-

- :
) :
–

: (

, , ,

:
–

- -
: )*(.

: -

: ) (

: .

- -
 : "

, . ,

, .

, .

: .
- -
: .

: .

: .

: )*( * ,

: ) …

: /

- -
.

- -
 -
– :

: )
–
…
–

- -
: .

- -
.

- -
 -
- :

, , , , ,

:
–

- (

- -
 : ) * (.

, : ) (

- -
 × × .

. )

) (

- -
 : ,

- -
.

- -
 -
:

, , ,

: ..
–

- -
 ) (

, ) (

- -
,

,
- -
, . , . ,

- -
.

- -
 ) (

-
) ( :
:

, ,

:
- -
 ) (

: ,

- -
) (

- -
 -
- :

, , ,

.. )
–

,
- -
 . ,

, . ,

- -
,

, . ,

- -
,

,
.

- -
,

- -
.

- -
-
:
: )

- -
 -
– :

: ..
–

- -
: )*(.

. .

- -
 .

- -
.

- -
 -
:
:

, , , ,

- -
:

- -
:
.

- -
 :
: )*(. * ,

: )*(.

: .

: .

- -
: .

: .

: .

- -
.

- -
 -
– :

, , ,

) / ( / / ) / / ( /
–

- -
 .

: )*(.
- -
: * ,

- -
 .

: .

- -
.

- -
 :
:
-
– :
: )

, ,

- -
:
:

- -
 -
– :

, , ,

:
- -
 :alteration work
alternative
:alternate
) ( :alternative :

- -
 :engineering design
–
….
–
"
ON SITE SUPERVISION – NEGOTIATIONS … CRISES MANAGEMENT IN PROJECTS EXECUTION
)
–
/ (.
) / ( :indicated . :
- -
 :notice to proceed
:plans

:preliminary design

- -
CSI

Masterformat

- -
- -
.

- -
 -
- :
:

, , ,

.. )
–

- -
:

: .
) (

- -
:
.

- -
: )*(.

.
- -
 .

- -
.

- -
 -
– :
:

, ,

- -
 " " / " "

: )*(.
- -
 .
CPM

- -
 . .
) (SI
.

: .

- -
 .

- -
VHS

- -
.

- -
 ) (

-
– ) ( :
: .

, , , , , ,

- -
 ) (

) ( )
) (ISO

49 :2048 ISO 49 :1009 ISO

- -
–
79 :2009 ISO 59 :3009 ISO
4009 ISO 49 :1-4009 ISO 39 :4-4009 ISO 59 :50001 ISO 79 :60001 ISO

-
) (US

:
8774 BS 19 :2-8774 BS 19 :3-8774 BS 0587 BS 29 :1-0587 49 :2-0587 BS
- -
 ) (

.. )
–

(.

:certificate
- -
 ) (

) (

- -
 ) (

.
) (

- -
) (

) (
/
) (

- -
) (

- -
 -
– :

, , , ,

- -
 .. )
–

: )*(. ,

- -
,

- -
,

- -
 .

: .

, :

- -
, :

- -
,

: .

- -
: .

: .

: .

: .

- -
 /

- -
- -
- -
 :

: . :

- -
:

- -
- -
 :

-
– :
: .

, , , ) (

:
- -
:

- -
 :

:
) (
,
- -
 :

, .

- -
:

- -
 -
– :
:

, , ,

) (

- -
- -
: .

- -
.

- -
 ) (

-
– ) ( :

, , , ,

: .
–

(
- -
) (

- -
) (

:
- -
 ) (

, . , . ,

.
4 A
.
" "
- -
 ) (

- .
–

. , :
–

- .

- -
 ) (

: .

: .

- -
 ) (

- -
 -
– :
:

, , ,

:
– -
 ) ( :

) (.

:
- -
 ) ( .
- -
 :

) (.

) (.

- -
.

