12/22/2018 Percy Bysshe Shelley - Wikipedia

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley (/bɪʃ/ ( listen) BISH; 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was one of the major
Percy Bysshe Shelley
English Romantic poets, who is regarded by some as among the finer lyric and philosophical poets
in the English language, and one of the more influential. A radical in his poetry as well as in his
political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his
achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a close
circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock,
and his own second wife, Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein.

Shelley is perhaps best known for classic poems such as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a
Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud and The Masque of Anarchy. His other major
works include a groundbreaking verse drama The Cenci (1819) and long, visionary, philosophical
poems such as Queen Mab (later reworked as The Daemon of the World), Alastor, The Revolt of
Islam, Adonaïs, Prometheus Unbound (1820)—widely considered to be his masterpiece—Hellas:
A Lyrical Drama (1821), and his final, unfinished work, The Triumph of Life (1822).

Shelley's close circle of friends included some of the more important progressive thinkers of the
Portrait of Shelley, by Alfred Clint
day, including his father-in-law, the philosopher William Godwin, and Leigh Hunt. Though
(1829)
Shelley's poetry and prose output remained steady throughout his life, most publishers and
journals declined to publish his work for fear of being arrested for either blasphemy or sedition.
Born 4 August 1792
Horsham, Sussex,
Shelley's poetry sometimes had only an underground readership during his day, but his poetic
England[1]
achievements are widely recognized today, and his political and social thought had an impact on
Died 8 July 1822
the Chartist and other movements in England, and reach down to the present day. Shelley's
(aged 29)
theories of economics and morality, for example, had a profound influence on Karl Marx; his early
Gulf of La Spezia,
—perhaps first—writings on nonviolent resistance influenced Leo Tolstoy, whose writings on the
Kingdom of Sardinia
subject in turn influenced Mahatma Gandhi, and through him Martin Luther King Jr. and others (now Italy)
practicing nonviolence during the American Civil Rights Movement.
Occupation Poet, dramatist,
Shelley became a lodestone to the subsequent three or four generations of poets, including essayist, novelist
important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Alma mater University College,
Rossetti. He was admired by Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Leo Tolstoy, Oxford (no degree)
Bertrand Russell, W. B. Yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan.[2] Henry David Thoreau's Civil Literary Romanticism
movement
Disobedience was apparently influenced by Shelley's writings and theories on non-violence in
Spouse Harriet Westbrook
protest and political action. Shelley's popularity and influence has continued to grow in
(m. 1811; died 1816)
contemporary poetry circles. Mary Shelley
(m. 1816)

Signature
Contents
Life
Early life and education
Marriage
Byron
A suicide and a second marriage
Italy
Death
Shelley's heart
Family history
Ancestry
Ancestry chart
Family
Descendants
Idealism
Nonviolence
Vegetarianism
Legacy
In popular culture
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Major works
Short prose works
Essays
Chapbooks
Collaborations with Mary Shelley
See also
References
External links

Life

Early life and education

Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England. He was the eldest legitimate son
of Sir Timothy Shelley (1753–1844), a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790–92 and for Shoreham between 1806–12, and his
wife, Elizabeth Pilfold (1763–1846), a Sussex landowner.[3][4] He had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. He received his
early education at home, tutored by the Reverend Evan Edwards of nearby Warnham. His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who
lived nearby, recounted his early childhood in his The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was a happy and contented childhood spent largely in
country pursuits such as fishing and hunting.[5]

In 1802 he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, Middlesex. In 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared poorly, and was
subjected to an almost daily mob torment at around noon by older boys, who aptly called these incidents "Shelley-baits". Surrounded, the
young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and torn until he cried out madly in his high-pitched
"cracked soprano" of a voice.[6] This daily misery could be attributed to Shelley's refusal to take part in fagging and his indifference towards
games and other youthful activities. Because of these peculiarities he acquired the nickname "Mad Shelley".[7] Shelley possessed a keen
interest in science at Eton, which he would often apply to cause a surprising amount of mischief for a boy considered to be so sensible. Shelley
would often use a frictional electric machine to charge the door handle of his room, much to the amusement of his friends. His friends were
particularly amused when his gentlemanly tutor, Mr Bethell, in attempting to enter his room, was alarmed at the noise of the electric shocks,
despite Shelley's dutiful protestations.[8] His mischievous side was again demonstrated by "his last bit of naughtiness at school",[7] which was
to blow up a tree on Eton's South Meadow with gunpowder. Despite these jocular incidents, a contemporary of Shelley, W. H. Merie, recalled
that Shelley made no friends at Eton, although he did seek a kindred spirit without success.

On 10 April 1810 he matriculated at University College, Oxford. Legend has it that Shelley attended only one lecture while at Oxford, but
frequently read sixteen hours a day. His first publication was a Gothic novel, Zastrozzi (1810), in which he vented his early atheistic worldview
through the villain Zastrozzi; this was followed at the end of the year by St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance (dated 1811).[9] In the
same year, Shelley, together with his sister Elizabeth, published Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire and, while at Oxford, he issued a
collection of verses (ostensibly burlesque but quite subversive), Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson, with Thomas Jefferson
Hogg.

In 1811 Shelley anonymously published a pamphlet called The Necessity of Atheism, which was brought to the attention of the university
administration, and he was called to appear before the College's fellows, including the Dean, George Rowley. His refusal to repudiate the
authorship of the pamphlet resulted in his expulsion from Oxford on 25 March 1811, along with Hogg. The rediscovery in mid-2006 of
Shelley's long-lost Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things—a long, strident anti-monarchical and anti-war poem printed in 1811 in
London by Crosby and Company as "by a gentleman of the University of Oxford" and dedicated to Harriet Westbrook—gives a new dimension
to the expulsion, reinforcing Hogg's implication of political motives ("an affair of party").[10] Shelley was given the choice to be reinstated after
his father intervened, on the condition that he would have to recant his avowed views. His refusal to do so led to a falling-out with his father.

Marriage
Four months after being sent down from Oxford, on 28 August 1811, the 19-year-old Shelley eloped to Scotland with the 16-year-old Harriet
Westbrook[11], a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters, whom his father had forbidden him to see. Harriet Westbrook had
been writing Shelley passionate letters threatening to kill herself because of her unhappiness at the school and at home. Shelley, heartbroken
after the failure of his romance with his cousin, Harriet Grove, cut off from his mother and sisters, and convinced he had not long to live,
impulsively decided to rescue Westbrook and make her his beneficiary.[12] Westbrook's 28-year-old sister Eliza, to whom Harriet was very
close, appears to have encouraged the young girl's infatuation with the future baronet.[13] The Westbrooks pretended to disapprove but
secretly encouraged the elopement. Sir Timothy Shelley, however, outraged that his son had married beneath him (Harriet's father, though
prosperous, had kept a tavern), revoked Shelley's allowance and refused ever to receive the couple at Field Place. Harriet also insisted that her
sister Eliza, whom Shelley detested, live with them. Shelley invited his friend Hogg to share his ménage but asked him to leave when Hogg

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made advances to Harriet. Shelley was also at this time increasingly involved in an intense platonic relationship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a
28-year-old unmarried schoolteacher of advanced views, with whom he had been corresponding. Hitchener, whom Shelley called the "sister
of my soul" and "my second self",[14] became his muse and confidante in the writing of his philosophical poem Queen Mab, a Utopian
allegory.

