CHAPTER-3

BIOMEITEZ RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Biomeitez Research & Development Private Limited is a Biological
Science organization offering a wide range of services for industry,
academia and individual researchers. The strength lies in offering
need-based solutions to academic researchers and corporate. The
aim to fully understand the objectives and hurdles faced by our
clients, and constantly innovate and evolve to dynamically deliver
personalized services.

FIG1.1 BIOMEITEZ
1.2VISION

To be a recognized service provider with best-in-class expertise

Biological technology and Development. With the latest technology in
the ablest hands to achieve market leadership by delivering premium
products and services to its customers.

1.3MISSION

With quality, innovation and trust as driving values in our work, our
mission is to provide remarkable biotechnological services to our clients
with timely, affordable and operational deliverables. Our approach lies
in harnessing the untapped potential of biotechnological research to meet
the needs of an ever-demanding market.

BIOCHEMISTRY

The branch of science dealing with the study of all the life processes
such as control and coordination within a living organism is called as
biochemistry. This term was introduced to us by Carl Neuter the father
of biochemistry in the year 1930. This field combines biology as well as
chemistry to study the chemical structure of a living organism. The
biochemists get into the investigation of the combinations which are
involved in various processes like reproduction, heredity, metabolism,
and growth, thus performing research in different kinds of laboratories.
Introduction to Biochemistry includes wide areas of molecular biology
as well as cell biology. It is relevant to molecules that make up the
structure of organs and cells which is the molecular anatomy. It
describes carbon compounds and the reactions they undergo in living
organisms. It also describes molecular physiology, which are the
functions of molecules in carrying out the requirements of the cells and
organs. It mainly deals with the study of the structure and functions of
the bimolecular such as carbohydrates, protein acids, and lipids. Hence,
it is also called Molecular biology. There are eight types of bio
chemistrical instruments they are weight balance, vortex, magnetic
stirrer, PH meter, micrometer, Hot plate, Sox let extraction solvent,
water distillation.

1.4WEIGHT BALANCE

1.4.1 INTRODUCTION

Analytical balance is a highly sensitive laboratory instrument used in

chemical analysis to measure the mass of chemicals and objects
accurately and precisely up to 0.0001 grams. Uncertainty in the
measurements while doing chemical analysis cannot be denied. The
errors arise due to random environmental factors and defective
calibrations. Repetition in measurements can help decrease errors and
measure more accurately. The precise measurements of an analytical
balance make it a critical tool for quantitative analysis. It is available in
various shapes and sizes and is widely used in chemical analysis,
calibration laboratories.

FIG1.2 WEIGHT BALANCE

1.4.2 PRINCIPLE
Analytical balance works on the principle of “magnetic force
restoration.” It is an electromagnetic balance that measures the mass of
an object using an electromagnet. These balances do not directly
measure the mass; rather, they measure the force that acts in the
downwards direction on the balancing pan. An electromagnetic motor
measures this force and ultimately determines the mass of the object.
The motor requires an electric current for this purpose, and this current
is directly proportional to the weight of the object and thus can be used
to measure the object’s mass. This mass is displayed on the balance
screen. Many balances possess a “null detector” that uses a light source
to indicate when the object’s weight is equal to the electromagnetic
forces. 

1.4.3APPARATUS& EQUIPMENTS

The electronic analytical balance consists of a stainless-steel balancing

pan enclosed within a glass chamber, which shields against the
interference of air currents or vibrations while weighing. The mass to be
measured is placed in the balance pan within the weighing chamber. The
instrument’s front is provided with a digital display system that displays
the measured mass. A power button along the LCD screen turns on the
balance.TARE button is used to eliminate container mass and reset the
balance at zero. In addition, there are buttons to set the measuring mode
(the apparatus can measure the mass in different units) and a print
button.  Electronic analytical balance comes with easy external
calibration and can measure mass in different units like grams, pounds,
ounces, and carats. It has a pan size of 9cm which is well suited for
measuring the mass of acute substances. This analytical balance can
measure accurately up to 1×10-4 grams and has a measuring range of
210grams. It also has a built-in port to transfer data to the computer or
print it.

