caused by the presence of C2 and RF in
ment using two lowpass filters connected the emitter circuit. Because C2 shunts a
in series is in Fig. 8 . There, R I -C 1 is one portion (RF) of the total resistance in the
network with a corner frequency at ,f;,,. frequencies. f , l andj;,?. are determined for emitter circuit, feedback due to the pres-
the R 1-C I combination and the R2-C2 com- ence of this resistor is reduced as the
bination, respectively. When ,f,! is sub- frequency increases. Hence beginning at
stantially less than ,fi12. the response curve ,f;,,, the output increases with the applied
for the circuit is as shown in Fig. 1 I-a. frequency. It is equal to 1,'2xC2RF.
Sho~ld,fi,~ be higher in frequency than,f;,?,
the curve in Fig. 11-b applies.
In the circuits drawn in Figs. 8 and 10,
the R2-C2 combinations probably have
some effect on ,f,,,. (The responses of
FIG. 8-TO INCREASE THE ROLLOFF RATE,
you can use more than one filter In a circuit.