During this period, Shelley travelled to Keswick in England's Lake District, where he visited the poet
Robert Southey, under the mistaken impression that Southey was still a political radical. Southey, who had
himself been expelled from the Westminster School for opposing flogging, was taken with Shelley and
predicted great things for him as a poet. He also informed Shelley that William Godwin, author of Political
Justice, which had greatly influenced him in his youth, and which Shelley also admired, was still alive.[15]
Shelley wrote to Godwin, offering himself as his devoted disciple and informing Godwin that he was "the
son of a man of fortune in Sussex" and "heir by entail to an estate of 6,000 £ per an."[16] Godwin, who
supported a large family and was chronically penniless, immediately saw in Shelley a source of his financial
salvation. He wrote asking for more particulars about Shelley's income and began advising him to reconcile
with Sir Timothy.[17] Meanwhile, Sir Timothy's patron, the Duke of Norfolk, a former Catholic who
favoured Catholic Emancipation, was also vainly trying to reconcile Sir Timothy and his son, whose
William Godwin in 1802, by
James Northcote political career the Duke wished to encourage.[18] A maternal uncle ultimately supplied money to pay
Shelley's debts, but Shelley's relationship with the Duke may have influenced his decision to travel to
Ireland.[19] In Dublin, Shelley published his Address to the Irish People, priced at fivepence, "the lowest
possible price" to "awaken in the minds of the Irish poor a knowledge of their real state, summarily pointing out the evils of that state and
suggesting a rational means of remedy – Catholic Emancipation and a repeal of the Union Act" (the latter "the most successful engine that
England ever wielded over the misery of fallen Ireland").[20] His activities earned him the unfavourable attention of the British government.

Shelley was increasingly unhappy in his marriage to Harriet and particularly resented the influence of her older sister Eliza, who discouraged
Harriet from breastfeeding their baby daughter (Elizabeth Ianthe Shelley [1813–76]). Shelley accused Harriet of having married him for his
money. Craving more intellectual female companionship, he began spending more time away from home, among other things, studying
Italian with Cornelia Turner and visiting the home and bookshop of William Godwin. Eliza and Harriet moved back with their parents.

Shelley's mentor Godwin had three highly educated daughters, two of whom, Fanny Imlay and
Claire Clairmont, were his adopted step-daughters. Godwin's first wife, the celebrated feminist
Mary Wollstonecraft, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, had died shortly after
giving birth to Godwin's biological daughter Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, named after her
mother. Fanny was the illegitimate daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and her lover, the diplomat
speculator and writer, Gilbert Imlay. Claire was the illegitimate daughter of Godwin's much
younger second wife, Mary Jane Clairmont Godwin, whom Shelley considered a vulgar woman
—"not a proper person to form the mind of a young girl", he is supposed to have said[22]—and Sir
John Lethbridge. The brilliant Mary was being educated in Scotland when Shelley first became
acquainted with the Godwin family. When she returned, Shelley fell madly in love with her,
repeatedly threatening to commit suicide if she did not return his affections.

On 28 July 1814 Shelley abandoned Harriet, now pregnant with their son Charles (November
1814 – 1826) and (in imitation of the hero of one of Godwin's novels) he ran away to Switzerland
Richard Rothwell's portrait of Mary with Mary, then 16, inviting her stepsister Claire Clairmont (also 16) along because she could
Shelley in later life was shown at the
speak French. The older sister Fanny was left behind, to her great dismay, for she, too, may have
Royal Academy in 1840,
fallen in love with Shelley. The three sailed to Europe, and made their way across France to
accompanied by lines from Percy
Shelley's poem The Revolt of Islam Switzerland on foot, reading aloud from the works of Rousseau, Shakespeare, and Mary's mother,
calling her a "child of love and Mary Wollstonecraft (an account of their travels was subsequently published by the Shelleys).
light".[21]
After six weeks, homesick and destitute, the three
young people returned to England. The enraged
William Godwin refused to see them, though he still demanded money, to be given to him under
another name, to avoid scandal. In late 1815, while living in a cottage in Bishopsgate, Surrey, with
Mary and avoiding creditors, Shelley wrote Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude. It attracted little
attention at the time, but has now come to be recognised as his first major achievement. At this
point in his writing career, Shelley was deeply influenced by the poetry of Wordsworth.
Routes of the 1814 and 1816
Continental tours

Byron
In mid-1816 Shelley and Mary made a second trip to Switzerland. They were prompted to do this by Mary's stepsister Claire Clairmont, who,
in competition with her sister, had initiated a liaison with Lord Byron the previous April just before his self-exile on the continent. Byron's
interest in her had waned, and Claire used the opportunity of introducing him to Mary and Shelley to act as bait to lure him to Geneva. The

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couple and Byron rented neighbouring houses on the shores of Lake Geneva. Regular conversation with Byron had an invigorating effect on
Shelley's output of poetry. While on a boating tour the two took together, Shelley was inspired to write his Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, often
considered his first significant production since Alastor.[23] A tour of Chamonix in the French Alps inspired Mont Blanc, a poem in which
Shelley claims to have pondered questions of historical inevitability (determinism) and the relationship between the human mind and
external nature. Shelley also encouraged Byron to begin an epic poem on a contemporary subject, advice that resulted in Byron's composition
of Don Juan. In 1817 Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron, Alba, later renamed Allegra, whom Shelley offered to support, making
provisions for her and for Claire in his will.

A suicide and a second marriage

After Shelley's and Mary's return to England, Fanny Imlay, Mary's half-sister and Claire's stepsister, despondent over her exclusion from the
Shelley household and perhaps unhappy at being omitted from Shelley's will, travelled from Godwin's household in London to kill herself in
Wales in early October. On 10 December 1816 the body of Shelley's estranged wife Harriet was found in an advanced state of pregnancy, [24]
drowned in the Serpentine in Hyde Park, London. Shelley had made generous provision for Harriet and their children in his will and had paid
her a monthly allowance as had her father. It is thought that Harriet, who had left her children with her sister Eliza and had been living alone
under the name of Harriet Smith, mistakenly believed herself to have been abandoned by her new lover, 36-year-old Lieutenant Colonel
Christopher Maxwell, who had been deployed abroad, after a landlady refused to forward his letters to her.[25] On 30 December 1816, barely
three weeks after Harriet's body was recovered, Shelley and Mary Godwin were married. The marriage was intended partly to help secure
Shelley's custody of his children by Harriet and partly to placate Godwin, who had coldly refused to speak to his daughter for two years, and
who now received the couple. The courts, however, awarded custody of Shelley and Harriet's children to foster parents, on the grounds that
Shelley was an atheist.[26][27]

The Shelleys took up residence in the village of Marlow, Buckinghamshire, where a friend of Percy's, Thomas Love Peacock, lived. Shelley
took part in the literary circle that surrounded Leigh Hunt, and during this period he met John Keats. Shelley's major production during this
time was Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City, a long narrative poem in which he attacked religion and featured a pair of
incestuous lovers. It was hastily withdrawn after only a few copies were published. It was later edited and reissued as The Revolt of Islam in
1818. Shelley wrote two revolutionary political tracts under the nom de plume, "The Hermit of Marlow". On Boxing Day 1817, presumably
prompted by travellers' reports of Belzoni's success (where the French had failed) in removing the 'half sunk and shattered visage' of the so-
called 'Young Memnon' from the Ramesseum at Thebes, Shelley and his friend Horace Smith began a poem each about the Memnon or
'Ozymandias,' Diodorus's 'King of Kings', who in an inscription on the base of his statue challenged all comers to 'surpass my works'. Within
four months of the publication of Ozymandias (or Rameses II) his seven-and-a-quarter ton bust arrived in London, just too late for Shelley to
have seen it.[28]

Italy
Posthumous Portrait of Shelley
Writing Prometheus Unbound in
Italy, painting by Joseph Severn,
1845
On 11 March 1818 the Shelleys and Claire left England to take Claire's daughter, Allegra, to her
father Byron, who had taken up residence in Venice. Two days before they left, William, Clara and
Allegra were all baptised at the church of St Giles in the Fields.[29] Contact with the older and more
established poet encouraged Shelley to write once again. During the latter part of the year, he
wrote Julian and Maddalo, a lightly disguised rendering of his boat trips and conversations with
Byron in Venice, finishing with a visit to a madhouse. This poem marked the appearance of
Shelley's "urbane style". He then began the long verse drama Prometheus Unbound, a re-writing
of the lost play by the ancient Greek poet Aeschylus, which features talking mountains and a
petulant spirit who overthrows Jupiter. Tragedy struck, however, first in 1818 when Shelley's
infant daughter Clara Everina died during yet another household move, and then in 1819 when his
son Will died of fever (most likely malaria) in Rome.