- -
ú »Æ÷¥ þwÆ÷¥ 7¥ úÌ©
¿
ÎÐ
ÐÎÎÔ
ZZZPRPUDJRYVD
»  Ï×ÖÐ  ô ô ÐÎÎÐ  » ÏÒÎÑ
¿ » ÏÒÐÑ
 ¿ » ÏÒÐÕ » ÐÎÎÔ »  ¿ ¿  ÏÖ
ÏÏÓÓÒ
ÓÔÎ×Ó  

  » » » 
¿ ¿ ô »
ÑÎ
ÐÒ   »
 »
»
» »
¿ »
¿
¿ 


»
 ±



¾     ±  

¾
¾
¾
 

¾

¾
 

¾
¾
¾
 ±
 
¾
¾
 ± 
¾
¾
¾


¾
¾
¾



¾

 ±  
¾
¾
¾
¾
   
¾ ¾



¾ ¾
    


o____ÌieG Ò_‾ð_v¾ ÄI f__¿__YC
ѦBJðºAÊ ´ÍnÃNºA
Ä__¾ È__NÇUAÊ B__¾Ê Ãn__ºA PAjr__¦ h__þ BÇMn__¾ PCf__I __ºA Ñ__ÍÂAj¿§ºA Ñz__ÇúA Ä__¾ B__²Ü
_N¶ jÌË__ðM B__Çþ ÐeB‾N__mÛAÊ j__ÌkÊ e˧__m ½E l__Ìl§ºA f__J¦ Ä__I K__§N¾ __¾ÝA Î__—» A Ë¿
_§ºA (ôB³IB__m ± ÅB—__máAÊ Ñ__¾B§ºA ½B«__qÝA j__ÌkÊ) PAiAeáAÊ __ mfÃÇ A Ä__ ¾ R__ —ºA B__
_Çæ Pif_u ÉAË_ö Á1992 ÁB_¦ Lj_§ºA ¿§N_ºAÊ ÅB—máA ÔAikÊ .ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃNº ÁAl_ºGÊ ÎÂB_J A h_Í
B__Çþ ÐeB‾N__mÛAÊ ÎÂB__J A h__Í‾ÃNº Ñ__¾B§ºA PB‾__uAË A ÁAfbN__mA ¨__mA˺A iBr__NÂÛA Ah__Æ
_ÌÊj³ºAÊ eAk _mfÃÇ AÊ ÔA_ A Ä_¾ ôAJ_¶ ôAef_¦ _¿§ºA Ah_ÇI ÁB_ͳ»º ÐiAk˺A PfÃU f³® , BÆjÌËðM
PB__ÍóNºAÊ PAfVNn__ A Ñ__J¶A˾ (1 .Î B§ºAÊ Î»A ÓËNn A Ò»¦ ÔBÃJºA KͺBmCÊ PAf§ AÊ ÑÍ__ _mBͳº
_¾Ë»§ A ©BU_mBI \¿n_Ì f_Y˾ Ñ‾_qiCÊ l_;jMÊ ÀͲj_M ÁB£Â ©BJMG (4 .ѺËÇmÊ .ÑÍjºA PBÇ A ľ ÐieB
Ѿf³ A
PB__ ¾Ë»§ A LBÍn__ ÂA ´__ ³ —r__ I Ñ__ RÌf A B__ ÇN§J PB‾__ uAË A ÀͲj__ MÊ K__ ÌËJM Ñ
ÔB_ÃJºA PB‾_uA˾ f_ǧ¾ Ä_¦ ieBv_ºA (0DVWHUIRUPDW
