Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(

'HYHORSLQJ(PSLULFDO5HODWLRQVKLSWR3UHGLFW+DUGQHVVLQ:&
&R&U+92)6SUD\HG &RDWLQJV
.0XUXJDQD $5DJXSDWK\E9%DODVXEUDPDQLDQF.6ULGKDUG
D
$VVLVWDQW 3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ$QQDPDODL8QLYHUVLW\$QQDPDODL 1DJDU,QGLD
E
3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ$QQDPDODL8QLYHUVLW\$QQDPDODL 1DJDU,QGLD
F
3URIHVVRUDQG'LUHFWRU&HQWUHIRU0DWHULDOV-RLQLQJDQG5HVHDUFK'HSDUWPHQWRI0DQXIDFWXULQJ(QJLQHHULQJ$QQDPDODL8QLYHUVLW\
$QQDPDODL 1DJDU,QGLD
G
.6ULGKDU6FLHQWLVW)0DULQH0DWHULDOV'HSDUWPHQW105/$PEHUQDWK,QGLD

$EVWUDFW

6XUIDFH WUHDWPHQWV RI HQJLQHHULQJ PDWHULDOV KDYH UHFHQWO\ EHFRPH LPSRUWDQW IRU VHUYLFHDEOH HQJLQHHULQJ FRPSRQHQWV 0DQ\
WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV WKHUPDO DQG WKHUPRFKHPLFDO VXUIDFH WUHDWPHQWV KDYH EHHQ XVHG WR GHYHORS VXUIDFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
PDWHULDOV 3UHVHQWO\ KLJK YHORFLW\ R[\IXHO +92) VSUD\ LV FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH EHVW PHWKRG RI SURGXFLQJ D KLJKTXDOLW\ KDUG
PHWDOFRDWLQJGXHWRLWVPRGHUDWHSURFHVVWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGKLJKJDVYHORFLWLHV+DUGQHVVLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSURSHUW\ZKLFK
LQIOXHQFHV FRQVLGHUDEO\ VHUYLFH OLIH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI FRDWLQJV +92) VSUD\ SDUDPHWHUV QDPHO\ R[\JHQ IORZ UDWH /3* IORZ
UDWH SRZGHU IHHG UDWH VSUD\ GLVWDQFH SOD\VD PDMRU UROH LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH KDUGQHVV RI FRDWLQJ ,Q WKLV VWXG\ :&&R&U
FRDWLQJVZHUHGHSRVLWHGRQQDYDOEUDVVVXEVWUDWHVE\KLJKYHORFLW\R[\IXHO+92)VSUD\SURFHVV7KHDLPRIWKLVZRUNLVWR
GHYHORSDQHPSLULFDOUHODWLRQVKLSWRSUHGLFW WKH KDUGQHVVRI:&&R&UFRDWLQJVLQFRUSRUDWLQJ+92)VSUD\SDUDPHWHUVXVLQJ
VWDWLVWLFDOWRROVVXFKDVGHVLJQRIH[SHULPHQWVDQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFHDQGUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV6WDWLVWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQVVKRZHGWKDW
WKHHIIHFWVRIWKHIRXUYDULDEOHVRQWKHKDUGQHVVZHUHGLIIHUHQW0RUHRYHUWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\PD\KHOSWRFRQWUROWKH VSUD\
SDUDPHWHUVRI+92)SURFHVVWR DFKLHYHKLJKHUFRDWLQJKDUGQHVV

©
‹ 2014
Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU under the CC BY-NC-ND license
/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.H\ZRUGV+92)VSUD\ 5HVSRQVHVXUIDFHPHWKRGRORJ\1DYDOJUDGHDOOR\V+DUGQHVV

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO  0RE

(PDLODGGUHVVPXUXJDQWKHUPDO#JPDLOFRP

2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.379
 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927 919

