There have been, throughout history, several

violent incidences which have become known as

"Bloody Sunday". Most of these incidences
started out as peaceful civil rights marches and
protests and ended in a bloodbath.

Bloody Sunday Republic of Ireland

Bloody Sunday was a day of violence in Dublin on 21
November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence.
In total, 32 people were killed, including thirteen British soldiers and police, sixteen Irish civilians, and three
Irish republican prisoners.
The day began with an Irish Republican Army (IRA) operation, organised by Michael Collins, to assassinate the
'Cairo Gang' – a team of undercover British intelligence agents working and living in Dublin. IRA members went
to a number of addresses and shot dead fourteen people: nine British Army officers, a Royal Irish
Constabulary (RIC) officer, two members of the Auxiliary Division, two civilians, and one man (Leonard Wilde).
Later that afternoon, members of the Auxiliary Division and RIC opened fire on the crowd at a Gaelic football
match in Croke Park, killing eleven civilians and wounding at least sixty, That evening, three IRA suspects being
held in Dublin Castle were beaten and killed by their captors, who claimed they were trying to escape.
Overall Bloody Sunday was considered a victory for the IRA, as Collins's operation severely damaged British
intelligence, while the later reprisals did no real damage to the guerrillas but increased support for the IRA at
home and abroad.

Bloody Sunday Northern Ireland

Bloody Sunday – sometimes called the Bogside Massacre –

was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of
Derry, Northern Ireland, when British soldiers shot 28
unarmed civilians during a peaceful protest march,
organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
(NICRA), against internment. Fourteen people died:
thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another
man four months later was attributed to his injuries.

Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the

soldiers and some were shot while trying to help the
wounded. Other protesters were injured by rubber bullets
or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles.

Bloody Sunday was one of the most significant events of "the Troubles" because a large number of civilians
were killed, by forces of the state, in full view of the public and the press. It was the highest number of
people killed in a single shooting incident during the conflict. Bloody Sunday increased Catholic and Irish
nationalist hostility towards the British Army and exacerbated the conflict. Support for the Provisional Irish
Republican Army (IRA) rose and there was a surge of recruitment into the organisation, especially locally.

Two investigations have been held by the British government. The Widgery Tribunal, held in the immediate
aftermath of the incident, largely cleared the soldiers and British authorities of blame. It described the
soldiers' shooting as "bordering on the reckless", but accepted their claims that they shot at gunmen and
bomb-throwers. The report was widely criticised as a "whitewash".
The Saville Inquiry, chaired by Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in 1998 to reinvestigate the
incident. Following a 12-year inquiry, Saville's report was made public in 2010 and concluded that the killings
were both "unjustified" and "unjustifiable".

It found that all of those shot were unarmed, that none was posing a serious threat, that no bombs were
thrown, and that soldiers "knowingly put forward false accounts" to justify their firing. On the publication of
the report, British prime minister David Cameron made a formal apology on behalf of the United Kingdom.

Bloody Sunday USA

On March 7, 1965, an estimated 525 to 600 civil rights

marchers headed southeast out of Selma on U.S.
Highway 80. The march was led by John Lewis of SNCC
and the Reverend Hosea Williams of SCLC, followed by
Bob Mants of SNCC and Albert Turner of SCLC. The
protest went according to plan until the marchers
crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, where they
encountered a wall of state troopers and county posse
waiting for them on the other side.

County Sheriff Jim Clark had issued an order for all

white males in Dallas County over the age of twenty-
one to report to the courthouse that morning to be deputized. Commanding officer John Cloud told the
demonstrators to disband at once and go home. Rev. Hosea Williams tried to speak to the officer, but Cloud
curtly informed him there was nothing to discuss. Seconds later, the troopers began shoving the
demonstrators, knocking many to the ground and beating them with nightsticks. Another detachment of
troopers fired tear gas, and mounted troopers charged the crowd on horseback.

Televised images of the brutal attack presented Americans and international audiences with horrifying images
of marchers left bloodied and severely injured, and roused support for the Selma Voting Rights Campaign.
Amelia Boynton, who had helped organize the march as well as marching in it, was beaten unconscious. A
photograph of her lying on the road of the Edmund Pettus Bridge appeared on the front page of newspapers
and news magazines around the world. In all, 17 marchers were hospitalized and 50 treated for lesser injuries;
the day soon became known as "Bloody Sunday" within the black community

Bloody Sunday Russia

Bloody Sunday or Red Sunday is the name given to the events

of Sunday, 22 January 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, when
unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon were
fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched
towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar
Nicholas II of Russia.

Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the Tsarist

autocracy governing Imperial Russia: the events in St.
Petersburg provoked public outrage and a series of massive
strikes that spread quickly to the industrial centres of the Russian Empire. The massacre on Bloody Sunday is
considered to be the start of the active phase of the Revolution of 1905. In addition to beginning the 1905
Revolution, historians such as Lionel Kochan in his book Russia in Revolution 1890–1918 view the events of
Bloody Sunday to be one of the key events which led to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
What do the following abbreviations stand for:
IRA _______________________________________________________

RIC _______________________________________________________

NICRA _____________________________________________________

U.S. _______________________________________________________

SNCC ______________________________________________________

SCLC _______________________________________________________

Rev. ________________________________________________________

SVRC _______________________________________________________

Find the words in the text that mean:

people protester

_____________________ _____________________

jailor bloodbath

_____________________ _____________________

allege to escape

_____________________ _____________________
negligent
revenge
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_____________________

Match the words on the right with their definitions on the left

____to assassinate ____ situation following an event, occurrence

____guerrillas ____ unlimited authority, power, or influence of one person in any group
____internment ____ discharging a firearm
____to exacerbate ____ a fight, battle, or struggle, especially a prolonged struggle
____conflict ____ to restrict to or confine within prescribed limits, as prisoners of war,
enemy aliens, or combat troops who take refuge in a neutral country
____aftermath ____ to drive a vehicle into (someone):
____petition ____ a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare,
harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and
supply lines, etc
____autocracy ____.a request made for something desired, especially a respectful or humble
request, as to a superior or to one of those in authority
____to run down ____ to increase the severity, bitterness, or violence
____to open fire ____ murder prominent or important person
Turn the sentence from passive voice to active voice and from active voice to passive voice

Members of the Auxiliary Division and RIC opened fire on the crowd.

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A large number of civilians were killed by forces of the state.

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The Widgery Tribunal described the soldiers' shooting as "bordering on the reckless"

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The march was led by John Lewis

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Russian demonstrators were fired upon by soldiers

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Fill in the following table with the relevant information

Country

Leaders of the
protest

Who protested

Reasons for
protest

No. of Casualties

Direct or indirect
consequences
Using the information from the table, compare and contrast the events of Bloody Sunday in the
different countries.

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