 ÀmBI ±Êj§ AÊ ôBÍ B¦ ½ÊAfN A _ ºA LAË_IÝA Ä__¾ B_ÆiBÍNaA ôBÍ__mBmC ôB_IBI 12 Ä__¾ f_Ìf A iAf_
16) : ÎMßA ËZúA Ò»¦ ÎÆÊ ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃM BÇÍ»¦ ±iB§N A ÑÍmBmÝA ½B¿¦ÝA
ÁB§ºA ¨²Ë A ½B¿¦C ÎÂBJ A ½B¿¦C ¸ÍNmÜJºAÊ Kr A h®AËúAÊ LAËIÝA ¨®jºAÊ ³ÃºA ÐlÇUCÊ f¦Bv A ÑÍÕB
SºBRºA LBJºA ÑÍÂf§ A ½B¿¦ÝA o¾B A LBJºA ÑIË jºAÊ ÐiAj A ľ ÑÌB²ËºA ¨IBnºA LBJºA i˗ÌfºAÊ PAÔB
: ÎÆÊ jr¦ SºBRºA ÒNYÊ jqB§ºA ľ LAËIÝA B¾C
Ñ_§JðºA Éh_Æ BÇUAieG ÍUDM BÃÌCi f³® ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃM ÑÍmBmC Onͺ ôÛB¿¦C ¿rM ºAÊ . A ÔBq ÅG
Ñ͗ÍNmÜJºAÊ ÑÍJr A h®AËúA (PAÊej A) ÑÍÂf§ A ¨IAËNºA (XBUlºA ½B¿¦C) WÍUlNºA ÑÍÂf§ A h®AËúA 0
08100 08200 08300
½ÊAf AÊ PB f³NºAÊ ÐeË A ÅB¿yÊ ¨UAj A Ò»¦ ÎmBmC —rI ¿NrÌÊ ÁB¦ : ½ÊÝA Ôl A .ÑÂBÍvºAÊ ÑÍþlºA
: ÎÆÊ ÔAlUC ѧJm Ò»¦ ÏËN ÁBn²ÝA ÉhÆ Ä¾ Àn² ¶Ê
08400
¨²Ë B__I ÐeË__ A €J__yÊ ½B__¿¦ÝA K__ͶjMÊ h__Í‾ÃM È__MAj³® À__ÆC Ä__¾Ê h__Í‾ÃNºA :S__ºBRºA Ôl
.BÇJͶjM ĶB¾CÊ BÇvÕBvaÊ Ñ¾fbNn A eAË A Ív‾M ÈÍ®Ê PBVNà A : ÎÂBRºA Ôl A .pBͳºA ѳÌj Ê pBͳº
_¾B¶ kB_ G pB_mC Ò_»¦ ¨®f_ºA ÈÍ®Ê (PBv»bNn A) PB§®fºA ±ju omC :o¾B A Ôl A .PB‾uAË A ÉhÇI ôBÃ
:κBNºA ËZúA Ò»¦ ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃNº ѾB§ºA PB‾uAË A ľ ÑRºBRºA ѧJðºA j®ËNMÊ Ò_»¦ (Ïl_Í» G / Î_Ij
__ÍÕj A Ä__¾ ef__¦ B__ÂeiÊ f__²Ê ç jÌË_ðM Ä_¦ ѺËÖn A ÑÃV»ºA BÇN³»M ºA ÔBÃJºA ½B ¿NÇ A PB
AË__IC ÊC ÁBn__²C Ñ®B__yHI ´__»§NM __ºA PB__Y³ AÊ PBZ»ðv__ AÊ xËv__ ûº ÏË__ «»ºAÊ __ ‾ºA €J