A baby girl, Elena Adelaide Shelley, was born on 27 December 1818 in Naples, Italy, and registered
there as the daughter of Shelley and a woman named "Marina Padurin". However, the identity of the mother is an unsolved mystery. Some
scholars speculate that her true mother was actually Claire Clairmont or Elise Foggi, a nursemaid for the Shelley family. Other scholars
postulate that she was a foundling Shelley adopted in hopes of distracting Mary after the death of Clara.[30] Shelley referred to Elena in letters
as his "Neapolitan ward". However, Elena was placed with foster parents a few days after her birth and the Shelley family moved on to yet
another Italian city, leaving her behind. Elena died seventeen months later, on 10 June 1820.

The Shelleys moved between various Italian cities during these years; in later 1818 they were living in Florence, in a pensione on the Via
Valfonda. This street now runs alongside Florence's railway station, and the building now on the site, the original having been destroyed in
World War II, carries a plaque recording the poet's stay. Here they received two visitors, a Miss Sophia Stacey and her much older travelling
companion, Miss Corbet Parry-Jones (to be described by Mary as "an ignorant little Welshwoman"). Sophia had for three years in her youth
been ward of the poet's aunt and uncle. The pair moved into the same pensione and stayed for about two months. During this period Mary
gave birth to another son; Sophia is credited with suggesting that he be named after the city of his birth, so he became Percy Florence Shelley,

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later Sir Percy. Shelley also wrote his "Ode to Sophia Stacey" during this time. They then moved to
Pisa, largely at the suggestion of its resident Margaret King, who, as a former pupil of Mary
Wollstonecraft, took a maternal interest in the younger Mary and her companions. This "no
nonsense grande dame"[32] and her common-law husband George William Tighe inspired the poet
with "a new-found sense of radicalism". Tighe was an agricultural theorist, and provided the
younger man with a great deal of material on chemistry, biology and statistics.[33]

Shelley completed Prometheus Unbound in Rome, and he spent mid-1819 writing a tragedy, The
Cenci, in Leghorn (Livorno). In this year, prompted among other causes by the Peterloo Massacre,
he wrote his best-known political poems: The Masque of Anarchy and Men of England. These
were probably his best-remembered works during the 19th century. Around this time period, he
wrote the essay The Philosophical View of Reform, which was his most thorough exposition of his
political views to that date.

In 1820, hearing of John Keats's illness from a friend, Shelley wrote him a letter inviting him to
join him at his residence at Pisa. Keats replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, Reni or Sirani's portrait of Beatrice
arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome with the artist Joseph Severn. Inspired by Cenci, which captivated Shelley and
the death of Keats, in 1821 Shelley wrote the elegy Adonais. inspired his verse play on her
parricide[31]
In 1821 Shelley met Edward Ellerker Williams, a British naval officer, and his wife Jane Williams.
Shelley developed a very strong affection towards Jane and addressed a number of poems to her.
In the poems addressed to Jane, such as With a Guitar, To Jane and One Word is Too Often Profaned, he elevates her to an exalted position
worthy of worship.

In 1822 Shelley arranged for Leigh Hunt, the British poet and editor who had been one of his chief supporters in England, to come to Italy
with his family. He meant for the three of them—himself, Byron and Hunt—to create a journal, which would be called The Liberal. With Hunt
as editor, their controversial writings would be disseminated, and the journal would act as a counter-blast to conservative periodicals such as
Blackwood's Magazine and The Quarterly Review.

Leigh Hunt's son, the editor Thornton Leigh Hunt, was later asked by John Bedford Leno whether he preferred Shelley or Byron as a man. He
replied:

On one occasion I had to fetch or take to Byron some copy for the paper which my father, himself and Shelley, jointly
conducted. I found him seated on a lounge feasting himself from a drum of figs. He asked me if I would like a fig. Now, in that,
Leno, consists the difference, Shelley would have handed me the drum and allowed me to help myself.[34]

Death
On 8 July 1822, less than a month before his thirtieth birthday, Shelley drowned in a sudden storm on the Gulf of Spezia while returning from
Leghorn (Livorno) to Lerici in his sailing boat, the Don Juan. He was returning from having set up The Liberal with the newly arrived Leigh
Hunt. The name Don Juan, a compliment to Byron, was chosen by Edward John Trelawny, a member of the Shelley–Byron Pisan circle.
However, according to Mary Shelley's testimony, Shelley changed it to Ariel, which annoyed Byron, who forced the painting of the words
"Don Juan" on the mainsail. The vessel, an open boat, was custom-built in Genoa for Shelley. It did not capsize but sank; Mary Shelley
declared in her "Note on Poems of 1822" (1839) that the design had a defect and that the boat was never seaworthy. In fact the Don Juan was
seaworthy; the sinking was due to a severe storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.[35]

Some believed his death was not accidental, that Shelley was depressed and wanted to die; others suggested he simply did not know how to
navigate. More fantastical theories, including the possibility of pirates mistaking the boat for Byron's, also circulated.[35][36] There is a small
amount of material, though scattered and contradictory, suggesting that Shelley may have been murdered for political reasons: previously, at
Plas Tan-Yr-Allt, the Regency house he rented at Tremadog, near Porthmadog, north-west Wales, from 1812 to 1813, he had allegedly been
surprised and attacked during the night by a man who may have been, according to some later writers, an intelligence agent.[37] Shelley, who
was in financial difficulty, left forthwith leaving rent unpaid and without contributing to the fund to support the house owner, William
Madocks; this may provide another, more plausible explanation for this story.

Two other Englishmen were with Shelley on the boat. One was a retired naval officer, Edward Ellerker Williams; the other was a boatboy,
Charles Vivien.[38] The boat was found ten miles (16 km) offshore, and it was suggested that one side of the boat had been rammed and staved
in by a much stronger vessel. However, the liferaft was unused and still attached to the boat. The bodies were found completely clothed,
including boots.

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In his Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron, Trelawny noted that the
shirt in which Williams's body was clad was "partly drawn over the head, as if the
wearer had been in the act of taking it off [...] and [he was missing] one boot,
indicating also that he had attempted to strip." Trelawny also relates a supposed
deathbed confession by an Italian fisherman who claimed to have rammed Shelley's
boat to rob him, a plan confounded by the rapid sinking of the vessel.

Shelley's body was washed ashore and later, in

keeping with quarantine regulations, was
cremated on the beach near Viareggio. In
The Funeral of Shelley by Louis Édouard Fournier
Shelley's pocket was a small book of Keats' poetry.
(1889). Pictured in the centre are, from left,
Trelawny, Hunt, and Byron. In fact, Hunt did not Upon hearing this, Byron (never one to give
observe the cremation, and Byron left early. Mary compliments) said of Shelley: "I never met a man
Shelley, who is pictured kneeling at left, did not who wasn't a beast in comparison to him" . The
attend the funeral according to customs at the day after the news of his death reached England,
Edward Onslow Ford's
time. the Tory newspaper The Courier printed: sculpture in the Shelley
"Shelley, the writer of some infidel poetry, has Memorial at University
been drowned; now he knows whether there is College, Oxford
God or no."[39] A reclining statue of Shelley's body, depicted as washed up on the shore, created by sculptor
Edward Onslow Ford at the behest of Shelley's daughter-in-law, Jane, Lady Shelley, is the centrepiece of
the Shelley Memorial at University College, Oxford. An 1889 painting by Louis Édouard Fournier, The Funeral of Shelley (also known as The
Cremation of Shelley), contains inaccuracies. In pre-Victorian times it was English custom that women would not attend funerals for health
reasons. Mary Shelley did not attend but was featured in the painting, kneeling at the left-hand side. Leigh Hunt stayed in the carriage during
the ceremony but is also pictured. Also, Trelawny, in his account of the recovery of Shelley's body, records that "the face and hands, and parts
of the body not protected by the dress, were fleshless," and by the time that the party returned to the beach for the cremation, the body was
even further decomposed. In his graphic account of the cremation, he writes of Byron being unable to face the scene, and withdrawing to the
beach.[40]

Shelley's ashes were interred in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome, near an ancient pyramid in the
city walls. His grave bears the Latin inscription, Cor Cordium (Heart of Hearts), and, in reference
to his death at sea, a few lines of "Ariel's Song" from Shakespeare's The Tempest: "Nothing of him
that doth fade / But doth suffer a sea-change / Into something rich and strange." The grave site is
the second in the cemetery. Some weeks after Shelley's ashes had been buried, Trelawny had come
to Rome, had not liked his friend's position among a number of other graves, and had purchased
what seemed to him a better plot near the old wall. The ashes were exhumed and moved to their
present location. Trelawny had purchased the adjacent plot, and over sixty years later his remains
were placed there.

