CIVL 2131 - Statics

Moment of Inertia
Composite Areas

A math professor in an unheated room

is cold and calculating.

Radius of Gyration
¢  This actually sounds like some sort of rule
for separation on a dance floor.
¢  It actually is just a property of a shape and
is used in the analysis of how some
shapes act in different conditions.

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 Radius of Gyration
¢  The radius of gyration, k, is the square root
of the ratio of the moment of inertia to the
area
Ix
kx =
A
Iy
ky =
A
JO Ix + Iy
kO = =
A A
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Parallel Axis Theorem

¢  If
you know the moment of inertia about a
centroidal axis of a figure, you can
calculate the moment of inertia about any
parallel axis to the centroidal axis using a
simple formula

I y = I y + Ax 2

I x = I x + Ay 2
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 Parallel Axis Theorem
¢  Since we usually use the bar over the
centroidal axis, the moment of inertia
about a centroidal axis also uses the bar
over the axis designation

I y = I y + Ax 2
I x = I x + Ay 2
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Parallel Axis Theorem

¢  If
you look carefully at the expression, you
should notice that the moment of inertia
about a centroidal axis will always be the
minimum moment of inertia about any axis
that is parallel to the centroidal axis.

I y = I y + Ax 2

I x = I x + Ay 2
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 Parallel Axis Theorem
¢  Ina manner similar to that which we used
to calculate the centroid of a figure by
breaking it up into component areas, we
can calculate the moment of inertia of a
composite area

I y = I y + Ax 2
I x = I x + Ay 2
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Parallel Axis Theorem

¢  Insidethe back cover of the book, in the
same figure that we used for the centroid
calculations we can find calculations for
moments of inertia

I y = I y + Ax 2

I x = I x + Ay 2
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 I y = I y + Ax 2
Parallel Axis Theorem I x = I x + Ay 2

¢  HERE IS A CRITICAL MOMENT OF

CAUTION
¢  REMEMBER HOW THE PARALLEL AXIS
IS WRITTEN
¢  IF THE AXIS SHOWN IN THE TABLE IS
NOT THROUGH THE CENTROID, THEN
THE FORMULA DOES NOT GIVE YOU
THE MOMENT OF INERTIA THROUGH
THE CENTROIDAL AXIS
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I y = I y + Ax 2
Parallel Axis Theorem I x = I x + Ay 2

¢  By example
¢  The Iy given for the Semicircular area in
the table is about the centroidal axis
¢  The Ix given for the same Semicircular
area in the table is not about the centroidal
axis

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 Using The Table
¢  Wewant to locate the moment of inertia in
the position shown of a semicircular area
as shown about the x and y axis, Ix and Iy

10"

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Using the Table

¢  First,
we can look at the table and find the
Ix and Iy about the axis as shown

10"

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 Using the Table
¢  In
this problem, the y axis is 8” from the y
centroidal axis and x axis is 6” below the
base of the semicircle, this would be
usually evident from the problem
description
5"
y

8"

10"

6"
x

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Using the Table

¢  Calculating the Iy you should notice that
the y axis in the table is the centroid axis
so we won’t have to move it yet

1
Iy = π r4
8 y
5"

1
I y = π ( 5in )
4
10"
8 x

I y = 245.44in 4
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 Using the Table
¢  Next we can calculate the area

π ( 5in )
2

A= y
5"
2
A = 39.27in 2 10"
x

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Using the Table

¢  If
we know that distance between the y
axis and the ybar axis, we can calculate
the moment of inertia using the parallel
axis theorem
5"
y
I y = I + Ady x
2
8 in

I x = I x + Ad y 2 10" 2.12"
6in

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 Using the Table
¢  I
changed the notation for the distances
moved to avoid confusion with the
distance from the origin

5"
y
I y = I y + Ad x 2 8 in

I x = I x + Ad y 2 10" 2.12"
6in x

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Using the Table

¢  Theaxis we are considering may not
always be a the origin.