»¾B_§ºA Ñ_¾f J_—ºA _¿§ºA Ah_Æ XAj_aGÊ LB§v_ºA ¸»M ͺhM ė¾C SÌfZNºAÊ jÌËðNºA . ÔBÃJºAÊ f
 Ñ f¾ ÑÂAËðmA Ò»¦ PB‾uAË A ľ Ñbn x .LBI —º ÑÌlÍ» áAÊ ÑÍIj§ºA N«»ºBI ѦËJð¾ Ñbn x
ÔAj__UGÊ PB‾__uAË A ÁBn__²CÊ LAË__IC ¨__Í¿ Ñ__ÃV»ºA ÔBz__¦C __J² Ä__¾ Î__VÇà A ´Í²f__NºA (2
h__Í‾ÃNº Ñ__¾B§ºA PB‾__uAË A Ä__¾ Ñ__RºBRºA Ñ__§JðºA ¨z__M Ñ__ÌÊj³ºAÊ Ñ__Ìf»JºA ÅÊÚr__ºA ÐiAk
N B_ ÏiÊe SÌf A ÔBq ÅG ÀNÍmÊ .xBvNaÛA ÏÊg PBY³¾Ê PBÍÕj¾ ÔËy ÐfÌfU PB¦Ëy˾ ÊC ÁBn²C
.ÔBÃJºAÊ fÍÍrNºA ½B
:κBNºA ÅAËçºA Ò»¦ PBY³ AÊ PBÍÕj A mjM ÑÌjÌËðNºA PB¦Êjr¿»º ÑÌl¶j A ÐiAeáA 11554 ~BÌjºA 5609
±Aj__qáA ÐiAeG ÁB__¦ jÌf__¾Ê ,Î__qBVúA ÅB¿Í»__m Ä__I ÀÍÆAj__IG /pf__ÃÇ A ÐeB§__m ÁB__§ºA BÆj
Xj__ _‾ A f__ _¿ Ä__ _I Ä j__ _ºA f__ _J¦ /pf__ _ÃÇ A ÐeB§__ _m Ñ__ _ÌjÌËðNºA PB¦Êjr__ _ A h
ÔB__ _ _ÃJºA PB__ _ ¾Ë»§ Ñ__ _ ¾B§ºA ÐiAeáA j—r__ _ _ºBI w__ _ Ê PB‾__ _ uAË A Éh__ _ _Æ ÔA
Ñ__—»¿ A __aAe Ä__¾ ÀÆB__m Ä__¾ __—º BÂjÌf__³M ÀÍ__£¦ Ä__¦ __§Ãº Ñ__uj‾ºA Éh__Æ l__ÇNàÅC
JVEF#PRPUDJRYVD κBNºA ÎÂÊ—ºÛA f̺A Ò»¦ ÊC
ÁB__¾C ôB§__yAËN¾ __N§Ì ¸__ºg ÅC ÛG È__Í® ½h__I Ïh__ºA f__Ç A ÀÍ__£¦Ê __¿§ºA Ah__Æ Ñ¾Bb__y ¨
PAfVNn_ A Tf_YC K_¶AËú J—ºA ÎIj§ºA Ä ËºAÊ Ñ—»¿ A ÔBÃJºA ѦBÃu jÌËðM ÑͺÊÚn¾
. ÔBÃJºA ½B »¾B§ºA Ѿf lÍ¿ A fÇ A ÉhÆ XAjaG ÍJm É˺hI B¾ Ò»¦
ÍÏ
¾ ¾ ¾  
¾
 