A memorial was eventually created for Shelley at the Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey, along
with his old friends Lord Byron and John Keats.

Shelley's heart
Shelley's widow Mary bought a cliff-top home at Boscombe, Bournemouth, in 1851. She intended
to live there with her son, Percy, and his wife Jane, and had the remains of her own parents moved
from their London burial place at St Pancras Old Church to an underground mausoleum in the
Shelley's grave in Rome (some
town. The property is now known as Shelley Manor. When Lady Jane Shelley was to be buried in phrases of Ariel's Song (from
the family vault, it was discovered that in her copy of Adonaïs was an envelope containing ashes, Shakespeare's The Tempest)
which she had identified as belonging to her father-in-law.[41] The family had preserved the story appear below.
that when Shelley's body had been burned, his friend Edward Trelawny had snatched the whole
heart from the pyre.[40][42][43] These same accounts claim that the heart had been buried with
Shelley's son, Percy. All accounts agree, however, that the remains now lie in the vault in the churchyard of St Peter's Church, Bournemouth.

For several years in the 20th century some of Trelawny's collection of Shelley ephemera, including a painting of Shelley as a child, a jacket,
and a lock of his hair, were on display in "The Shelley Rooms", a small museum at Shelley Manor. When the museum finally closed in 2001,
these items were returned to Lord Abinger, who descends from a niece of Lady Jane Shelley.[44]

Family history

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Ancestry
Henry Shelley became father to younger Henry Shelley. This younger Henry had at least three sons. The youngest of them, Richard Shelley
was born in 1583, and baptized 17 November 1583 in Warminghurst, Sussex, England.[45] Richard later married on 3 February 1601 in
Itchingfield to Jonne (aka Joane) Feste/Feest/Fuste,[46] daughter of John Feest/Fuste from Itchingfield, near Horsham, West Sussex. Their
grandson, John Shelley of Fen Place, Turners Hill, West Sussex, was married himself to Helen Bysshe, daughter of Roger Bysshe. Their son
Timothy Shelley of Fen Place (born c. 1700) married widow Johanna Plum from New York City. Timothy and Johanna were the great-
grandparents of Percy.

Ancestry chart

Ancestors of Percy Bysshe Shelley

16. John Shelley of Fen Place[49]
8. Timothy Shelley of Fen Place (born c.
1700)
17. Helen Bysshe[49]
4. Sir Bysshe Shelley

9. Johanna Plum[49]

2. Sir Timothy Shelley

10. Theobald Michell[50]

5. Mary Catherine Michell[47]

11. Mary Tredcroft[50]

1. Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792

– 8 July 1822)

6. Charles Pilford[48]

3. Elizabeth Pilfold

7. Bethia White[48]

Family
Percy was born to Sir Timothy Shelley (7 September 1753 – 24 April 1844) and his wife Elizabeth Pilfold following their marriage in October
1791. His father was son and heir to Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet of Castle Goring (21 June 1731 – 6 January 1815) by his wife Mary
Catherine Michell (d. 7 November 1760). His mother was daughter of Charles Pilfold of Effingham. Through his paternal grandmother, Percy
was a great-grandson to Reverend Theobald Michell of Horsham. Through his maternal lineage, he was a cousin of Thomas Medwin—a
childhood friend and Shelley's biographer.[51]

Percy was the eldest of six children. His younger siblings were:

John Shelley of Avington House (15 March 1806 – 11 November 1866; married on 24 March 1827 Elizabeth Bowen (d. 28 November
1889));
Mary Shelley (NB. not to be confused with his wife);
Elizabeth Shelley (d. 1831);
Hellen Shelley (d. 10 May 1885);
Margaret Shelley (d. 9 July 1887).
Shelley's uncle, brother to his mother Elizabeth Pilfold, was Captain John Pilfold, a famous Naval Commander who served under Admiral
Nelson during the Battle of Trafalgar.[52]

Descendants
Three children survived Shelley: Ianthe and Charles, his daughter and son by Harriet; and Percy Florence Shelley, his son by Mary. Charles,
who suffered from tuberculosis, died in 1826 after being struck by lightning during a rainstorm. Percy Florence, who eventually inherited the
baronetcy in 1844, died without children "of his body", as the old legal phrase went.

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Several members of the Scarlett family were born at Percy Florence's seaside home "Boscombe Manor" in Bournemouth. They were
descendants of Percy Florence's and Jane Gibson's adopted daughter, Bessie Florence Gibson. The 1891 census shows Lady Jane Shelley,
Percy Florence Shelley's widow, living at Boscombe Manor with several great-nephews. Percy Florence Shelley died in 1889, and his widow,
the former Jane St. John (born Gibson), died in 1899.

The only lineal descendants of the poet are therefore the children of Ianthe. Ianthe Eliza Shelley was married in 1837 to Edward Jeffries
Esdaile of Cothelstone Manor, grandson of the banker William Esdaile of Lombard Street, London. The marriage resulted in the birth of three
daughters, Ianthe Harriet Shelley (1839–1849), Eliza Margaret (1841–1930), and Mary Emily Sydney (1848–1854), and three sons, Charles
Edward (1842–1842), Charles Edward Jeffries (1845–1922), and William (1846–1915). Ianthe died in 1876, and her only descendants result
from the marriage of Charles Edward Jeffries Esdaile and Marion Maxwell Sandbach.

Mike Rutherford, bass player/guitarist of progressive rock band Genesis, is a descendant of Shelley's maternal aunt.[53]

Idealism
Shelley's unconventional life and uncompromising idealism, combined with his strong disapproving voice, made him an authoritative and
much-denigrated figure during his life and afterward. He became an idol of the next two or three or even four generations of poets, including
the important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets Robert Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Charles
Swinburne, as well as Lord Byron, Henry David Thoreau, W. B. Yeats, Aleister Crowley and Edna St. Vincent Millay, and poets in other
languages such as Jan Kasprowicz, Rabindranath Tagore, Jibanananda Das, and Subramanya Bharathy.