5"
y
I y = I y + Ad x 2 8 in

I x = I x + Ad y 2 10" 2.12"
6in

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 Using the Table
¢  If
the y axis is 8 inches to the left of the
centroidal axis, then the moment of inertia
about the y axis would be

I y = I y + Ad x2 y
5"

I y = 245.44in 4 + ( 39.27in 2 ) (8in )

2
8 in

10"
I y = 2758.72in 4 2.12"

6in
x

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Using the Table

¢  The moment of inertia about the x axis is a
slightly different case since the formula
presented in the table is the moment of
inertia about the base of the semicircle,
not the centroid
5"
y
8 in

10" 2.12"
6in

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 Using the Table
¢  Tomove it to the moment of inertia about
the x-axis, we have to make two steps

5"

I x = I base − A ( d base to centroid )

2 y
8 in

I x = I x + A ( d centroid to x-axis )
2 10" 2.12"

6in
x

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Using the Table

¢  We can combine the two steps

I x = I base − A ( d base to centroid )

2

I x = I x + A ( d centroid to x-axis )
2

I x = I base − A ( d base to centroid ) + A ( d centroid to x-axis )

2 2

5"
y
8 in

10" 2.12"
6in

x
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 Using the Table
¢  Don’ttry and cut corners here
¢  You have to move to the centroid first

I x = I base − A ( d base to centroid )

2

I x = I x + A ( d centroid to x-axis )
2

I x = I base − A ( d base to centroid ) + A ( d centroid to x-axis )

2 2

5"
y
8 in

10" 2.12"

6in
x

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Using the Table

¢  Inthis problem, we have to locate the y
centroid of the figure with respect to the
base
¢  We can use the table to determine this

4r 4 ( 5in ) This ybar is with respect the base of

y= =
the object, not the x-axis.

3π 3π 5"
y
y = 2.12in 8 in

10" 2.12"
6in

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 Using the Table
¢  Now the Ix in the table is given about the
bottom of the semicircle, not the centroidal
axis
¢  That is where the x axis is shown in the
table

5"
y
8 in

10" 2.12"

6in
x

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Using the Table

¢  So
you can use the formula to calculate
the Ix (Ibase) about the bottom of the
semicircle
1
I base = π r 4 y
5"
8 8 in
1
I base = π ( 5in )
4
10" 2.12"
8
6in

x
I base = 245.44in 4

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 Using the Table
¢  Now we can calculate the moment of
inertia about the x centroidal axis
I base = I x + Ad base
2
to centroid

I x = I base − Ad base
2
to centroid

I x = 245.44in 4 − ( 39.27in 2 ) ( 2.12in )

2
5"
y
I x = 68.60in 4 8 in

10" 2.12"

6in
x

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Using the Table

¢  And we can move that moment of inertia
the the x-axis

I x = I x + Ad centroid
2
to x-axis

I x = 68.60in 4 + ( 39.27in 2 ) ( 6in + 2.12in )

2

5"
I x = 2657.84in 4 y
8 in

10" 2.12"
6in

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 Using the Table
¢  Thepolar moment of inertia about the
origin would be
JO = I x + I y
J O = 2657.84in 4 + 2758.72in 4
J O = 5416.56in 4 y
5"

8 in

10" 2.12"

6in
x

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Another Example

¢  We can use the parallel axis theorem to

find the moment of inertia of a composite
figure

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 Another Example

y 6" 3"

6"

x
6"

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Another Example
¢  Wecan divide up the area into smaller
areas with shapes from the table

y 6" 3"

6" I
II
x
III
6"

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 Another Example
Since the parallel axis theorem will require the area for
each section, that is a reasonable place to start
y 6" 3"
ID Area
(in2)
I 36 6" I
II 9
II
III 27 x
III
6"

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Another Example
We can locate the centroid of each area with respect
the y axis.

y 6" 3"
ID Area xbari
(in2) (in)
I 36 3 6" I
II 9 7 II
x
III 27 6 III
6"

