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Domestic sewage is the used water from houses and apartments, mostly
coming from the kitchen, bathroom, and laundry sources. Things like
dishwashing, the garbage disposal, and of course baths and showers
are included in the mix.
Definition
Black water refers to toilet waste and gray water refers to the
remaining wastewater from sinks, showers, laundry, etc.
After all, this water is part of the water cycle and will eventually
make its way into a source for our water supply.
2.2 Colour
The colour of waste water containing Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is normally
gray.
2.3 Odor
Domestic waste water has a musty odor.
Bubbling gas and foul odor may indicate industrial wastes, anaerobic
(septic) conditions,.
3 Waste water management
Wastewater management encompasses a broad range of efforts that
promote effective and responsible water use, treatment, and disposal
and encourage the protection and restoration of watersheds.
3.1 Reuse
• Some relatively clean wastewater can be reused without treatment
• Gray water is wastewater generated by washing, laundry, and bathing
(not from toilets)
3.3 Discharge
• Wastewater is transported to an (on- site or off-site) treatment facility,
treated, and discharged into a water body
• These treated water can be discharged and reused, which can be used
for watering in gardens or other washing purposes
4 Motivational factors for recycle/ reuse
This involves:
Figure: Simplified process flow diagram for a typical large-scale treatment plant
Figure: Sewage treatment plant
B. Sedimentation
Solids and non-polar liquids may be removed from wastewater
by gravity when density differences are sufficient to overcome dispersion
by turbulence. Gravity separation of solids is the primary treatment
of sewage, where the unit process is called "primary settling tanks" or
"primary sedimentation tanks". It is also widely used for the treatment of
other wastewaters. Solids that are heavier than water will accumulate at
the bottom of quiescent settling basins. More complex clarifiers also
have skimmers to simultaneously remove floating grease like soap scum
and solids like feathers or wood chips. Containers like the API oil-water
separator are specifically designed to separate non-polar liquids.
C. Filtration
Colloidal suspensions of fine solids may be removed by filtration through
fine physical barriers distinguished from coarser screens or sieves by
the ability to remove particles smaller than the openings through which
the water passes. Other types of water filters remove impurities by
chemical or biological processes described below.
D. Oxidation
Oxidation reduces the biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater, and
may reduce the toxicity of some impurities. Secondary
treatment converts organic compounds into carbon dioxide, water,
and bio solids. Chemical oxidation is widely used for disinfection.
Figure: Aeration tank of an activated sludge process at the wastewater treatment plant in Dresden-Kaditz, Germany
a. Biochemical oxidation
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment by biochemical oxidation of dissolved and
colloidal organic compounds is widely used in sewage treatment and is
applicable to some agricultural and industrial wastewaters. Biological
oxidation will preferentially remove organic compounds useful as a food
supply for the treatment ecosystem. Concentration of some less
digestible compounds may be reduced by co-metabolism. Removal
efficiency is limited by the minimum food concentration required to
sustain the treatment ecosystem.
Chemical oxidation
Figure: Edward Frankland, a distinguished chemist, who demonstrated the possibility of chemically treating sewage in
the 1870s
b. Redox
Chemical oxidation may remove some persistent organic pollutants and
concentrations remaining after biochemical oxidation. Disinfection by
chemical oxidation kills bacteria and microbial pathogens by
adding ozone, chlorine or hypochlorite to wastewater.
E. Polishing
Polishing refers to treatments made following the above methods. These
treatments may also be used independently for some industrial
wastewater. Chemical reduction or pH adjustment minimizes chemical
reactivity of wastewater following chemical oxidation. Carbon
filtering removes remaining contaminants and impurities by chemical
absorption onto activated carbon. Filtration through sand (calcium
carbonate) or fabric filters is the most common method used in municipal
wastewater treatment
Overview of the wastewater treatment plant of Antwerpen-Zuid, located in the south of the agglomeration of Antwerp
(Belgium)
During 2015, the estimated sewage generation in the country was 61754
MLD as against the developed sewage treatment capacity of 22963 MLD.
Because of the hiatus in sewage treatment capacity, about 38791 MLD
of untreated sewage (62% of the total sewage) is discharged directly into
nearby water bodies
The five states viz Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi &
Gujarat account for approximately 50% of the total sewage generated in
the country. Maharashtra alone accounts for 13% of the total sewage
generation in the country.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi , Uttar Pradesh & Gujarat account for 67%
of the total sewage treatment capacity installed in the country.
No sewage treatment plant has been established in seven states/UTs viz.
Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Daman Diu, Nagaland , Assam &
Tripura
The capacity of STPs installed in the two states viz. Himachal Pradesh &
Sikkim is adequate to treat the total quality of sewage generated in
these states.