Nonviolence
Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience, the writings of Leo Tolstoy, and Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance were all influenced and
inspired by Shelley's theories of nonviolent resistance, in protest and political action.[54] It is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley's
The Masque of Anarchy,[55] which has been called "perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent resistance".[56][57]

Vegetarianism
Shelley wrote several essays on the subject of vegetarianism, the more prominent of which were "A Vindication of Natural Diet" (1813) and
"On the Vegetable System of Diet".[58][59] Shelley's eagerness for vegetarianism is connected with India. In 1812 he was converted to
vegetarianism by his friend Frank Newton, who had himself been converted while living in India.[60]

Shelley, in heartfelt dedication to sentient beings, wrote:[61]

If the use of animal food be, in consequence, subversive to the peace of human society, how unwarrantable is the injustice and
the barbarity which is exercised toward these miserable victims. They are called into existence by human artifice that they may
drag out a short and miserable existence of slavery and disease, that their bodies may be mutilated, their social feelings
outraged. It were much better that a sentient being should never have existed, than that it should have existed only to endure
unmitigated misery"; "Never again may blood of bird or beast/ Stain with its venomous stream a human feast,/ To the pure
skies in accusation steaming"; and "It is only by softening and disguising dead flesh by culinary preparation that it is rendered
susceptible of mastication or digestion, and that the sight of its bloody juices and raw horror does not excite intolerable loathing
and disgust.[61]

In Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem (1813) he wrote about the change to a vegetarian diet: "And man ... no longer now/ He slays the lamb
that looks him in the face,/ And horribly devours his mangled flesh."[62]

Legacy
Shelley's mainstream following did not develop until a generation after his death, unlike Lord
Byron, who was popular among all classes during his lifetime despite his radical views. For
decades after his death, Shelley was mainly appreciated by only the major Victorian poets, the pre-
Raphaelites, the socialists, and the labour movement. One reason for this was the extreme
discomfort with Shelley's political radicalism, which led popular anthologists to confine Shelley's
reputation to the relatively sanitised "magazine" pieces such as "Ozymandias" or "Lines to an
Indian Air".

He was admired by C. S. Lewis,[63] Karl Marx, Robert Browning, Henry Stephens Salt, Gregory Keats–Shelley Memorial House,
Corso, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, Isadora Duncan,[2] Constance Naden,[64] Upton Spanish Steps, Rome
Sinclair,[65] Gabriele d'Annunzio, Aleister Crowley, and W. B. Yeats.[66] Shelley had an enduring

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and profound influence on the Dutch poets of "De nieuwe Gids" (Kloos, Van Eeden e.a.). Samuel Barber, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Roger Quilter,
Howard Skempton, John Vanderslice, and Ralph Vaughan Williams composed music based on his poems.

Critics such as Matthew Arnold endeavoured to rewrite Shelley's legacy to make him seem a lyricist and a dilettante who had no serious
intellectual position and whose longer poems were not worthy of study. Arnold famously described Shelley as a "beautiful and ineffectual
angel". This position contrasted strongly with the judgement of the previous generation who knew Shelley as a sceptic and a radical.

Many of Shelley's works remained unpublished or little known after his death, with longer pieces such as A Philosophical View of Reform
existing only in manuscript until the 1920s. This contributed to the Victorian idea of him as a minor lyricist. With the inception of formal
literary studies in the early twentieth century and the slow rediscovery and re-evaluation of his oeuvre by scholars such as Kenneth Neill
Cameron, Donald H. Reiman, and Harold Bloom, the modern idea of Shelley could not be more different.

Paul Foot, in his Red Shelley, has documented the pivotal role Shelley's works—especially Queen Mab—have played in the genesis of British
radicalism. Although Shelley's works were banned from respectable Victorian households, his political writings were pirated by men such as
Richard Carlile who regularly went to jail for printing "seditious and blasphemous libel" (i.e. material proscribed by the government), and
these cheap pirate editions reached hundreds of activists and workers throughout the nineteenth century.[67]

Shelley's poem, "To the Queen of My Heart", was allegedly forged and falsely attributed to Shelley by James Augustus St John, who took over
as editor of the London Weekly Review when Carlile was imprisoned in 1827.[68]

In other countries such as India, Shelley's works both in the original and in translation have influenced poets such as Rabindranath Tagore[69]
and Jibanananda Das. A pirated copy of Prometheus Unbound dated 1835 is said to have been seized in that year by customs at Bombay.

Paul Johnson, in his book Intellectuals,[70] describes Shelley in a chapter titled "Shelley or the Heartlessness of Ideas". In the book, Johnson
describes Shelley as an amoral person, who by borrowing money which he did not intend to return, and by seducing young innocent women
who fell for him, destroyed the lives of everybody with whom he had interacted, including his own.

In 2005 the University of Delaware Press published an extensive two-volume biography by James Bieri. In 2008 the Johns Hopkins
University Press published Bieri's 856-page one-volume biography, Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography.

The rediscovery in mid-2006 of Shelley's long-lost Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things, as noted above, was slow to be followed up
until the only known surviving copy was acquired by the Bodleian Library in Oxford as its 12-millionth book in November 2015 and made
available online.[71] An analysis of the poem by the only person known to have examined the whole work at the time of the original discovery
appeared in the Times Literary Supplement: H. R. Woudhuysen, "Shelley's Fantastic Prank", 12 July 2006.[72]

In 2007 John Lauritsen published The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein, in which he argued that Percy Bysshe Shelley's contributions to the
novel were much more extensive than had previously been assumed.[73] It has been known and not disputed that Shelley wrote the Preface –
although uncredited – and that he contributed at least 4,000–5,000 words to the novel. Lauritsen sought to show that Shelley was the
primary author of the novel.

In 2008 Percy Bysshe Shelley was credited as the co-author of Frankenstein by Charles E. Robinson in a new edition of the novel entitled The
Original Frankenstein published by the Bodleian Library in Oxford and by Random House in the US.[74] Robinson determined that Percy
Bysshe Shelley was the co-author of the novel: "He made very significant changes in words, themes and style. The book should now be
credited as 'by Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley'."[75]

In late 2014 Shelley's work led lecturers from the University of Pennsylvania[76] and New York University[77] to produce a Massive open online
course (MOOC) on the life of Percy Shelley and Prometheus Unbound.[78][79]

In popular culture
Shelley is believed to have been the model for Marmion Herbert, one of two male protagonists in Benjamin Disraeli's 1837 novel Venetia;
the other, Lord Cadurcis, being based on Lord Byron.[80]
Henry James's 1888 novella, The Aspern Papers relates a struggle to obtain some letters by Shelley years after his death. It was made
into a stage play and an opera.
Spoon River Anthology by Edgar Lee Masters (1915) includes a poem Percy Bysshe Shelley[81] as the namesake of the speaker, whose
ashes "were scattered near the pyramid of Caius Cestius / Somewhere near Rome."
Shelley is a character in T. Zachary Cotler's novel Ghost at the Loom (2014).
Howard Brenton's play, Bloody Poetry (1984), explores the complex relationships and rivalries between Shelley, Mary Shelley, Claire
Clairmont, and Byron.
Shelley's cremation at Viareggio and the removal of his heart by Trelawny are described in Tennessee Williams's 1953 play Camino Real
by a fictional Lord Byron.
A visit to Lord Byron's estate by Shelley and Mary Shelley is the setting for Ken Russell's 1986 film Gothic.
Shelley's poem Ozymandias is cited by characters David and Walter in science-fiction film Alien: Covenant
The film Haunted Summer has a similar theme to Gothic and is also set in 1816.
Mick Jagger read lines from Adonais in tribute to Brian Jones at the Rolling Stones' 1969 free concert in Hyde Park.