1.5 VORTEX
1.5.1 INTRODUCTION
Vortex mixtures are durable and compact instruments generally used to
make samples homogenous. To mix small vials of liquid, laboratories
frequently use vortex mixers, also known as vortexes. It comprises an
electric motor with the drive shaft placed slightly off-center and attached
to a cupped rubber component.

FIG1.3 VORTEX

1.5.2 PRINCIPLE
The motor found in the instruments influences the vortex mixer’s
operating principle. The motor’s shaft is connected to the cup head by a
shaft. The engine’s centrifugal rotation is made possible by the electric
current. The cup head is rotated by the orbit of the shaft, which is caused
by the motor’s revolution. When the sample is put within the cup head,
the spinning produces a powerful vortex. The strong vortex aids in
blending the samples uniformly.

1.5.3 PARTS OF VORTEX MIXTURE

There are various important parts of the vortex mixture:

 TUBE HOLDER
To enhance the number of samples that may be vortexed simultaneously,
the platforms can accommodate a range of tubes of various sizes. The
mixer for which a tube holder is designed determines its purpose.

CUP HEAD
Cup heads are available in a range of sizes and enable rapid mixing. To
blend a variety of tube diameters, these heads may simply be swapped
out for other cup heads of various sizes. To form a vortex, the tube is put
on the cup head.

MAIN SWITCH
The electrical current necessary to run the vortex mixer is supplied by turning
on the main switch. It manages the machine’s power.

MOTOR 
It is the core of the vortex mixer and rotates in a circular motion. It is
located immediately below the cup head. For proper sample
homogenization, it creates a vortex effect in the liquid.

SPEED CONTROLLER KNOB

The speed control knob is located in the front panel of the machine.
The speed of the rotation can be adjusted by turning the knob.

OPERATION CONTROLLER BUTTON

An embedded control unit offers the ability to program the mixer’s
operation.

SPEED DISPLAY
  shows how fast the vortex mixer is moving.

1.5.4 ACCESSIORES

TUBE PLATFORM

The mixer for which they are designed has a specialized tube holder.
These platforms can accommodate a range of tubes of various sizes,
hence expanding the number of samples that can be vortexed
simultaneously. 

SINGLE TUBE HOLDER

To hold the tube into the cup head for prolonged mixing, a tube holder
that attaches to the top of the vortex mixer is needed. This makes it
possible for the sample to be mixed independently.

TUBE INSERTER

A tube insert can handle tubes of various sizes.

1.5.5 APPLICATIONS
The various speed options guarantee that the intended speed is kept
constant throughout the process. Depending on how many vials are
being mixed at once, vortex mixers can hold one vial up to a dozen.
Additionally, the vortex mixer works with minimal resources,
expertise, and resources. The vortex mixer ensures an effective and
dependable way of mixing samples.

1.6 MAGNETIC STIRRER

1.6.1 INTRODUCTION
A magnetic stirrer is a laboratory device that employs a rotating
magnetic field generated by a rotating magnet or stationary
electromagnet to cause a stirrer bar immersed within a liquid to spin
and thus quickly stir or mix the solution.

FIG1.4 MAGNETIC STIRRER

1.6.2 PRINCIPLE
The magnetic stirrer operates on the principles of attraction for
opposite charges and repulsion for like charges. The stirring speed is
adjustable, and it is frequently used to stir solvents of various
viscosities. A micromotor powers a magnet to create a rotating
magnetic field that rotates the stirring bar inside the vessel, enabling a
thoroughly mixed reaction to take place.  It is equipped with a
temperature control system that can heat and regulate the sample’s
temperature in accordance with experiment requirements, ensuring that
 the mixed liquid satisfies the experiment’s requirements while keeping
the required temperature.

1.6.3 PARTS OF MAGNETIC STIRRER

FIG1.5 PARTS
 stir bar and a hot plate stirrer are the two main parts of a magnetic

stirrer. A stationary electromagnet, a hot plate a temperature control

knob, and a speed control knob are some of the additional components
found inside a hot plate stirrer machine.