¾
¾

 ± 
¾
¾
¾

 ±
¿ ¿
 ÍÎ
ÎÏÎÏÎ ÎÏÎÐÎ ÎÏÎÑÎ ÎÏÎÓÎ ÎÏÎÔÎ ÎÏÎÖÎ ÎÏÎÐÓ ÎÏÎÐÖ ÎÏÎÒÏ ÎÏÎÓÏ ÎÏÎ×Ó ÎÏÏÐÎ ÎÏÑÎÎ ÎÏÒÎÎ ÎÏÓÎÎ ÎÏÔ
¿
 ¿
¿
¿ ¿
ÐÔ ÎÒÒ ÏÐÎ ÏÓÒ ¾ ÖÎ
Î
Î
¾
¾
¾ ¾ ¾
ÍÏ
ÍÏÏÍÍ ÍÏÒÍÍ ÍÏÓÓÍ ÍÏÔÍÍ ÍÏÖÍÍ ÍÏÕÎÍ
¿
ÍÐ
ÎÑÏÎÎ ÎÑÐÎÎ ÎÑÑÎÎ ÎÑÒÎÎ
¾ ¾
¿
¿
ÍÑ
¿
ÍÒ
ÍÑÏÍÍ
ÍÒÎÍÍ ÍÒÒÍÍ ÍÒÕÎÍ
¿ ¿
ÍÓ ÍÔ
ÍÓÎÐÍ ÍÓÑÍÍ
¿
¿
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
ÍÔÎÍÍ ÍÔÎÒÍ ÍÔÎÕÍ ÍÔÏÍÍ ÍÔÏÒÍ ÍÔÑÍÍ ÍÔÒÍÍ ÍÔÓÍÍ ÍÔÔÍÍ ÍÔÖÍÍ
¿
ÍÕ
¿
ÍÕÎÍÍ ÍÕÏÍÍ ÍÕÐÍÍ ÍÕÑÍÍ ÍÕÒÍÍ ÍÕÓÍÍ ÍÕÔÍÍ ÍÕÕÍÍ

¿
¿
ÍÖ
ÍÖÏÍÍ ÍÖÏÒÍ ÍÖÐÍÍ ÍÖÑÍÍ ÍÖÑÒÍ ÍÖÒÍÍ ÍÖÒÑÒ ÍÖÒÒÍ ÍÖÓÒÍ ÍÖÓÕÍ ÍÖÖÍÍ ÍÖÖÒÍ
¿
¿
¾
ÎÑÎÍÍ ÎÑÏÍÍ ÎÑÐÍÍ ÎÑÓÍÍ
ÎÑ
¿
¾
¿
ÎÒÍÒÍ ÎÒÏÒÍ ÎÒÐÎÍ ÎÒÐÏÍ ÎÒÐÑÍ
ÎÒ
ÎÒÐÐÍ
ÎÒÐÐÒ ÎÒÐÑÒ ÎÒÐÒÍ ÎÒÐÓÍ
)0
ÎÒÐÓÎ ÎÒÐÓÏ ÎÒÑÎÍ ÎÒÑÐÍ ÎÒÑÑÍ ÎÒÑÒÍ ¿ ¿ ¿ ÎÒÑÕÍ ÎÒÒÍÍ ÎÒÑÔÒ ÎÒÒÒÍ ÎÒÓÒÍ ÎÒÔÒÍ ÎÒÕÒÍ ÎÒÕÕÍ ÎÒÖ
¾
ÎÓÍÒÍ ÎÓÐÍÍ ÎÓÑÍÍ ÎÓÒÍÍ ÎÓÓÍÍ ÎÓÔÏÍ ÎÓÔÑÍ ÎÓÖÍÍ
ÎÓ
ÎÓÔÐÍ ÎÓÔÔÍ ÎÓÔÕÍ ÎÓÖÒÍ
 –
- :

, ,

– -
 ) ( )
) (ASTM
– -
09 :6551 ASTM D
19 :7551 ASTM D
49 :3881 ASTM D
48 :7612 ASTM D
29 :6122 ASTM D
97 :9142 ASTM D
58 :7842 ASTM D 48 :8842 ASTM D 19 :2292 ASTM D
88 :7103 ASTM D
39 :3524 ASTM D
19 :4524 ASTM D
59 :8134 ASTM D
) (AASHTO
99 :72 AASHO T 69 :98 AASHO T

– -
18 :1306 BS 98 :1-0008 BS

, /

:backfilling

– -
 :compaction ) (.
6122 ASTM D

:optimum moisture content

ASTM

:organic clay :peat

– -
 :plastic limit -
4524 4253 and D
:relative density :
ASTM D
:roadbed /

: : :

– -
 : ) :

: ) :

: )*(.

, ) ( ) (

– -
, .