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KHQHHGWRPLQLPL]HFRVWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPRGHUQ ÀXLGKDQGOLQJDQGSURSXOVLRQHTXLSPHQWGHPDQGVLQFUHDVLQJ
ÀRZ UDWHV ZLWK WKH LQKHUHQW ULVN RI FRUURVLRQ 7KLV LV HVSHFLDOO\ WUXH IRU LQGXVWULHV WKDW WUDQVSRUW VOXUULHV DQG
RWKHUSDUWLFOHODGHQOLTXLGVLQSLSHVRUVHDZDWHUSURSXOVLRQV\VWHPVVXFKDVRIIVKRUHDQGPDULQHWHFKQRORJLHV7KLV
UHVXOWVLQUHGXFHGOLIHWLPHVIRUFHUWDLQFRPSRQHQWVDQGKLJKPDLQWHQDQFHFRVWV1DYDO%UDVVLVZLGHO\XVHGDVD
VXEVWUDWHRZLQJWRLWVLQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQVRIPDULQH KDUGZDUH ORFNSLQVPLVVLOHFRPSRQHQWVEXVKLQJEHDULQJDQG
VHDZDWHUKDQGOLQJV\VWHPVLQQDYDOSODWIRUPVZKHUHFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHLVLPSRUWDQWHVSHFLDOO\LQVHDZDWHU1DYDO
EUDVVHVRIIHUFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQGDUHDYDLODEOHLQGLIIHUHQWIRUPV $PRQJGLIIHUHQW IRUPVRIFRUURVLRQ LW ZDV
SUHGLFWHGWKDWWKHVWHDG\VWDWHFRUURVLRQUDWHVIRUQDYDOEUDVVDUHLQWKHRUGHURI PP\HDULQVHDZDWHUFRQGLWLRQV
$O)DGKOL HW DO  5HFHQW VWXGLHV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH FRUURVLRQ DQG LWV UHODWHG SUREOHPV FDQ EH UHVROYHG E\
VHOHFWLQJ  WKH  DSSURSULDWH  FRDWLQJ  IRU  WKH  GLIIHUHQW  FRQGLWLRQV  LW LV RI JUHDW  LPSRUWDQFH  WR  DFKLHYH  PRUH
NQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHSURSHUWLHVRIVXFKFRDWLQJV $ZDQG7DQ DQGGHYHORSLQJPHWKRGV
+92) VSUD\ LVFRQVLGHUHGWKHEHVWPHWKRGRISURGXFLQJDKLJKTXDOLW\KDUGPHWDOFRDWLQJ7KLVSURFHVVKDVEHHQ
ZLGHO\XVHGIRUSURGXFLQJKLJKTXDOLW\FDUELGHFHUPHWVFRDWLQJVGXHWRLWVPRGHUDWHSURFHVVWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGKLJK
JDVYHORFLWLHV 6WHDG\LPSURYHPHQWV LQWHFKQLTXHVKDYHSURGXFHGDYDVWLPSURYHPHQWLQJUDLQVWUXFWXUHDQGVXUIDFH
SURSHUWLHV 7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI WKH VSUD\HG FRDWLQJV DQG WKHLU SURSHUWLHV GHSHQG VWURQJO\ RQ WKH SURFHVV
SDUDPHWHUVRFFXUULQJGXULQJSDUWLFOHIOLJKW $ZDQG7DQ
,WLV QHFHVVLWDWH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ SULQFLSDOSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVOLNHR[\JHQIORZUDWH/3*
IORZ UDWH SRZGHU IHHG UDWH DQG VSUD\ GLVWDQFH ZKLFK KDYH VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RQ +92) VSUD\HG FRDWLQJV WR
DFKLHYHEHWWHUTXDOLWLHVRIFRDWLQJ7KH YDULDWLRQVLQKDUGQHVVJUHDWO\DIIHFWWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHGHSRVLWDQGLQWKH
FDVHRIERQGVWUHQJWK ZHDUHURVLRQDQGFRUURVLRQ7KHUHVSRQVHVXUIDFH PHWKRGRORJ\560 LV XVHGWR GHYHORS
UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQVSUD\ SDUDPHWHUVLQWKLVVWXG\560LVDFROOHFWLRQRIPDWKHPDWLFDODQGVWDWLVWLFDOWHFKQLTXHV
WKDW DUH XVHIXO IRU GHVLJQLQJ D VHW RI H[SHULPHQWV GHYHORSLQJ D PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHO DQG H[SUHVVLQJ WKH YDOXHV
JUDSKLFDOO\ 6DKD HWDO

 ([SHULPHQWDO3URFHGXUH

3RZGHUXVHG LQ WKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVFRPPHUFLDO:&&R&U DJJORPHUDWHGDQGVLQWHUHGZLWKDJUDLQVL]HRI

±  —P 7KHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI FRDWLQJPDWHULDO DQG EDVH PDWHULDO DUH VKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHSRZGHU
H[KLELWV D JOREXODU VKDSH IURP JDV DWRPL]DWLRQ DV VHHQ LQ )LJ  D 7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI 1DYDO %UDVV 7XWKLOO
 LVVKRZQLQWKH )LJ E

D E

 —P  —P
)LJD 2SWLFDOPLFURJUDSKRI:&&R&USRZGHU E2SWLFDOPLFURJUDSKRI 1DYDO%UDVV
6XEVWUDWHV ZLWK WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI PP î PP î PP ZHUH JULWEODVWHG RQ RQH VLGH WR FOHDQ DQG URXJKHQ WKH
VXUIDFH $FWLYDWLRQ E\ DEUDVLYH JULWEODVWLQJ ZDV GRQH WR LQFUHDVH LQ VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV DQG WKH VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV
ZDV PHDVXUHG XVLQJ WKH VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV WHVWHU0DNH 0LWXWR\R -DSDQ 0RGHO6XUIWHVW  DQG WKH UHFRUGHG
DYHUDJH URXJKQHVV ZDV  —P &RUXQGXP JULWV RI VL]H RI  ±  —P ZDV XVHG DV D FRDUVH JULW WR SURGXFH
ZDYLQHVVRYHUWKHVXEVWUDWH7KHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHFRDWLQJVZHUHDERXW  —PGHSRVLWHGZLWKWKHFRPPHUFLDO
+92)+,32-(7DSSDUDWXVRSHUDWLQJZLWKR[\JHQDQGOLTXLGSHWUROHXPJDV/3*DVLQSXWJDVHV 7KLFNQHVV
920 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927

7DEOH&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI1DYDOEUDVVDQGSRZGHUZW

(OHPHQW :& &R &U &X =Q 3E )H 6Q $O 6L RWKHU

:&±&R±&U           

1DYDO%UDVV           

RIWKHFRDWLQJZDVPHDVXUHGZLWK DQ DFFXUDF\RIPPE\ GLJLWDO PLFURPHWHUIRUHDFKDQGHYHU\UXQFRQGLWLRQV

7KH+92)VSUD\SDUDPHWHUVXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\ DUH JLYHQ LQ7DEOH 