Top plate/Hot plate: 

Stainless steel or ceramic is typically used for the plates of magnetic
stirrers. Ceramic: The white surface of ceramic top hotplates makes
them suitable for titrations and other tasks requiring clear color vision.
They also have high chemical resistance, making them ideal while
working with corrosive chemicals that may splash onto the plate surface.

 Stainless steel: 
A stainless steel top plate offers a highly forceful coupling and stirring
action since it does not produce eddy currents (like aluminum).

Stir bar: 
The term “stir bar” or “spin bar” refers to a tiny, Teflon-coated, white,
rectangular magnet. The sole function of these bars is to stir solutions.
They work in tandem with a stirring motor. The stir bar is put in a
liquid-filled container, then placed over a stirring motor. The bar spins,
and the liquid is stirred when the stir motor is turned on.

Stationary electromagnet: 
It is positioned inside t is positioned inside the stirrer instrument that
helps to generate a magnetic field and rotate the magnetic needle (stir
bar) immersed in liquid, thereby creating a high-speed stirring action
enough to homogenize the mixture.

Speed controlling knob: 

The speed control knob is used to adjust the rotating speed (rpm) of the
stir bar depending on the liquid’s density or project needs.
Temperature controlling knob: 
The magnetic stirrer features a knob for temperature control which
controls the temperature based on the vessel size, the viscosity of the
liquid, and its volume.

Stir bar retriever: 

It facilitates the safe and easy recovery of magnetic stirring and spin
bars from irritant and corrosive liquid samples in glass flasks. However,
it is less commonly employed in magnetic stirring.

 
1.6.4 OPERATING PROCEDURE

Prepare a container with the liquid solution already inside of it. The
container should be placed on the hotplate. Connect to the mains to
turn on the hotplate. By pressing the temperature setting button, adjust
the hotplate temperature. Place the magnetic stir bar in a vessel filled
with solution. Next, turn the stirrer magnetic speed adjustment button
clockwise to change the speed of the magnetic stirrer. Turn the
magnetic stirrer adjustment knob counter-clockwise if the stirring
speed is too high. Stir the liquid mixture until uniformity is achieved.
Remove the magnetic stirrer from the liquid solution container once
done. Disconnect from the mains turn off the hotplate. Use hot hands
to lift the container.

1.6.5 APPLICATION
It is widely used in chemistry laboratories to perform chemical
experiments and synthesis by mixing two or more components. It is used
to prepare a medium to culture microorganisms in microbiology
laboratories. It is used to prepare samples and perform analysis in
chemistry and biology experiments. It is employed to achieve the
maximum possible extraction efficiency from plant material by reducing
organic solvent consumption. Other applications include oil analysis,
soil suspending, buffer solutions preparation, pH measurement, etc.,
where it necessitates the blending of several types of liquids to achieve
uniform mixing.

1.7 PH METER
1.7.1 INTRODUCTION
Unit of measure that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
using a logarithmic scale with seven as neutral, where lower values are
more acidic, and higher ones are more alkaline, is known pH

FIG1.6 DIGITAL PH METER

1.7.2 PRINCIPLE OF PH METER
The working principle of the pH meter relies on the ions exchange from
the sample solution to the inner solution (pH 7 buffer) of the glass
electrode via the glass membrane. A pH meter has a pH probe to conduct
the electrical signals to the pH meter, which then displays the pH value
of the solution. When the probe is submerged in a sample solution to
measure the pH, hydrogen ions build up around the bulb and take the
place of the metal ions.  Similarly, some metal ions transfer from the
glass (sensor) electrode to the sample solution. Because of low
sensitivity to pH changes or complete insensitivity to pH changes, the
reference electrode potential offers a constant voltage. This generates
some electricity captured by the silver wire by generating potential
difference (hydrogen-ion activity). The pH meter converts the voltage of
this electric flow into pH value by comparing the generated voltage to
the reference electrode.

1.7.3 PARTS OF PH METER

FIG1.7 PARTS OF PH METER

A high input impedance meter

This is the key component that holds the microprocessor that processes
extremely small electrode voltages and displays measurements in pH
units on display. The microchip reads the pH of the solution, calculates
the measurement temperature, and translates the amplifier voltage value.