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Shelley's poems The Revolt of Islam and Indian Serenade are recited in Sally Potter's film Orlando
A fictional Shelley befriends cavalry officer Matthew Hervey in the 2002 Allan Mallinson novel A Call to Arms.
Novelist Julian Rathbone fictionalises Shelley in A Very English Agent (2002), wherein a 19th-century government spy tampers with the
poet's boat, causing his death.
Shelley appears as himself in Peter Ackroyd's novel The Casebook of Victor Frankenstein (2008).
Shelley was played by Ben Lamb in Shared Experience's 2012 production, "Mary Shelley" by Helen Edmundson, at the Tricycle Theatre,
London.[82][83]
Shelley's poem "Love's Philosophy" appears frequently in the second season of the mystery television series Twin Peaks.
Shelley's poem "Ozymandias" lends its name to an episode of Breaking Bad. AMC had a teaser trailer for the final season of the show in
which Bryan Cranston reads the poem.
Shelley's work, particularly the poem "Love's Philosophy," is referenced in the Series 2 episode of Lewis entitled "And the Moonbeams
Kiss the Sea."
Shelley is portrayed in Blackadder's third-season episode "Ink and Incapability" as one of Samuel Johnson's admirers. He is played by
Lee Cornes.
Shelley is shown to be one of the poets read by Madeline Bassett, a major and recurring character in the works of P. G. Wodehouse.
In the novel "Six oies cendrées" (2001), French author Henri Coulonges gives a fictional account of the provenance of the mystery baby
girl Elena Adelaide Shelley in Naples as the daughter of Elise Foggi.[84][85]
The last line of Stanza LIII of Shelley's elegy of John Keats, Adonais "No more let Life divide what Death can join together." is referenced
a number of times by major characters in the Showtime/Sky Victorian horror series Penny Dreadful.
Some of Shelley's poems are mentioned in the detective videogame L.A. Noire, where they are used for solving a series of murders.
During the 2017 elections in the United Kingdom, Jeremy Corbyn frequently quoted the final stanza of Shelley’s 1819 poem, The Masque
of Anarchy, which begins, "Rise like lions after slumber, in unvanquishable number!" The words came to be used by Corbyn supporters
as a sort of unofficial battle cry.[86]

Major works
(1810) Zastrozzi
(1810) Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire
(1810) Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson: Being Poems Found Amongst the Papers of That Noted Female Who Attempted
the Life of the King in 1786
(1810 dated 1811) St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian
(1811) Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things
(1811) The Necessity of Atheism
(1812) The Devil's Walk: A Ballad
(1813) Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem
(1814) A Refutation of Deism: In a Dialogue
(1815) Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude
(1816) The Daemon of the World
(1816) Mont Blanc
(1816) On Death
(1817) Hymn to Intellectual Beauty (text)
(1817) Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City: A Vision of the Nineteenth Century
(1817) The Revolt of Islam, A Poem, in Twelve Cantos
(1817) History of a Six Weeks' Tour through a part of France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland (with Mary Shelley)
(1818) Ozymandias (text)
(1818) The Banquet (or The Symposium) by Plato, translation from Greek into English[87]
(1818) Rosalind and Helen: A Modern Eclogue (published in 1819)
(1818) Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills, October 1818
(1819) The Cenci, A Tragedy, in Five Acts
(1819) Ode to the West Wind (text)
(1819) The Masque of Anarchy
(1819) England in 1819
(1819) A Philosophical View of Reform (published in 1920)
(1819) Julian and Maddalo: A Conversation
(1820) Peter Bell the Third (published in 1839)
(1820) Prometheus Unbound, A Lyrical Drama, in Four Acts
(1820) To a Skylark
(1820) The Cloud
(1820) The Sensitive Plant[88]
(1820) Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts
(1820) The Witch of Atlas (published in 1824)
(1821) Adonaïs
(1821) Ion by Plato, translation from Greek into English
(1821) A Defence of Poetry (first published in 1840)
(1821) Epipsychidion
(1822) Hellas, A Lyrical Drama
(1822) Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit (chapbook)
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(1822) The Triumph of Life (unfinished, published in 1824)

Short prose works

"The Assassins, A Fragment of a Romance" (1814)
"The Coliseum, A Fragment" (1817)
"The Elysian Fields: A Lucianic Fragment" (1818)
"Una Favola (A Fable)" (1819, originally in Italian)

Essays
The Necessity of Atheism (1811)
Declaration of Rights (http://www.panarchy.org/shelley/rights.html) (1812)
A Letter to Lord Ellenborough (1812)
A Defence of Poetry
A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
A Refutation of Deism (http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/shelleydeism.htm) (1814)
On the Vegetable System of Diet (1814–1815; published 1929)
On Love (1818)
On Life (1819)
On a Future State (1815)
On The Punishment of Death
Speculations on Metaphysics (1814)
Speculations on Morals (1817)
On Christianity (incomplete, probably 1817; published 1859)
On the Literature, the Arts and the Manners of the Athenians
On The Symposium, or Preface to The Banquet Of Plato
On Friendship
On Frankenstein (written in 1817; published in 1832)

Chapbooks
Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit (1822)
Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave (1830)

Collaborations with Mary Shelley

(1817) History of a Six Weeks' Tour
(1818) Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus[89][90]
(1820) Proserpine
(1820) Midas

See also
List of peace activists
Bolesław Prus#Later years (use of Shelley's tomb inscription on Prus's tomb) (in Polish)
Godwin–Shelley family tree
Rising Universe – A water sculpture celebrating the life of Shelley near his birthplace in Horsham, Sussex

References
Notes

1. The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Thomas Medwin (London,
1847), p. 323
2. Duncan, Isadora (1996). My Life. W. W. Norton & Co. pp. 15,
134.
3. Bieri, James (13 October 2018). "Percy Bysshe Shelley: A
Biography : Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792-1816" (https://boo
ks.google.co.uk/books?id=agbHUJEnHPMC&pg=PA44).
University of Delaware Press. Retrieved 13 October 2018 – via
Google Books.
4. "Elizabeth Lady Shelley" (http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/People/
eshelley.html). knarf.english.upenn.edu.
5. Medwin, Thomas (1847). The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley.
London.
6. Gilmour, Ian (2002). Byron and Shelley: The Making of the
Poets. New York: Carol & Graf Publishers. pp. 96–97.
7. Bieri, James (2004). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's
Unextinguished Fire, 1792-1816. Newark: University of Delaware
Press. p. 86.