7DEOH,PSRUWDQWIDFWRUVDQGWKHLUOHYHOV
1R )DFWRU 8QLWV /HYHOV
    
2[\JHQ)ORZ
 OSP     
5DWH
/3*)ORZ
 OSP     
5DWH
3RZGHU)HHG
 JPLQ     
5DWH
6SUD\
 PP     
'LVWDQFH

7KH KDUGQHVV RI WKH :&&R&U FRDWLQJV 9LFNHUV VFDOH ZDV PHDVXUHG XVLQJ D 0LFURKDUGQHVV WHVWHU
6KLPDG]X-DSDQ0RGHO+097 XVLQJDQLQGHQWDWLRQORDGRI JZLWKDGZHOOWLPHRI VLQGHQWDWLRQVSHU
VDPSOHSHUIRUPHGLQWKHPLGGOH

 )LQGLQJWKHZRUNLQJOLPLWVRI+92)VSUD\SDUDPHWHUV

)URP WKH OLWHUDWXUH WKH SUHGRPLQDQW IDFWRUV KDYLQJ VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI +92) VSUD\
FRDWLQJ ZHUH LGHQWLILHG 7KH\ DUH D R[\JHQ IORZ UDWH E /3* IORZ UDWH F 3RZGHU IHHG UDWH DQG G 6SUD\
GLVWDQFH6LQFHWKHSURFHVVYDULDEOHVSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQFRDWLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRILQGRXW
WKHRSWLPXPOHYHOVRIWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHYDULDEOHVDQGWRVWXG\WKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSV,QWKLVSUHVHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQ560
XVLQJFHQWUDOFRPSRVLWHGHVLJQ ZDVDSSOLHG$ODUJHQXPEHURIWULDOH[SHULPHQWV ZHUHFRQGXFWHGE\FRDWLQJ:&
&R&USRZGHUVRQQDYDOEUDVV VXEVWUDWHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHZRUNLQJUDQJHRIWKHDERYHIDFWRUVE\YDU\LQJRQHRI
WKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVDQGNHHSLQJWKHUHVWRIWKHPDWFRQVWDQWYDOXH7KHZRUNLQJUDQJHZDVIL[HGLQVXFKDZD\E\
FRQVLGHULQJWKHDEVHQFHRIGHIHFWV

%DVHGRQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIRXUFULWLFDOYDULDEOHVZHUHVHOHFWHGVXFKDVR[\JHQIORZUDWH/3*IORZUDWH
IHHGUDWHDQGVSUD\GLVWDQFH(YHU\YDULDEOHDWILYHFRGHGOHYHOVĮ ĮDQGQRQ FRGHGYDOXHVZDVVKRZQLQ
7DEOH  $V LQWKLVVWXG\IRXUYDULDEOHVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGVRN Į N   7DEOH VKRZVFRGHGDQG
QRQFRGHG YDOXHV RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO YDULDEOHV XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV GHVLJQ WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI
H[SHULPHQWDO UXQV ZDV NN[ ZKHUH N LV WKH QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV DQG [LV WKH QXPEHU RI UHSHWLWLRQV RI WKH
H[SHULPHQWV DW WKH FHQWHU SRLQW 7KXV IRU WKLV GHVLJQ D WRWDO RI  H[SHULPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH
FHQWUDO FRPSRVLWH GHVLJQ 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH YDULDEOHV DQG WKH UHVSRQVH ZDV FDOFXODWHG E\ WKH VHFRQG
RUGHUSRO\QRPLDOHTXDWLRQ

< £ ě£L;L ě£LL;L ě£LM;L;M 

 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927 921

:KHUH<LVWKHSUHGLFWHGUHVSRQVH;L;L;M DUHYDULDEOHVLQFRGHGYDOXHVȕLVWKHFRQVWDQWȕLLVOLQHDUHIIHFW
ȕLL LVVTXDUHGHIIHFWDQGȕLM LVLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFW7KHDQDO\VLVRIUHVXOWVZDVSHUIRUPHGZLWKVWDWLVWLFDODQGJUDSKLFDO
DQDO\VLVVRIWZDUH'HVLJQ([SHUW9HUVLRQ DQGWKLV VRIWZDUH ZDV XVHGIRUUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVRIWKHGDWDREWDLQHG
DQGWRHVWLPDWHWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQ>.DUWKLNH\DQHWDO@

7DEOH'HVLJQ0DWUL[DQG([SHULPHQWDO5HVXOWV
&RGHGYDOXH 2ULJLQDOYDOXH &RDWLQJUHVSRQVH
3URFHVV 2[\JHQ /3* )HHGUDWH 6SUD\ 2[\JHQIORZ /3*IORZ 3RZGHU 6SUD\ +DUGQHVV
IORZUDWH IORZUDWH GLVWDQFH 5DWH 5DWH IHHGUDWH GLVWDQFH +9
OSP OSP JPLQ  PP
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         

'HYHORSLQJDQ(PSLULFDO5HODWLRQVKLS

+92)WKHUPDOVSUD\LQJSURFHVVLVDIXQFWLRQRIR[\JHQIORZUDWH2/3*IORZUDWH/)HHGUDWH)6SUD\

GLVWDQFH6DQGLWFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV
922 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927

5HVSRQVHV I2/)6 

)RUWKHILYHIDFWRUVWKHVHOHFWHGSRO\QRPLDOFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV

< E E2E/E)E6E2/E2)E26E/)E/6E2E/
E)E6 

:KHUHE LVWKHDYHUDJHRIWKHUHVSRQVHVDQGEEE«E DUHUHJUHVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWV WKDWGHSHQGRQ UHVSHFWLYH