The combined electrode

It consists of two electrodes, where the actual measurement takes place.

It is the most expensive, sensitive, and consumable component of the
meter that needs to be handled carefully. A reference electrode and a
measuring electrode or sensor electrode, both submerged in the same
solution, make up the combination electrode.

pH glass electrode: 

It is a glass bulb sensitive to hydrogen ions, and when the relative

concentration of hydrogen ions within and outside the bulb changes, so
does the milli volt output. It is also known as a sensor electrode or
indicator electrode.

Amplifier

An amplifier, also known as a voltage amplifier, plays a vital role in

measuring pH value.

Thermometer probe
Some pH meters can measure the temperature of the solution being
sampled and incorporate that information into the meter reading (the
temperature of the solution directly influences pH).

1.7.4 APPLICATION
A pH meter is essential for assessing soil in the agricultural sector. A pH
meter is required because major crops need an alkaline climate.
Additionally, they are utilized to gauge the pH of the soil, which will aid
in maximizing returns and yields from the soil. Monitoring pH level is
essential in water treatment facilities and RO water purifiers. Chemical
industries use pH meters to neutralize wastewater from the steel, pulp,
paper, pharmaceutical, biotech, and petrochemical industries.

1.8MICROTONE
1.8.1 INTRODUCTION
Microtome is an instrument with the help of which sections of tissues
are cut and the process of cutting thin sections is known as Microtomy
The thickness of sections produced during microtomy may be between
fractions of 50-100 nm, in ultramicrotomy, to several 100 microns. The
common range is between 5-10m but both the maximum and minimum
thickness is limited by the consistency of relation of the thickness of
sections to the nature of tissues. These sections are stained using
suitable staining techniques followed by observing them under the
microscope.

FIG1.8 MICROTOME
1.8.2 PRINCIPLE
The device operates using a cutting action of an infra-red laser. As the
laser emits a radiation in the near infrared, in this wavelength regime the
laser can interact with biological materials.

FIG1.9 PRINCIPLE OF MICROTOME

1.8.3ADVANTAGES
Due to its design, it causes few breakdowns. It allows to regulate
exactly the pressure of the blade on the fabric. Because of the size of
the blade, it is possible to section large size head blocks. By the
arrangement of this blade allows cutting blocks included in celloidin.

1.8.4 DISADVANTAGES
Does not allow serial cuts, which slows down the process Exposure of
the blade can causes accident is almost impossible to obtain sections
with a thickness of less than 8 microns.

1.9 HOT PLATE

1.9.1 INTRODUCTION
A hot plate is a laboratory device used to heat samples, solutions, and
materials uniformly without the danger associated with the open flame at
precise temperatures. Hot plates have a flat surface with heating sources.
They are perfect for use in an oil or sand bath because they don’t emit
open flames. It frequently works with a magnetic stirrer to maintain a
consistent liquid temperature and provide optimum homogeneity.
Hotplates are extremely portable appliances with up to two gas burners.
However, there are two different sizes of hotplates. The first is the larger
single burner, while the second is the double burner. Additionally, two
different kinds of burners can be used, and some burners can also
function as an electric heating element.

FIG1.10 HOT PLATE

1.9.2 PRINCIPLE
The major component of the heating plate is electric alloy wire, and the
electric effect is the only real functioning principle. Electric work
involves a current flowing through an electric alloy wire that heats up
and conducts heat through the outer shell. To prevent the user from
experiencing hidden problems when the electric alloy wire is in use, the
electric plate is constructed using an insulating material. A hot plate
stirrer normally operates based on a revolving electromagnetic field.
There are several electromagnets implanted in the internal construction
of hot plates. In the solution container, a magnetic bar—also referred to
as a stir bar—is placed. The coating of the bar prevents it from reacting,
making it chemically inert. A good submersion into the solution is
necessary. On top of the hot plate is set the flask or beaker holding the
solution together with the stir bar. Two adjustment knobs are present on
the hot plate stirrer. The temperature of the apparatus can be changed
using one of the knobs, and rotational speed can be altered with the other
knob. The electromagnets and heating mechanism are turned on when

the hot plate stirrer’s main switch is flipped on. An electromagnetic field
develops as a result of the solution being heated by the heating
mechanism. As a result of the device’s electromagnetic field interfering
with and interacting with the bar magnet’s static magnetic field, the
solution rotates, gets mixed up properly, and heats up simultaneously.
The container must be positioned in the center of the hot plate for
efficient and even stirring.