– -
: ) (

: )*( ,
– -
* , . * , . ,
88 ASTM D 4318, ASTM D 1557, ASTM C 136, ASTM C 131 ,ASTM C
* , . * , .

– -
:

– -
:

: ) :

– -
 :

: )*(. * , .

,
– -
 ,

) (
, GW, GP, GM, SM, SW
,
7842 ASTM D
.

SP

, GC, SC, ML, MH, CL, CH

,
7842 ASTM D

OL, OH, PT
.

– -
,
pH
,

,
pH
,

– -
 .

8134 ASTM D
, , :
- - -
, ,
– -
– -
,

– -
:

– -
/

– -
,

: )*( ,
– -
* , . * ,

7551 ASTM D

– -
 .

. .

– -
 .

– -
,

/
– -
, %

,
– -
 ) (
.

, . ,
6551 ASTM D
,
7612 ASTM D

: )*(. ,

– -
 ,
631 ASTM C
72 . AASHTO T

6551 ASTM D
,
7612 ASTM D

.
134 ASTM D
* , * ,
98 AASHTO T
, .

6551 ASTM D
, 7612 .ASTM D
,

:
.

– -
: ) : (

– -
 :
: )*(.

) ( .

– -
 :

, . ,

– -
:
:
-

– -
: . ) (
:
:

– -
:
:

– -
:
:

– -
:

– -
 –
- :

, , , ,

– -
 ) ( )
) (ASTM
68 :779 ASMT D 68 :844 ASTM D 88 :296 ASTM D 58 :242 ASTM D )88(28 :639 AST
C 48 :87 ASTM C

– -
 .
) (hveem
98 :979 ASTM D
)28(17 :499 ASTM D
88 :599 ASTM D
88 :3701 ASTM D )08( 47 :0911 ASTM D
98 :9551 ASTM D
29 :0651 ASTM D

29 :1651 ASTM D

38 :1571 ASTM D
48 :2571 ASTM D
09 :1402 ASTM D
88 :2712 ASTM D
58 :7932 ASTM D 47 :9142 ASTM D
28 :0592 ASTM D

– -
68 :4023 ASTM D
58 :6043 ASTM D
98 :5153 ASTM D
09 :6663 ASTM D
68 :1654 ASTM D
98 :1974 ASTM D
) (AASHTO
49 :69 AASHTO T 19 :58 AASHTO T 19 :842 AASHTO M 88 :041 AASHTO M 78 :802 A
8 AASHTO M 49 :71 AASHTO M
)68( 57 :28 AASHTO M ) (M.C

– -
 .
9551 ASTM D
49 :401 AASHTO T
49 :461 AASHTO T
39 :661 AASHTO T
19 :861 AASHTO T 68 :671 AASHTO T
49 :902 AASHTO T
86 :032 AASHTO T
49 :542 AASHTO T
.
39 :742 AASHTO T

165 ASTM D
.

09 :2-3627 BS 39 :9942 BS 78 :4406 BS 49 :1-7176 BS 98 :3-7176 BS 49 :1-

– -
78 :584 DIN 28 :10581 DIN

,
50006 . 2625 Clearbrook Dr. Arlington Heights IL

,
04702 Asphalt Institute Building, College park. Mary Land

:aggregate

– -
 :(asphalt) base course
binding (binder) course

:course aggregate , )
construction joint

:dowelled (expansion) joint

) ( ) (
) (

– -
 :haunching
(asphalt) subbase coarse (road
) ( ) (
) :base

– -
 :subgrade

: : :
– -
: :

: ) :

: ) :

: )*(

– -
, . ,

– -
:

:
– -
 .

1654 ASTM D

– -
 .
599 D

) (

– -
:

: ) :

:
– -
 :

AASHTO
ASTM

,
844 ASTM D

) (
88 C

%
131 ASTM C

296 ASTM D

– -
 ,
7301 ASTM D

) (
88 C

71 AASHTO M

242 ASTM D

. ) (

– -
 ) (

.
779 ASTM D

041 AASHTO M

) ( 7932 .ASTM D
802 AASHTO M

– -
 .

