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1.1 INTRODUCTION
The first practical in this manual will orient you to the various equipment, apparatuses
you will need while working in the biochemistry laboratory. You must familiarize
yourself with these equipment as you would be using them quite often during your
course of laboratory work. Further, there are certain rules, regulations and safety
measures which need to be practiced while working in a laboratory. These points are
also highlighted in this practical. Some basic calculations are also given at the end of
the unit to help you with your calculations.
Objectives
After going through this practical you should be able to:
recognize the various equipment and appratuse available in a biochemistry
laboratory,
describe the working of each of these instruments/apparatuses, and
practice the general and safety measures recommended for working in
a laboratory.
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Nutritional
Biochemistry
2) Cyclomixer: This is an electrical mixer as illustrated in Figure 1.2 used for mixing
the contents of a test tube. The speed of the mixer can be adjusted to your
requirement. This is an integral part of all your calorimetric experiments and you
will be mixing the contents of your tubes with this equipment.
3) Single Pan Balance: This is a very sensitive balance used for weighing quantities
less than 10 grams. It accurately weighs quantities up to 0.1 mg. Figure 1.3
illustrates the single pan balance.
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4) Electronic Digital Balance: Look at Figure 1.4. This is an ordinary electronic Basic instruments /
balance with digital display and can weigh substances from 10 mg to 100 g. Equipment used in
Biochemical Laboratories
and important working tips
6) Water Bath with Shaker: Figure 1.6 illustrates an electric water bath with a
shaker that can hold test tubes as well as conical flasks. When on a non-shake
mode, it acts as a simple water bath with the facility to hold the conical flasks and
test tubes in place and prevent them from spilling. When shaking and heating is
required, the shaker is switched on.
11) Oven: Oven is a general term used to describe a chamber or enclosed compartment
for heating, baking, or roasting food, as in a stove, or for firing, baking, hardening,
or drying objects, as in a kiln in a laboratory. Figure 1.11 illustrates the oven.
Other than the apparatuses described above many other equipment and glassware are
used for analysis and estimations in a biochemistry laboratory. These equipment include:
a) Volumetric flasks
A volumetric flask is used to make up a solution of fixed volume very accurately. It
is calibrated to contain a particular volume of water at 20°C when the bottom of
the meniscus is adjusted to the centre of the line marked on the neck of the flask.
b) Burette
A burette is a vertical cylindrical piece of laboratory glassware with a volumetric
graduation on its full length and a precision tap, or stopcock, on the bottom. It is
used to dispense known amounts of a liquid reagent in a titration experiment.
c) Pipette
Pipettes are used to deliver a known volume of liquid from one container to
another. They are precision instruments of measurement and are marked with bold,
legible markings.
Pipettes are of many types but very often we will be using two types:
i) Graduated
ii) Volumetric or transfer 130
Nutritional Graduated pipettes can measure variable volumes whereas volumetric pipettes are
Biochemistry for transferring one fixed volume.
d) Conical flask
Conical flask is a piece of chemistry laboratory equipment, a container often made
of glass, which has a narrow cylindrical mouth and a cone-shaped main body that
ends in a wide, flat bottom. It may also have a smaller straight tube-shaped opening
from the side of the cylindrical part, where tubes can be attached. Conical flasks,
you will be commonly using for titrating an analyte with the titrant which is added
from a burette. What is titration? We shall learn about this later in Practical 2.
Conical flasks come in different sizes such as a 100 ml conical flask or a 250 ml
conical flask.
e) Measuring cylinder
It is used for measuring those reagents which need not be added in very accurate
volumes. Strong acids and alkalis are added with the help of a measuring
cylinder. Never suck any strong acid or alkali in a pipette. Use a rubber bulb, a
measuring cylinder or an autopipette.
f) Beaker
It is used for storing a liquid to be used in a reaction and for dissolving a substance
in a solvent to make its solution. A beaker should never be used for a titration in the
absence of a magnetic stirrer.
Having gone through the description of different apparatuses and equipments, presented
in this section, we hope you find yourself now better equipped to work in the laboratory.
Next, we would also like to bring to your notice some important points/precautions which
should be strictly adhered to while working in any laboratory. Read these points in the
next section.
General protection
You are required to wear a laboratory coat at all times in the laboratory. It is sensible
to buy one of good quality and to launder it regularly and repair it when necessary.
Never wear your laboratory coat anywhere outside the laboratory area.
Safe conduct
Avoid cluttering your bench space and the corridors between benches with coats and
bags. Undertake your work without haste and do not take risks to complete a task
quickly.
Take care:
a) When handling hot ovens.
b) Using a scalpel, particularly when fitting a new blade.
c) When fitting a rubber bulb to a glass pipette or the pipette to a filler.
d) Using electrical apparatus: particularly when inserting or removing a plug and when
14 using wet conditions on the bench. Remember that water is a good electrical conductor.
e) Never pipette liquids by mouth, always use a pipette filler. Basic instruments /
f) Never use any piece of laboratory apparatus such as a beaker for drinking: remember Equipment used in
that eating (even sweets), drinking and smoking within a laboratory are Biochemical Laboratories
strictly forbidden. and important working tips
g) Never distract the attention of anyone working with chemicals or delicate glass
apparatus or with a bunsen burner.
h) Extinguish any bunsen burner when it is not in use; or if required for aseptic conditions,
set the flame so that it can be easily seen.
Look up the Do’s and Don’t’s Section presented next for some handy advice.
Adopt the sensible habit of washing your hands carefully after each practical
session. Enjoy your practical work safely. If you should feel ill during a practical
always inform the Counsellor.
In the event of any incident, or if you observe any practice that is potentially
unsafe, inform the person in charge of the laboratory immediately. Report any
cut, minor accident, or spillage of any materials to the lab assisstant or counsellor.
Please ensure that there is a first aid box in the laboratory. Remember the locations
of the first aid box.