1.9.3 APPLICATION
Laboratory hot plates are used to warm up specimens for cytological,
histological, and pathological investigations, as well as to warm up
glassware or its contents generally. Hot plates are frequently used to
prepare meals, usually in places where a full kitchen stove is not
practical or handy. It is employed in fundamental studies on pain and
testing the efficacy of analgesics by observing the response to heat-
induced pain. In the mining and associated industries, hazardous
chemical samples are heated on hot plates using special materials and
protective coatings. Electronics manufacturers frequently solder and
desolder components onto circuit boards using hot plates.

1.10 SOXHLET EXTRACTIONS SOLVANT

1.10.1 INTRODUCTION
Soxhlet extraction is an advanced extraction technique that involves
repeatedly circulating the same solvent through the extractor.This is a
very useful technique for preparative goals in which the analyte is
concentrated from the matrix as a whole or separated from specific
interfering substances.

FIG1.11SOXHLET EXTRACTION SOLVANT

 1.10.2 PRINCIPLE
The Soxhlet extraction method uses a small amount of solvent and is
very cost-effective. The Soxhlet extraction uses the solvent reflux and
siphon principle to continuously extract the solid matter by pure solvent,
which saves the solvent extraction efficiency and high efficiency. The
sold sample is placed on a thimble-shaped filter paper, positioned into
the Soxhlet extractor, and the device is assembled.  The solvent is added
to the solvent reservoir flask and mounted onto a heating mantle. After
heating, the condensed vapors of the solvent come in contact with the
sample powder, and the soluble part of the powder gets mixed with the
solvent for extraction. When the solvent surface exceeds the maximum
height of the siphon, the solvent containing the extract is siphoned back.
The flask is repeated, extracting a portion of the material each time so
that the solid material is constantly used as a pure solvent and the
extracted material is concentrated in the flask.

1.10.3SOXHLET EXTRACTION PROCEDURE

The crude substance is placed in a thimble-shaped filter paper which is
then kept in a glass cylinder. This cylinder is provided with a siphon
tube and an inlet tube. A water condenser is attached to the cylinder at
the top. This entire assembly is fitted into the neck of a round bottom
flask containing the solvent.
 1.12SOXHLET EXTRACTION PROCEDURE

The flask is heated in a water bath or sand bath. The solvent vapors
reach the cylinder through the inlet tube and conduce on passing upward
into the condenser. The condensed solvent comes in contact with the
crude organic substance and dissolves it. As soon as the solution reaches
the top end of the siphon tube. In this way, a continuous supply of
solvent vapors is maintained in the cylinder, and the dissolved organic
compound flows back into the flask. Finally, the heating is stopped and
the solution in the flask is distilled to recover the solvent, While the
organic compound is left behind.

1.10.4 USES OF SOXHLET EXTRACTION SOLVANT

The soxhlet extraction process is the most useful technique for solid-
liquid extraction in many fields like Agriculture, pharmaceuticals,
foodstuffs.

1.11 DISTILLED WATER

1.11.1 INTODUCTION

A water distiller is a device that is used to purify water by removing

impurities and contaminants. It works by heating water to its boiling
point, causing it to evaporate and leave behind any solid contaminants.
The resulting steam is then cooled and condensed back into liquid form,
producing purified water. Water distillers are commonly used to produce
purified water for drinking, cooking, and other applications where clean
water is important. They can be particularly useful for people who live
in areas with poor-quality tap water or for those who want to ensure that
their drinking water is free of contaminants.

1.13 DISTILLED WATER

1.11.2 PRINCIPLE

The water distiller transforms water into steam by boiling it.