OLQHDULQWHUDFWLRQ DQGVTXDUHGWHUPVRIIDFWRUV

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ

 )LQGLQJWKH6LJQLILFDQW)DFWRU

7KH DGHTXDF\ RI WKH GHYHORSHG PRGHO ZDV WHVWHG XVLQJ WKH DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH $129$ WHFKQLTXH DQG WKH
UHVXOWVRIVHFRQGRUGHUUHVSRQVHVXUIDFHPRGHOV ZHUH ILWWHGLQWKHIRUPRIDQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFH$129$DUHJLYHQ
LQ7DEOH,QWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQWKHGHVLUHGOHYHORIFRQILGHQFHZDVFRQVLGHUHGWREH7KHUHODWLRQVKLSPD\EH
FRQVLGHUHGWREHDGHTXDWHSURYLGHGWKDWDWKHFDOFXODWHGYDOXHRIWKH)UDWLRRIWKH PRGHOGHYHORSHGVKRXOGQRW
H[FHHG WKH VWDQGDUG WDEXODWHG YDOXH RI ) UDWLR DQG E WKH FDOFXODWHG YDOXH RI WKH 5 UDWLR RI WKH GHYHORSHG
UHODWLRQVKLSVKRXOGH[FHHGWKHVWDQGDUGWDEXODWHGYDOXHRI5UDWLRIRUDGHVLUHGOHYHORIFRQILGHQFH,W ZDV IRXQGWKDW
WKHPRGHOLVDGHTXDWH
7KHVLJQLILFDQFHRIHDFKFRHIILFLHQWZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\6WXGHQW¶VWWHVWDQGSYDOXHVZKLFKDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH
9DOXHVRI³3URE! )´OHVVWKDQ  LQGLFDWHWKDWPRGHOWHUPVDUHVLJQLILFDQW
)RUKDUGQHVV UHVSRQVH2/)62)26/)/6DQG )6DUHVLJQLILFDQWPRGHOWHUPV9DOXHVJUHDWHUWKDQ
LQGLFDWH WKDW PRGHO WHUPV DUH QRW VLJQLILFDQW 7KH ILQDO HPSLULFDO UHODWLRQVKLS ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG XVLQJ RQO\ WKHVH
FRHIILFLHQWVDQGWKHGHYHORSHGILQDOHPSLULFDOUHODWLRQVKLSLVJLYHQEHORZ

+DUGQHVV +Y    2  /  )  6  2)  26  /) 

/6 ± )6  2  /  )  6 

 7KH$129$ DQDO\VLV IRUKDUGQHVVUHVSRQVH

7KH$129$PRGHOIRUKDUGQHVVUHVSRQVH)YDOXHRILPSOLHVWKDWWKHPRGHOLVVLJQLILFDQW7KHODFNRIILW)
YDOXHRILPSOLHVWKDWWKHODFNRIILWLVLQVLJQLILFDQW7KHUHLVRQO\DFKDQFHWKDWDODFNRIILW)YDOXHWKLV
ODUJHFRXOGRFFXUGXH WRQRLVH
7KH )LVKHU¶V ) WHVW ZLWK D YHU\ ORZ SUREDELOLW\ YDOXH 3 PRGHO ! )   GHPRQVWUDWHV D YHU\ KLJK
VLJQLILFDQFHIRUWKHUHJUHVVLRQPRGHO7KHJRRGQHVVRIILWRIWKHPRGHOZDVFKHFNHGE\WKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQFRHIILFLHQW
5 7KH FRHIILFLHQW RI GHWHUPLQDWLRQ 5 ZDV FDOFXODWHG WR EH IRU UHVSRQVH 7KLV LPSOLHV WKDW  RI
H[SHULPHQWDOGDWDFRQILUPVWKHFRPSDWLELOLW\ZLWKWKHGDWDSUHGLFWHGE\WKHPRGHODQGWKHPRGHOGRHVQRWH[SODLQ
RQO\RIWKHWRWDOYDULDWLRQV7KH5 YDOXHLVDOZD\VEHWZHHQDQGDQGLWVYDOXHLQGLFDWHVDSWQHVVRIWKH
PRGHO )RU D JRRG VWDWLVWLFDO PRGHO 5 YDOXH VKRXOG EH FORVH WR  7KH DGMXVWHG 5 YDOXH UHFRQVWUXFWV WKH
H[SUHVVLRQ ZLWKWKHVLJQLILFDQWWHUPV7KHYDOXHRIWKHDGMXVWHGGHWHUPLQDWLRQFRHIILFLHQW$GM5 LVDOVR
KLJK WR DGYRFDWH IRU D KLJK VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH PRGHO 7KH 3UHG 5 LV  WKDW LPSOLHV WKDW WKH PRGHO FRXOG
H[SODLQRIWKHYDULDELOLW\LQSUHGLFWLQJQHZREVHUYDWLRQV7KLV 3UHG5YDOXHKDV UHDVRQDEOHDJUHHPHQWZLWK
WKH$GM5 RI7KHYDOXHRIFRHIILFLHQWRIYDULDWLRQLVDOVRORZDV LQGLFDWH WKDWWKHGHYLDWLRQVEHWZHHQ
H[SHULPHQWDODQGSUHGLFWHGYDOXHVDUHORZ$GHTSUHFLVLRQPHDVXUHVWKHVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR$UDWLRJUHDWHUWKDQ
LVGHVLUDEOH,QWKLV LQYHVWLJDWLRQWKHUDWLRLVZKLFKLQGLFDWHVDQDGHTXDWHVLJQDO7KLVPRGHOFDQEHXVHGWR
QDYLJDWHWKHGHVLJQVSDFH 7KHGHYHORSHGHPSLULFDOUHODWLRQVKLS FDQEHXVHGHIIHFWLYHO\WRSUHGLFWWKHUHVSRQVH E\
VXEVWLWXWLQJSURFHVV SDUDPHWHUYDOXHVLQFRGHGIRUP %DVHGRQ WKLVHPSLULFDOUHODWLRQVKLSWKHPDLQDQGLQWHUDFWLRQ
HIIHFWV RI WKH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV RQ WKH FRDWLQJ KDUGQHVV ZDV FRPSXWHG DQG SORWWHG LQ WKH IRUP RI UHVSRQVH
VXUIDFHVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ
 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927 923