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8. Cory, William, "Shelley at Eton", The Shelley Society's Note-
Book, part 1, 1888, pp. 14–15.
9. O'Neill, Michael (2004). "Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)" (ht
tp://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25312). Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25312 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Ao
dnb%2F25312). Retrieved 2015-11-13. (subscription or UK public
library membership (http://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public)
required)
10. India Knight. "Article in the ''Times'' Online" (http://tls.timesonline.
co.uk/article/0,,25341-2266779,00.html). The Times. Retrieved
8 March 2010.
11. A second marriage took place at St George’s Hanover Square
on 24th March 1814, to obviate all doubts that have arisen
concerning the marriage that took place in Scotland. Harriet’s
father gave his permission as she was a minor. Entry confirmed
in parish registers.
12. James Bieri, Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008) p. 73.
13. Bieri (2008), pp. 154–176.
14. Bieri (2008), p. 195.
15. Bieri (2008), p. 185.
16. Bieri (2008), pp. 188 and 189. For comparison, Jane Austen, in
her novel Pride and Prejudice, set during this period, describes
Mr. Darcy's annual income as 10,000 £. See i Brad deLong's
discussion of this in "How Rich is Mr. Darcy?" (http://delong.type
pad.com/sdj/2007/03/how_rich_is_fit.html)
17. "The Shelley 'fortune' promised fiscal relief for Godwin in
accordance with the tenets of equitable distribution of wealth
advocated in Political Justice and subscribed to by his new pupil"
(Bieri [2008], p. 189).
18. Bieri (2008), p. 256. "Responding to Shelley's willingness to
compromise, the Duke brought father and son together at a large
party. According to Hogg, the Earl of Oxford pointed to Timothy
and asked a pleased Shelley, 'Pray, who is that very strange old
man... who talks so much, so loudly, and in so extraordinary a
manner, and all about himself.' Shelley identified his father and
walked home with the Earl" (Bieri [2008], pp. 256–57).
19. Bieri (2008), p. 199.
20. An advertisement in the Dublin Evening Post, quoted in Bieri
(2008), p. 200.
21. Seymour, p. 458.
22. Bieri (2008), p. 285.
23. Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley: Includes Adonais, Daemon of
the World, Peter Bell the Third, The Witch of Atlas, A Defence of
Poetry, and 3 Complete Volumes of works Google Ebooks
volume 2 (https://books.google.com/books?id=_BvZWIoVrPoC&
pg=PT1646&dq=Hymn+to+Intellectual+Beauty++often+consider
ed+his+first+significant+production+since+Alastor%5B&hl=en&s
a=X&ei=eW2xT_fjM4aA2wXB0aHpCA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v
=onepage&q=Hymn%20to%20Intellectual%20Beauty%20%20oft
en%20considered%20his%20first%20significant%20productio
n%20since%20Alastor%5B&f=false,)
24. "On Tuesday a respectable female, far advanced in pregnancy,
was taken out of the Serpentine river...A want of honour in her
own conduct is supposed to have led to this fatal catastrophe,
her husband being abroad." The Times(London), Thursday 12
December 1816, p.2
25. Bieri (2008), p. 364.
26. Volokh, Eugene. "Parent-Child Speech and Child Custody
Speech Restrictions" (http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/custody.p
df) (PDF). UCLA. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
27. For details of Harriet's suicide and Shelley's remarriage see Bieri
(2008), pp. 360–69.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley
28. Edward Chaney. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural
Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', Sites of Exchange:
European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A.
Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006, pp. 39–69.
The bust had already been described as 'certainly the most
beautiful and perfect piece of Egyptian sculpture that can be
seen throughout the whole country', by W. R. Hamilton, in his
remarkable Aegyptiaca in 1809. Had Shelley known how
celebrated both Rameses and his bust/s would become, he
might have chosen a better example of Nemesis.
29. MacCarthy, Fiona (2014). Byron: Life and Legend (https://books.
google.co.uk/books?id=aFFzAwAAQBAJ). Hachette UK.
30. Eisler,, Benita (1999). Byron: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame (htt
ps://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ykubOZRW9tcC). Knopf
Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 668..
31. Nicholl, Charles (2 July 1998), "Screaming in the Castle: The
Case of Beatrice Cenci", London Review of Books, Vol. XX, No.
13, pp. 23–7
32. Emily W. Sunstein,Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality (New
York: Little Brown, 1989), p. 175.
33. Timothy Morton, Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body
and the Natural World (Cambridge Studies in Romanticism,
1994), p. 232.
34. John Bedford Leno. The Aftermath with Autobiography of the
Author. London: Reeves & Turner 1892
35. "The Sinking of the Don Juan" by Donald Prell, Keats–Shelley
journal, Vol. LVI, 2007, pp 136–154
36. StClair, William, Trelawny, the Incurable Romancer, New York:
The Vanguard Press, 1977
37. Richard Holmes, Shelley: The Pursuit (New York: E. P. Dutton,
1975).
38. StClair and Prell
39. Edmund Blunden, Shelley, A Life Story, Oxford University Press,
1965.
40. Trelawny, E. J. Recollections of the last days of Shelley and
Byron (https://archive.org/stream/recollectionsofl00trel#page/13
6/mode/2up), p. 137, Ticknor and Fields, Boston, 1858
41. We Who Are of His Family And Bear His Name, by W. L. Jacobs
42. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 1955
X(1):114–116; doi:10.1093/jhmas/X.1.114-b (https://doi.org/10.10
93%2Fjhmas%2FX.1.114-b)
43. "Celebrity Body Parts: 10 Priceless Pieces of History" (http://ww
w.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,386842,00.html). Foxnews.com. 20
July 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
44. "Please take your seats" (http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/ne
ws/features/snapshotsofthepast/10267143.Please_take_your_se
ats/). Bournemouth Echo.
45. Baptism Record of Richard Shelley. (http://search.ancestry.com/c
gi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&db=FS1EnglandBirthsandChristenings&h
=150825111&tid=4232135&pid=290091589064&usePUB=true&
usePUBJs=true&rhSource=9852) Ancestry.com. England, Select
Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 (database on-line). Provo,
UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Original data:
England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975. Salt Lake City,
Utah: FamilySearch, 2013. Paid subscription site, accessed May
2017.
46. Marriage Record of Richard Shelly and Jonne Feste.
Ancestry.com. England, Select Marriages, 1538–1973 [database
on-line (http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=
9852&h=21124877&tid=4232135&pid=290091589122&hid=2903
0617221&usePUB=true&_phsrc=fMG25&_phstart=default&useP
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47. Marriage Record of Bysshe Sheely and Mary Catherine Michell.
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Prison, King's Bench Prison, the Mint and the May Fair Chapel.
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Archives, Kew, England. Accessed May 2017. (subscription
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48. Bieri (2004), p. 44
49. Bieri (2004), pp. 30-31
50. Baptism Record of Katherine Michell. (http://search.ancestry.co
m/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&db=FS1EnglandBirthsandChristenings
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51. Ernest J Lovell Jr, Captain Medwin: Friend of Byron and Shelley,
University of Texas 1962
52. The Life and Times of Captain John Pilfold, CB, RN; Hawkins,
Desmond, Horsham Museum Society, 1998
53. 1881 census of Cothelstone House, Bishops Lydeard, Somerset,
England, Class: RG11; Piece: 2370; Folio: 40; Page: 7; GSU roll:
1341570>
54. Thomas Weber, "Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor," Cambridge
University Press, 2004, pp. 28–29.
55. Thomas Weber, "Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor," Cambridge
University Press, 2004, p. 28.
56. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110105232938/h
ttp://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf)
(PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.morrissociety.org/J
WMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf) (PDF) on 5 January 2011.
Retrieved 8 March 2010.
57. Hasan, Mahmudul. "The Theme of Indianness in the Works of
PB Shelley: A Glimpse into Ancient India."
58. Spencer, Colin. The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism.
Great Britain: Hartnolls Ltd, Bodmin. 1993, pp. 244–45.
59. Morton, Timothy, "Joseph Ritson, Percy Shelley and the Making
of Romantic Vegetarianism." Romanticism, Vol. 12, Issue 1,
2006. pp. 52–61.
60. Hasan, Mahmudul, "The Theme of Indianness in the Works of P
B Shelley: A Glimpse into Ancient India." Galaxy: An
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 5,
2016. pp. 30-39.
61. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, "A Vindication of Natural Diet;" London:
Smith & Davy. 1813, pp. 1–36.
62. Preece, Rod. Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian
Thought. Vancouver, BC, Canada: University of British Columbia
Press, 2008.
63. "Poems of the Week" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100215133
818/http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/words_articl
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original (http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/words_
articles/poems_shelley.htm) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved
8 March 2010.
64. R. W. Dale, 'Constance Naden', in Further Reliques of
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65. Upton Sinclair, "My Lifetime in Letters", Univ of Missouri Press,
1960.
66. Yeats: The Philosophy of Shelley's Poetry, 1900.
67. Some details on this can also be found in William St Clair's The
Reading Nation in the Romantic Period (Cambridge: CUP, 2005)
and Richard D. Altick's The English Common Reader (Ohio:
Ohio State University Press, 1998) 2nd. edn.
68. Donald Reiman and Neil Fraistat (eds.), The Complete Poetry of
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Vol. 1 (Baltimore: John Hopkins
University Press, (2000).
69. Tagore Rabindranath biography (http://www.bookrags.com/resea
rch/tagore-rabindranath-eorl-13/). Bookrags.com (2 November
2010).
70. HarperCollins, 2007. First published in 1988.
71. "Shelley's Poetical Essay: The Bodleian Libraries' 12 millionth
book" (http://poeticalessay.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/). Oxford: Bodleian
Library. November 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
72. Woudhuysen, H. R. (2006-07-12). "Shelley's fantastic prank: An
extraordinary pamphlet comes to light" (http://entertainment.time
sonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/tls_selections/lit
erature_and_criticism/article2305759.ece). The Sunday Times.
London. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
73. John Lauritsen (2007). The Man Who Wrote "Frankenstein".
Pagan Press. ISBN 0-943742-14-5.
74. Adams, Stephen. "Percy Bysshe Shelley helped wife Mary write
Frankenstein, claims professor: Mary Shelley received extensive
help in writing Frankenstein from her husband, Percy Bysshe
Shelley, a leading academic has claimed." The Daily Telegraph,
24 August 2008.
75. Shelley, Mary, with Percy Shelley. The Original Frankenstein.
Edited with an Introduction by Charles E. Robinson. NY:
Random House Vintage Classics, 2008. ISBN 978-0-307-47442-
1
76. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141023162950/h
ttp://penn2014.phillydh.org/2014/06/19/unbinding-prometheus-cr
eating-the-prometheus-collaborative-digital-initiative-for-shelley-s
tudies/). Archived from the original (http://penn2014.phillydh.org/
2014/06/19/unbinding-prometheus-creating-the-prometheus-coll
aborative-digital-initiative-for-shelley-studies/) on 23 October
2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
77. http://nyurrg.org/2014/07/14/introducing-the-university-of-
pennsylvanias-unbinding-prometheus-project/
78. Ltd., Open Learning Global Pty. "on openlearning.com" (https://w
ww.openlearning.com/courses/percyshelley-unbindingprometheu
s). openlearning.com.
79. "Keats-Shelley Association of America » The Unbinding
Prometheus Project" (http://k-saa.org/the-unbinding-prometheus-
project/). k-saa.org.
80. "Venetia Review, vol. 1 No. 1" (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=kdoEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA129&lpg=RA1-PA129&dq=disra
eli+venetia+review&source=web&ots=qJyIZHDw1G&sig=G8vjnB
7vSx0rRWauo5Ck50vTJ3k#PRA1-PA130,M1). "New Monthly
Review (available online at Google books). 1837. p. 130.
Retrieved 2007-10-11.
81. "Percy Bysshe Shelley" (https://web.archive.org/web/201002070
91533/http://spoonriveranthology.net/spoon/river/view/Percy_Bys
she_Shelley). Spoon River Anthology. Archived from the original
(http://spoonriveranthology.net/spoon/river/view/Percy_Bysshe_
Shelley) on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
82. "Frazzled by fate, you can see how Frankenstein's author came
up with her monster" (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/articl
e-2161398/Frazzled-fate-Frankensteins-author-came-monster.ht
ml). Daily Mail. (19 June 2012).
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83. Mary Shelley – Reviews – 15 Jun 2012 (http://www.whatsonstag
e.com/reviews/theatre/london/E8831339749792/Mary+Shelley.ht
ml). Whatsonstage.com (15 June 2012).
84. "Six oies cendrées" (http://www.grasset.fr/six-oies-cendrees-978
2246617419). 30 April 2018.
85. "<Italique>Six Oies cendrées</Italique> par Henri Coulonges" (h
ttp://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/six-oies-cendrees_797661.htm
l). 7 June 2001.
86. " "Rise like lions after slumber": why do Jeremy Corbyn and co
keep reciting a 19th century poem?" (http://www.newstatesman.c
om/politics/uk/2017/06/rise-lions-after-slumber-why-do-jeremy-co
rbyn-and-co-keep-reciting-19th-century).
www.newstatesman.com.
87. Plato, The Banquet, translated by Percy Bysshe Shelley, Pagan
Press, Provincetown 2001, ISBN 0-943742-12-9. Shelley's
translation and his introductory essay, "A Discourse on the
Manners of the Antient Greeks Relative to the Subject of Love",
were first published unbowdlerized in 1931.
88. "Percy Bysshe Shelley: "The Sensitive Plant" from Andre digte"
(https://kalliope.org/en/text/shelley2003060601). Kalliope.
Retrieved 5 October 2018.
89. Wade, Phillip. "Shelley and the Miltonic Element in Mary
Shelley's ''Frankenstein''."'' Milton and the Romantics'', 2
(December, 1976), 23–25 (http://www.english.upenn.edu/Project
s/knarf/Articles/wade.html). English.upenn.edu. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20110414014829/http://www.english.upen
n.edu/Projects/knarf/Articles/wade.html) 14 April 2011 at the
Wayback Machine.
90. Grande, James. Review: The Original Frankenstein, By Mary
Shelley with Percy Shelley ed Charles E Robinson. "To what
extent did Percy Bysshe Shelley work on 'Frankenstein'? A new
analysis reveals all." (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-enterta
inment/books/reviews/the-original-frankenstein-by-mary-shelley-
with-percy-shelley-ed-charles-e-robinson-1017483.html). The
Independent' (16 November 2008).