The water distiller transforms water into steam by boiling it.
The water distiller transforms water into steam by boiling it.
To initiate the distillation process, water is placed into the boiling
chamber. The boiling chamber has a heating element that will bring the
water to a rolling boil. As the water’s temperature increases, steam is
produced. The top of the boiling chamber is vented, and rising steam
goes through the vent into a condenser, leaving germs and fluoride
behind. The condenser is a stainless steel tube coil where the vapour will
be transformed back into a liquid. A powerful fan at the top of the
distiller cools the vapour, resulting in the formation of water droplets.
These droplets then travel through an activated carbon postfilter as they
move down the condenser tube. This is because some pollutants, such as
volatile organic compounds, can exist in a gaseous condition and may
have escaped with the steam into the condenser. Through adsorption, the
activated carbon removes any remaining pollutants clinging to the water
droplets. The water droplets are then expelled from the distiller and
collected in a glass container or stainless steel reservoir.
 1.14PRINCIPLE OF DISTILLED WATER

1.11.3 OPERATING PROCEDURE OF DISTILLED

WATER

The operating procedure for a water distiller will depend on the specific
model you are using. However, most water distillers follow a similar
basic process:

Fill the boiling chamber with water: 

Depending on the size of the distiller and the amount of purified water
you want to produce, you will need to fill the boiling chamber with the
appropriate amount of water. Some distillers have a built-in water
supply, while others require you to manually add water to the boiling
chamber.

Turn on the distiller: 

Once the boiling chamber is filled with water, turn on the distiller using
the power switch or button. The heating element will begin to heat the
water, causing it to boil and produce steam.

Wait for the distillation process to complete: 

The distillation process can take anywhere from a few hours to a full
day, depending on the size of the distiller and the amount of water you
are purifying.

1.11.4 APPLICATION OF DISTILLED WATER

Water distillers are used in a variety of settings to purify water for
drinking, cooking, and other purposes. Some common applications of
water distillers include:

Home use: 

Water distillers are often used in homes to provide a safe and reliable
source of clean drinking water. They are a convenient and effective way
to purify water for daily use, including drinking, cooking, and making
coffee or tea.

Offices:

Water distillers are also used in offices to provide employees with a

source of clean drinking water. They are often installed in break rooms
or kitchens and are used to purify tap water for drinking and other
purposes.

Laboratories:
Water distillers are commonly used in laboratories to produce high-
quality, purified water for scientific experiments and other purposes.
They are often used in conjunction with other water purification
systems, such as reverse osmosis systems, to ensure the water is
completely free of contaminants.

Hospitals and healthcare facilities: 

Water distillers are used in hospitals and other healthcare facilities to

provide a safe and reliable source of clean drinking water for patients
and staff

MICROBIOLOGY

1.1 INTODUCTION ON MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms

- viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. The
methods used to study and manipulate these minute and mostly
unicellular organisms differ from those used in most other
biological investigations. Recombinant DNA technology uses
microorganisms, particularly bacteria and viruses, to amplify DNA
sequences and generate the encoded products. Moving genes from
one microorganism to another, or amplifying them within
microorganisms, permits application of microbial skills to solve
 medical and environmental problems. Many microorganisms are
unique among living things in their ability to use gaseous nitrogen
from the air for their nutritional requirements, or to degrade
complex macromolecules in such materials as wood.

FIG1.15 MICROORGANISM

1.2 LAMINAR AIRFLOW CABINET

1.2.1INRODUCTION

A Laminar flow hood/cabinet is an enclosed workstation that is

used to create a contamination-free work environment through
filters to capture all the particles entering the cabinet.
 FIG1.16 LAMINAR AIRFLOW CABINET

1.2.2 PRINCIPLE

The principle of laminar flow cabinet is based on the laminar flow

of air through the cabinet. The device works by the use of inwards
flow of air through one or more HEPA filters to create a
particulate-free environment. The air is taken through a filtration
system and then exhausted across the work surface as a part of the
laminar flow of the air. The air first passes through the filter pad or
pre-filter that allows a streamline flow of air into the cabinet. Next,
the blower or fan directs the air towards the HEPA filters. The
HEPA filters then trap the bacteria, fungi and other particulate
materials so that the air moving out of it is particulate-free air.
Some of the effluent air then passes through perforation present at
 the bottom rear end of the cabinet, but most of it passes over the
working bench while coming out of the cabinet towards the face of
the operator. The laminar flow hood is enclosed on the sides, and
constant positive air pressure is maintained to prevent the intrusion
of contaminated external air into the cabinet