7DEOH$129$IRUWKHUHVSRQVH+DUGQHVV
6RXUFH 6XPRIVTXDUHV 'I 0HDQVTXDUH )YDOXH SYDOXHSURE)
0RGHO      VLJQLILFDQW
2R[\JHQIORZUDWH     

//3*IORZUDWH     

))HHGUDWH     
66SUD\GLVWDQFH     
2/     
2)     
26     
/)     
/6     
)6     

2     
/     
)     
6     
5HVLGXDO   
/DFNRI)LW      1RWVLJQLILFDQW
3XUH(UURU   
&RU7RWDO ( 
6WG'HY  5  GIGHJUHHVRIIUHHGRP
0HDQ  $GM5  &9FRHIILFLHQWRIYDULDWLRQ
&9  3UHG5  ))LVKHUUDWLR
35(66 ( $GHT3UHFLVLRQ  SSUREDELOLW\

 (IIHFWRIR[\JHQIORZUDWH RQFRDWLQJKDUGQHVV

7KH HIIHFWRIR[\JHQJDVIORZUDWHRQKDUGQHVVLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKH)LJD  H7KXVFRQGLWLRQVIRUVSUD\LQJ

SDUWLFOHVDWDQH[DFWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGYHORFLW\PD\EHREWDLQHGE\FDUHIXOO\UHJXODWLQJERWKWKHR[\JHQDQGWKHIXHO
IORZUDWHV7KHFRDWLQJVVSUD\HGXQGHURSWLPDOR[\JHQJDVIORZRSWLPXPYHORFLW\DQGHQWKDOS\FRQGLWLRQVKRZV
KLJK KDUGQHVV FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH ORZ DQG KLJK IORZ UDWH FDVHV %RWK WKH ORZ DQG WKH KLJK SULPDU\ JDV IORZ
FRQGLWLRQV OHDG WR VKRUWHU IOLJKW WLPHV ZKLFK PLQLPL]H WKH IODPH SDUWLFOH LQWHUDFWLRQ WLPH 0XKDPHG $VKDUDI DQG
6KLEOL )LJ D  F VKRZR[\JHQIORZUDWH$KDGVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWKHKDUGQHVV,WFDQEHVHHQWKDW
LQFUHDVLQJWKHWRWDOJDVIORZUDWHUHVXOWLQJLQRSWLPDOSDUWLFOHIODWWHQLQJLQWXUQLQFUHDVHVFRDWLQJFRPSDFWLRQWKDW
UHVXOWVLQLQFUHDVHGYDOXHLQKDUGQHVV )LQDOO\DGHFUHDVHLQSRURVLW\ZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHFRDWLQJVWLIIQHVVSURGXFLQJDQ
LQFUHDVHGYDOXHLQWKHKDUGQHVV +D]RRUHWDO

 (IIHFWRI SRZGHUIHHGUDWHRQ FRDWLQJ KDUGQHVV

7KH SRZGHU IHHG UDWH KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW RQ WKH SRURVLW\ DQG KDUGQHVV 7RR ORZ D SRZGHU IHHG UDWH ZLOO
UHVXOWLQYDSRUL]DWLRQDQGRYHUPHOWLQJRIWKHSDUWLFOHVUHVXOWLQJLQTXHQFKFUDFNVVSODVKLQJDQGKLJKSRURVLW\OHYHOV
ZKHUHDVWRRKLJKDIHHGUDWHZLOOHQGXSLQSRRUPHOWLQJRIWKHSRZGHUSDUWLFOHVUHVXOWLQJLQDGHFUHDVHRIWKHVSODW
IODWWHQLQJUDWLRDQGDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHSRURVLW\ $ZDQG7DQ7KHHIIHFWRISRZGHUIHHGUDWHRQWKHUHVSRQVHV
924 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927

RIWKHFRDWLQJVDUHGLVSOD\HGLQWKH)LJE G I$VSHUWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWDWWKHRSWLPXPFRQGLWLRQORZ
SRURVLW\DQGKLJKHUKDUGQHVVFRDWLQJLVDFKLHYHG
+RZHYHUWKHJUHDWHUWKHQXPEHURISDUWLFOHVLQWKHIODPHWKHJUHDWHUWKHGHYLDWLRQ IURPWKHVSUD\LQJD[LVZLOOEH
GXH WR D FKDQJH LQ WKH SRZGHU LQOHW FRQGLWLRQV DQG WR DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU SDUWLFOH FROOLVLRQV WKDW
FKDQJH WKH WUDMHFWRULHV RI WKH FROOLGLQJ SDUWLFOHV 6WHZDUW HW DO   +RZHYHU WKH LQIOLJKW SURFHVVLQJ RI WKH
SRZGHUV WR SURGXFH +92)VSUD\HG FRDWLQJV PXVW EH SHUIRUPHG XQGHU KLJK ORDGLQJ FRQGLWLRQV WR DOORZ IRU DQ
HIILFLHQWXVHRIWKHWKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUHGLQWKHIODPH RQH[FHHGLQJDFHUWDLQFULWLFDORSWLPDOORDGLQJ