Bibliography

Edmund Blunden, Shelley: A Life Story, Viking Press, 1947.

James Bieri, Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8018-8861-1.
Altick, Richard D., The English Common Reader. Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1998.
Cameron, Kenneth Neill. The Young Shelley: Genesis of a Radical. First Collier Books ed. New York: Collier Books, 1962, cop. 1950. 480
p.
Edward Chaney. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', Sites of Exchange: European
Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006, pp. 39–69.
Holmes, Richard. Shelley: The Pursuit. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1975.
Meaker, M. J. Sudden Endings, 12 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides, Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1964 p. 67–93: "The
Deserted Wife: Harriet Westbrook Shelley".
Maurois, André, Ariel ou la vie de Shelley, Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1923
St Clair, William. The Godwins and the Shelleys: A Biography of a Family. London: Faber and Faber, 1990.
St Clair, William. The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Hay, Daisy. Young Romantics: the Shelleys, Byron, and Other Tangled Lives, Bloomsbury, 2010.
Owchar, Nick. "The Siren's Call: An epic poet as Mary Shelley's co-author. A new edition of 'Frankenstein' shows the contributions of her
husband, Percy." Los Angeles Times, 11 October 2009.
Rhodes, Jerry. "New paperback by UD professor offers two versions of Frankenstein tale." UDaily, University of Delaware, 30 September
2009. Charles E. Robinson: "These italics used for Percy Shelley's words make even more visible the half-dozen or so places where, in
his own voice, he made substantial additions to the 'draft' of Frankenstein."
Pratt, Lynda. "Who wrote the original Frankenstein? Mary Shelley created a monster out of her 'waking dream' – but was it her husband
Percy who 'embodied its ideas and sentiments'?" The Sunday Times, 29 October 2008.
Adams, Stephen. "Percy Bysshe Shelley helped wife Mary write Frankenstein, claims professor: Mary Shelley received extensive help in
writing Frankenstein from her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley, a leading academic has claimed." Telegraph, 24 August 2008. Charles E.
Robinson: "He made very significant changes in words, themes and style. The book should now be credited as 'by Mary Shelley with
Percy Shelley'."
Shelley, Mary, with Percy Shelley. The Original Frankenstein. Edited with an Introduction by Charles E. Robinson. NY: Random House
Vintage Classics, 2008. ISBN 978-0-307-47442-1

External links
Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1529) at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bys
she%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20B%2
E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20
OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%20OR%20subject%3
A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20B%2
E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20Bysshe%20Shell
ey%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2
E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20Byssh
e%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%20OR%20title%3A%2
2Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20B%2
E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20
OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20O
R%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%2

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2%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%29%20OR%20%2
8%221792-1822%22%20AND%20Shelley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://librivox.org/author/216) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Percy Bysshe Shelley by John Addington Symonds at Project Gutenberg

Percy Bysshe Shelley Resources (http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~djb/shelley/etexts.html)
Selected Poems of Shelley (http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/percy_bysshe_shelley/shelleys_poems)
A Guide to the Percy Bysshe Shelley Manuscript Material in the Pforzheimer Collection (http://www.nypl.org/archives/3344)
A talk on Shelley's politics (MP3) by Paul Foot: part 1 (https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053804/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleya.m
p3), *part 2 (https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053828/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleyb.mp3)
A pedigree of the Shelley family (http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ss4as/shelley01.htm)
Plato's Ion, the Shelley translation (http://paganpressbooks.com/jpl/ION.HTM)
The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (http://www.online-literature.com/shelley_percy/complete-works-of-shelley/)
"Archival material relating to Percy Bysshe Shelley" (https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F34981). UK National Archives.
Portraits of Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04088) at the National Portrait
Gallery, London
Online exhibition of Shelley's notebooks, objects, letters and drafts (http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/) alongside artefacts of Mary
Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley and William Godwin
Percy Bysshe Shelley (http://www.bl.uk/people/percy-bysshe-shelley) at the British Library}

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