FIG1.17 PRINCIPLE

1.2.3 APPLICATIONS
Laminar flow cabinets are used in laboratories for contamination
sensitive processes like plant tissue culture. Other laboratories processes
like media plate preparation and culture of organisms can be performed
inside the cabinet. Operations of particle sensitive electronic devices are
performed inside the cabinet. In the pharmaceutical industries, drug
preparation techniques are also performed inside the cabinet to ensure a
particulate-free environment during the operations. Laminar flow
cabinets can be made tailor-made for some specialized works and can
also be used for general lab techniques in the microbiological as well as
the industrial sectors.
1.3 INCUBATOR
1.3.1 INTRODUCTION
An incubator is a device used to grow a micro culture or cell
culture. The incubator maintainsoptimal temperature, humidity and
other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the
atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental
work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are
used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. An incubator is
made up of a chamber with a regulated temperature. Some
incubators also regulate humidity, gas composition, or ventilation
within that chamber.The simplest incubators are insulated boxes
with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to
150 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more
than 100 °C).
 FIG1.18 INCUBATOR

1.3.2 PRINCIPLE
The Incubator is designed to obtain the optimum growth of
microbes. The instrument works on thermo temperature
mechanism. The set temperature is maintained by sensor and
cooling system. The Instrument maintains the physical
environment like temperature, humidity, oxygen and carbon
dioxide level as per the requirement.
1.3.3 CONSTRUCTION OF INCUBATOR
Cabinet:
The cabinet body is made is up of stainless steel. The cabinet is coupled
with insulator that does not allow heat to escape and hence maintains the
temperature.

Shelve
The cabinet space is divided by the shelves, which provide space
the microbial culture.

Door:
The Incubator looks like small cupboard, which has insulated door.
The Door is air tight because of asbestos gasket that allows keeping heat
trapped inside the incubator.

Thermostat:
It plays important role in maintaining the desired temperature.
Thermostat contains the censor that senses the temperature and maintain
as per the setting.

Control panel:

The control panel is placed on the front side of the cabinet, just above
the door. The control panel contains switches for all the parameters. We
can set the parameter as per our need.
1.3.4 APPLICATION
They are used for culturing the desired microorganisms. They are used
in Microbiology, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Industries, Educational
and Research Institutes for educational and research purpose.

1.4 ORBITAL SHAKING INCUBATOR

1.4.1 INTRODUCTION
A shaker is a piece of laboratory equipment used to mix, blend, or
agitate substances in a tube or flask by shaking them. It is mainly used in
the fields of chemistry and biology. A shaker contains an oscillating
board that is used to place the flasks, beakers, or test tubes. Although
the magnetic stirrer has lately come to replace the shaker, it is still the
preferred choice of equipment when dealing with larger volume
substance or when simultaneous agitation is required.

FIG1.19 ORBITAL SHAKING INCUBATOR

1.4.2 PRINCIPLE
The principle behind the orbital shaking incubator is it provide a
controlled environment for samples to grow and develop while also
providing mechanical agitation to movement of cells in their
environment.

FIG1.20 PRINCIPLE

1.4.3 APPLICATION
It is used to mix, blends, or agitate the substance in a tube or flask by
shaking them. It is used mainly in chemistry and biology. A shaker
contains an oscillating board that is used to place the flasks, beakers, or
test tube.

1.5 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, biochemistry form an important part of essential
science because biochemistry provides the foundation for understanding
all the biological process in life. Biochemistry have solved many diseases
problem by suggestion of ways on how to treat the diseases and provided
the explanation for many causes of diseases in humans, plants and
animals. Besides that, biochemistry is also significant in the other
disciplines, especially physiology, nutrition, molecular biology, and
genetics, where as its discoveries have made a profound impact in
medicine, agriculture, industry, and many other areas of human activity.