 (IIHFWRI VWDQGRIIGLVWDQFH RQFRDWLQJKDUGQHVV

7KH VWDQGRII GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ JXQ DQG VXEVWUDWH LV DQ LPSRUWDQW YDULDEOH LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH
FRDWLQJV VLQFH ERWK IDFWRUV DUH FORVHO\ UHODWHG ZLWK WKH ORVV RI NLQHWLF HQHUJ\ GXULQJ IOLJKW DQG WKH SDUWLFOH
WHPSHUDWXUH DW LPSDFW :DQJ HW DO  7KH HIIHFW RI VWDQGRII GLVWDQFH RQ WKH UHVSRQVHV RI WKH FRDWLQJV LV
GLVSOD\HG LQ WKH )LJ FH 6XEVWUDWH SODFHG DW VKRUWHU VSUD\ GLVWDQFH WHQGV WR EH RYHUKHDWHG DQG LQFUHDVH WKH
R[LGDWLRQ LQ WKH GHSRVLW 7KH R[\JHQ FRQWHQW UHGXFHG URXJKO\ D WKLUG EHFDXVH WKH KRW FRPEXVWLRQ JDVHV LQFUHDVH
R[LGDWLRQ E\ DWPRVSKHULF R[\JHQ HQWUDLQLQJ WKH IODPH MHW DQG EORZLQJ RQWR WKH KRW VXUIDFH ZKHQ FORVH HQRXJK
/RZHULQJ VSUD\ GLVWDQFH ILUVWO\ LQFUHDVHV GHSRVLWLRQ UDWH EXW SUREOHPV DSSHDU E\ VWURQJO\ LQFUHDVLQJ KHDW ORDG
&RDWLQJV DUH GHQVH EXW ODUJH FUDFNV IRUP LQ WKH FRDWLQJ GXH WR LQWHUQDO VWUHVVHV WKDW DULVH GXULQJ WKH GHSRVLWLRQ
SURFHVV$KLJKHUVSUD\LQJGLVWDQFH



 

D  E 
 
+$5'1(66+9

+$5'1(66+9

 








   
   
  &32:'(5)(('5$7(JPLQ
 
$2;<*(1)/2:5$7(OSP
%/3*)/2:5$7(OSP  
$2;<*(1)/2:5$7(OSP
 
 





F G

 


+$5'1(66+9


+$5'1(66+9


 

 




 
 
 
 
&32:'(5)(('5$7(JPLQ 
  

%/3*)/2:5$7(OSP  
$2;<*(1)/2:5$7(OSP %/3*)/2:5$7(OSP
 
 
 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927 925

H I

)LJDI 'UHVSRQVHVXUIDFHVKRZVWKHVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRISURFHVVSDUDPHWHURQ FRDWLQJ KDUGQHVV

UHVXOWVLQVPDOOHUSDUWLFOHVYHORFLW\WRZDUGWKHVXEVWUDWHSURGXFLQJFRDWLQJVZLWKORZHUGHQVLW\ 9DOHQWH HWDO
$W ODUJH VSUD\ GLVWDQFH FRDWLQJ FRPSDFW LV UHGXFHG DQG KDUGQHVV VLJQLILFDQWO\ UHGXFHV GXH WR D UHGXFHG SDUWLFOH
WHPSHUDWXUH DQG D ORZHU SDUWLFOH LPSDFW 9DUDFDOOH -U HW DO  $OVR E\ ORZHULQJ WKH DYHUDJH LPSDFW
WHPSHUDWXUHVRIWKHGURSOHWVZLWKWKHVXEVWUDWHVXUIDFH WKHORZHUNLQHWLF HQHUJ\DQGSDUWLFOHWHPSHUDWXUHVUHGXFHWKH
SODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHSDUWLFOHVOHDGLQJWRDVXEVWDQWLDOGHFUHDVHPLFURKDUGQHVVYDOXH $JRRGFRPSURPLVHZDV
IRXQGIRUWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHVSUD\GLVWDQFH7KLVPD\EHGXHWRWKHORQJHUGZHOOWLPHLQWKHIODPH ZKLFKKHDWVXSWKH
SRZGHUSDUWLFOHVWRDJUHDWHUGHJUHH

 (IIHFWRI IXHOIORZUDWH RQFRDWLQJKDUGQHVV

9DU\LQJWKHIXHOIORZUDWHDIIHFWVWKH.LQHWLFDQGWKHUPDOHQHUJ\WUDQVIHUUHGWRWKHSDUWLFOHVZKLFKLQWXUQDIIHFWV
WKHSDUWLFOHYHORFLW\DQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUH7KH HIIHFWVRIIXHOIORZUDWHRQWKHUHVSRQVHWKHFRDWLQJDUH GLVSOD\HGLQ
)LJ D G H 3RURVLW\ GHFUHDVHV XQGHU KLJK IXHO UDWH EHFDXVH WKH SDUWLFOHV DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR PHOW DW KLJK
IODPHHQHUJ\OHYHOVWKHUHE\HQKDQFLQJIORZDQGFRPSDFWLRQRIWKHFRDWLQJGXULQJLWVEXLOGXS8QGHUYHU\KLJKUDWH
JDVHQWUDSPHQWXSRQLPSDFWRFFXUVEHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKSUHVVXUHLQWKHJDVOD\HUMXVWSULRUWRLPSDFW%\ORZHULQJ
IXHOIORZUDWHZLWKKLJKDLUIORZUDWHDVPDOOIODPHRFFXUVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHSDUWLFOHVZRXOGEHPRUHVHPLPROWHQWR
XQPHOWHGSDUWLFOHVSURYLGLQJSRRUDGKHVLRQDQGSRRUTXDOLW\FRDWLQJ7KHSUHVHQFHRIQRQPROWHQSDUWLFOHVZLOODOVR
LQFUHDVH WKH URXJKQHVV RI WKH FRDWLQJ DQG ZLOO ORZHU WKH YDOXHV RI KDUGQHVV EHFDXVH RI ORZ SDUWLFOH FRKHVLRQ $Q
LQFUHDVHLQSRURVLW\ZLOOORZHUWKHFRDWLQJVWLIIQHVVSURGXFLQJDGHFUHDVHLQWKHYDOXHV RIKDUGQHVV