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 Another Example
From the table in the back of the book we find that the
moment of inertia of a rectangle about its y-centroid
1 axis is
yI = bh 3
y 6" 3"
12
ID Area xbari
6" I
II
(in2) (in) x
III
I 36 3 6"
II 9 7
III 27 6
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Another Example
In this example, for Area I, b=6” and h=6”
1
( )( )
3
Iy = 6in 6in
12
y 6" 3"
I y = 108in 4
ID Area xbari
6" I
II
(in2) (in) x
III
I 36 3 6"
II 9 7
III 27 6
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 Another Example

For the first triangle, the moment of inertia calculation

isn’t as obvious

y 6" 3"

6" I
II
x
III
6"

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Another Example
The way it is presented in the text, we can only find
the Ix about the centroid

y 6" 3"

h I
x 6"
II
x
III
b 6"

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 Another Example
The change may not seem obvious but it is
just in how we orient our axis. Remember an
axis is our decision.
h
x
y 6" 3"
b

x 6" I
II
x
b III
6"

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Another Example
So the moment of inertia of the II triangle can
be calculated using the formula with the
correct orientation.
1 3
Iy = bh y 6" 3"
36
1
I y = ( 6in )( 3in )
3
6" I
36 II
x
I y = 4.5in 4 III
6"

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 Another Example
The same is true for the III triangle

1 3
Iy = bh y 6" 3"
36
1
I y = ( 6in )( 9in )
3
6" I
36 II
x
I y = 121.5in 4 III
6"

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Another Example

Now we can enter the Iybar for each sub-area into the
table
Sub- y 6" 3"
Area Area xbari Iybar
(in2) (in) (in4)
6" I
I 36 3 108
II
II 9 7 4.5 x
III
III 27 6 121.5 6"

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 Another Example
We can then sum the Iy and the A(dx)2 to get
the moment of inertia for eachy sub-area
6" 3"

6" I
II
x
III
6"
Sub- Iybar +
Area Area xbari Iybar A(dx)2 A(dx)2
(in2) (in) (in4) (in4) (in4)
I 36 3 108 324 432
II 9 7 4.5 441 445.5
III 27 6 121.5 972 1093.5

Sub-Area Area xbari Iy bar A(dx )2 Iy bar + A(dx )2

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(in2) (in) (in4) (in4) (in4)
I 36 3 108 324 432
II 9 7 4.5 441 445.5
III 27 6 121.5 972 1093.5
1971

Another Example
And if we sum that last column, we have the
Iy for the composite figure
y 6" 3"

6" I
II
x
III
6"
Sub- Iybar +
Area Area xbari Iybar A(dx)2 A(dx)2
(in2) (in) (in4) (in4) (in4)
I 36 3 108 324 432
II 9 7 4.5 441 445.5
III 27 6 121.5 972 1093.5

1971
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 Another Example
We perform the same type analysis for the Ix
y 6" 3"

6" I
II
ID Area III
x
6"
(in2)
I 36
II 9
III 27

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Another Example
Locating the y-centroids from the x-axis

y 6" 3"

6" I
Sub-Area Area ybari II
x
III
(in2) (in) 6"

I 36 3
II 9 2
III 27 -2

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Another Example
Determining the Ix for each sub-area

y 6" 3"

6" I
II
Sub-Area Area ybari Ixbar III
x
6"

(in2) (in) (in4)

I 36 3 108
II 9 2 18
III 27 -2 54

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Another Example
Making the A(dy)2 multiplications

y 6" 3"

6" I
Sub- II
x
III
Area Area ybari Ixbar A(dy)2 6"

(in2) (in) (in4) (in4)

I 36 3 108 324

II 9 2 18 36
III 27 -2 54 108

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 Another Example
Summing and calculating Ix

y 6" 3"

Sub- Ixbar + 6" I

Area Area ybari Ixbar A(dy )2 A(dy)2 II
x
III
(in2) (in) (in4) (in4) (in4) 6"

I 36 3 108 324 432

II 9 2 18 36 54
III 27 -2 54 108 162

648

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Homework

¢  Problem 10-27

¢  Problem 10-29

¢  Problem 10-47

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