9HULILFDWLRQDQG YDOLGDWLRQRI GHYHORSHG HPSLULFDO UHODWLRQVKLS

,QWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIHPSLULFDOUHODWLRQVKLSLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHGHYHORSHGUHODWLRQVKLS PHHW
WKHVSHFLILFDWLRQVDQGWKHSUHGLFWLRQDUHFRUUHFW7KHSUHGLFWLRQFDSDELOLW\RIGHYHORSHGHPSLULFDOUHODWLRQVKLSVZDV
YDOLGDWHGE\FRUUHODWLQJH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVREWDLQHGE\XVLQJVSUD\SDUDPHWHUFRPELQDWLRQVWKDWDUHSUHVFULEHGE\
WKHGHVLJQ PDWUL[7DEOH7KHH[SHULPHQWDODQGSUHGLFWHGUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ D 3UHGLFWHGYDOXHVRI
SRURVLW\DQG KDUGQHVVREWDLQHGXVLQJGHYHORSHGUHODWLRQVKLSVDUHLQJRRGDJUHHPHQW ZLWKWKHH[SHULPHQWDO YDOXHV
DQGWKHYDULDWLRQLVIRXQGWREHZLWKLQ“)URPWKHDERYHUHVXOWVLWLVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHGHYHORSHGUHODWLRQVKLSV
FDQEHHIIHFWLYHO\XVHGWRSUHGLFWKDUGQHVVRI+92)VSUD\HG:&&R&UFRDWLQJVDWFRQILGHQFHOHYHO 6FULYDQL
HWDO 
926 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927

D E

)LJD&RUUHODWLRQJUDSKEHWZHHQ([SHULPHQWDODQG3UHGLFWHGFRDWLQJKDUGQHVVE 6(0PLFURJUDSKVKRZVFRDWLQJ GHYHORSHG

DWVSUD\FRQGLWLRQQR

)XUWKHUWKHKDUGQHVVRIWKH ORZSRURVLW\FRDWLQJ LVWZRWRWKUHHWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHVXEVWUDWHPDWHULDO

QDYDOEUDVV“+Y7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUHRIFRDWLQJFURVVVHFWLRQLV VKRZQLQWKHILJE H[KLELWVQHDU SRUHIUHH
VWUXFWXUH 0XUXJDQ HWDO 

&RQFOXVLRQV

7KHHIIHFWVRI+92) VSUD\SDUDPHWHUV 2[\JHQIORZUDWHVWDQGRIIGLVWDQFHSRZGHUIHHGUDWHDQGIXHOIORZ

UDWHRQWKH FRDWLQJ KDUGQHVVZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHG XVLQJ560
 7KHVH UHVXOWV ZHUH XVHG WR FUHDWH HPSLULFDO UHODWLRQVKLSV WR SUHGLFW WKH RSWLPXP GHSRVLWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV 7KH
LQSXWSRZHUKDVWKHODUJHVWHIIHFWRQWKHUHVXOWDQWFRDWLQJ KDUGQHVV3URFHVVSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVVWDQGRIIGLVWDQFH
SULPDU\JDVIORZ UDWHSRZGHUIHHGUDWHDQGFDUULHUJDVIORZUDWHHDFKFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHQH[WPRVWLPSRUWDQW
SDUDPHWHUVLQIOXHQFLQJWKHFRDWLQJKDUGQHVV
 )URPWKH)YDOXHDVVHVVPHQWLWLVLQIHUUHGWKDWR[\JHQIORZUDWHSUHGRPLQDWLQJWKHFRDWLQJKDUGQHVVIROORZHG
E\IXHOIORZUDWHSRZGHUIHHGUDWHDQGVWDQGRIIGLVWDQFH

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
7KHDXWKRUVZLVKWRH[SUHVVWKHLUVLQFHUHWKDQNVWRWKH 1DYDO5HVHDUFK%RDUG'5'21HZ'HOKL IRUWKH
ILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWH[WHQGHGWRFDUU\RXWWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQWKURXJKWKHVSRQVRUHGSURMHFW/U1R'15'
15%GDWHGDQGWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI0DQXIDFWXULQJ(QJJ$QQDPDODL8QLYHUVLW\IRUH[WHQGLQJ
QHFHVVDU\IDFLOLWLHVWRFDUU\RXWWKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7KHDXWKRUVDOVRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUWSURYLGHGE\
0U6.DUWKLNH\DQ$QQDPDODL8QLYHUVLW\7DPLOQDGX,QGLDGXULQJWKHVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV

5HIHUHQFHV
$O)DGKOL +<6WRNHV -+DVKPL 06- <LOEDV %6 7KHHURVLRQ±FRUURVLRQEHKDYLRXURIKLJKYHORFLW\R[\IXHO+92)WKHUPDOO\VSUD\HG
,QFRQHO  FRDWLQJVRQGLIIHUHQWPHWDOOLFVXUIDFHV 6XUIDFHDQG &RDWLQJV 7HFKQRORJ\±
$Z 3. 7DQ %+ 6WXG\RIPLFURVWUXFWXUHSKDVHDQGPLFURKDUGQHVVGLVWULEXWLRQRI+92)VSUD\HGPXOWLPRGDOVWUXFWXUHGDQG
FRQYHQWLRQDO:&±&R FRDWLQJV -RXUQDO RI0DWHULDO 3URFHVVLQJ 7HFKQRORJ\  ±
+D]RRU6 6LGKX%XWD66LGKX3UDNDVK6  :HDUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&U&±1L&UDQG:&±&RFRDWLQJVGHSRVLWHGE\/3*IXHOHG+92)
7ULERORJ\,QHUQDWLRQDO  ̢
.DUWKLNH\DQ6%DODVXEUDPDQLDQ95DMHQGUDQ5 'HYHORSLQJHPSLULFDOUHODWLRQVKLSVWRHVWLPDWHSRURVLW\DQGPLFURKDUGQHVV RI SODVPD
VSUD\HG<6=FRDWLQJV &HUDPLFV,QWHUQDWLRQDO  ±
/LGRQJ=KDR0DWWKLDV0DXUHU)DONR)LVFKHU5REHUW'LFNV (ULFK/XJVFKHLGHU ,QIOXHQFHRIVSUD\SDUDPHWHUVRQWKHSDUWLFOHLQIOLJKW
SURSHUWLHVDQGWKHSURSHUWLHVRI+92)FRDWLQJRI:&&R&U :HDU ±
/L &-:DQJ <<:X 7 -LD *& 2KPRUL $ (IIHFWRIW\SHVRIFHUDPLFPDWHULDOVLQDJJUHJDWHGSRZGHURQWKHDGKHVLYHVWUHQJWKRIKLJK
YHORFLW\R[\IXHOVSUD\HGFHUPHWFRDWLQJV 6XUIDFHDQG&RDWLQJV7HFKQRORJ\ 
0XKDPHG$VKDUDI36KLEOL60$5HLQIRUFLQJDOXPLQLXPZLWKFHULXPR[LGH$QHZDQGHIIHFWLYHWHFKQLTXHVWRSUHYHQWFRUURVLRQ
PDULQHHQYLURQPHQWV (OHFWURFKHPLVWU\&RPPXQLFDWLRQ 
0XUXJDQ .5DJXSDWK\ $ %DODVXEUDPDQLDQ 96ULGKDU.  2SWLPL]LQJ+92)VSUD\SDUDPHWHUVWRDWWDLQPLQSRURVLW\LQ:&&R&U
&RDWLQJVIRU1DYDODSSOLFDWLRQV LQSURFHHGLQJV+HDWWUHDWPHQWDQG6XUIDFH(QJLQHHULQJ$60&KHQQDL3
 K. Murugan et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 918 – 927 927

5DVWHJDU)5LFKDUGVRQ'( $OWHUQDWLYH WRFKURPH+92)FHUPHWFRDWLQJVIRUKLJKKRUVHSRZHUGLHVHOHQJLQHV 6XUIDFHDQG&RDWLQJ

7HFKQRORJ\  ±
5HSODFHPHQWRIFKURPLXPSODWLQJDYDLODEOHIURPKWWSZZZVXO]HUPHWFRFRP0DUFK
6DKD *&.KDQ 7,=KDQJ *$ (URVLRQ±FRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIPLFURFU\VWDOOLQHDQGQHDUQDQRFU\VWDOOLQH:&±&RKLJKYHORFLW\ R[\
IXHOWKHUPDOVSUD\FRDWLQJV &RUURVLRQ6FLHQFHL±
6FULYDQL$,DQHOOL65RVVL$*URSSHWWL5&DVDGHL)5L]]L*  $FRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHVXUIDFHDQDO\VLVDQGFKDUDFWHULVDWLRQRI+92)
FRDWLQJVIRUSHWURFKHPLFDODSSOLFDWLRQ:HDU ±
6REROHY99 *XLOHPDQ\ 0 1XWWLQJ - +LJKYHORFLW\R[\IXHOVSUD\LQJ0DQH\3XEOLVKHUV
6WHZDUW '$ 6KLSZD\ 3+ 0F&DUWQH\ '* ,QIOXHQFHRIKHDWWUHDWPHQWRQWKHDEUDVLYHZHDUEHKDYLRXURI+92)VSUD\HG:&&R
&RDWLQJV 6XUIDFHDQG&RDWLQJV7HFKQRORJ\ ±
7XWKLOO$+ *XLGHOLQHVIRUWKHXVHRIFRSSHUDOOR\VLQVHDZDWHU&RSSHU 'HYHORSPHQW$VVRFLDWLRQ ,QF
9DOHQWH 7 6WDWLVWLFDOHYDOXDWLRQRI9LFNHU¶VLQGHQWDWLRQWHVWUHVXOWV IRUWKHUPDOO\VSUD\HGPDWHULDOV 6XUIDFHDQG&RDWLQJV7HFKQRORJ\
 
9DUDFDOOH-U '-/XQGEHUJ /%+HUPDQ + %DQFNH *5LJJV,, :/ 9DFXXPSODVPDVSUD\HG]LUFRQLXPFDUELGHFRDWLQJV
6XUIDFHDQG&RDWLQJV7HFKQRORJ\ ±