) (
.
ASTM D 99, ASTM D 1751, ASTM D 1752, ASTM D 3204 Type 1, closed-cell polyethylene or A
STM D 3204 Type II open-cell polyurethane

) (

: .BS
2 2499 : Part

– -
) (.
1 BS 2499 TYPE N 2 BS 2499 TYPE N 1 BS 2499 TYPE F 2 BS 2499 TYPE F 0911 ASTM D
. , , , , ,
) (. ) - (. ) - (.
) (. )
(.

: 3627 BS

– -
3627 BS
,
:
584 DIN A A B B
, , , ,
,
) ( /

, - , .

:
) (
) (
– -
 .
7176 BS
, . , . ,
/ /

10581 DIN
, ) ( / . ,
/

639 ASTM C
, ) (
/ /
– -
 .
814 ASTM C

, / : , / ) ( .Behaton ,

, - , .

: .

) ( ) ( ) (
)

– -
3627 BS

BS 6044 type A
, , . , .

) (
902 AASHTO T 461 AASHTO T

– -
599 ASTM D
.

– -
:

) (
.

– -
 Bitumeter
.

)03 (grade MC MC
Tachometer

, .
, - , / ,

– -
(
MC
)
MC MC MC

– -
 .

– -
902

, % 542
– -
– -
 .

– -
±
+ .

– -
 ,
) (
.

– -
 ) (
.
51 C
.
)51 .(C
– -
 ) (
: .

861 AASHTO T

2712 ASTM D

– -
 .

032 AASHTO T
.

861 AASHTO T
) - ( .
: .

.
– -
: ) : (

– -
:
.

) ( .

– -
:

– -
:

:
– – , ,

– -
 :
, , ,
– – – –
,
, , , , , , , , ,
–
–
–
–
–

– -
:
% ± ± ± ± ± ± , / ) (
1. 7. 052 523

– -
 :
) – (
- . -

– -
:

– -
:

– -
:

– -
:

– -
:
:

– -
:

– -
 :
(
) New Town
: " "

– -
 :
: )

1 BS 7263 Part
:
× × × × × ×

1 BS 7263 part
:
, ,

, ,

– -
:

– -
 –
– :

, , ,

- -
 ) (

- -
 ) (
: :
: ) (
) (
) (ISO
:

- -
 ) – ( PVC-U
) (PVC-U
69 :2-2244 ISO
69 :3-2244 ISO

:
98 :1914 ISO / TR 59 :26121 ISO 48 :8627 ISO 28 :0737 ISO 59 :8076 ISO 6
O 79 :4-2244 ISO
) (US
) (ASTM
- -
 ) (PVC
69 :5871 ASTM D
99 :4012 ASTM D 69 :5322 ASTM D
99 :9322 ASTM D
69 :1422 ASTM D
99 :2822 ASTM D
69 :4642 ASTM D
69 :6642 ASTM D 69 :7642 ASTM D
69 :8642 ASTM D
69 :4652 ASTM D
69 :6662 ASTM D 69 :2762 ASTM D
69 :5582 ASTM D
59 :0003 ASTM D
59 :5303 ASTM D

- -
69 : ASTM D 3139A
39 :204 ASTM F
59 :546 ASTM F
) (AWWA
49 :905 AWWA C 29 :015 AWWA C 39 :80 AWWA C 49 :405 AWWA C 19 :602 AWWA
1 AWWA C 59 :111 AWWA C 39 :011 AWWA C 39 :501 AWWA C 59 :401 AWWA C

- -
29 :115 AWWA C
39 :006 AWWA C
49 :506 AWWA C
29 :156 AWWA C 29 : AWWA C 900A
88 :109 AWWA C
09 :41 AWWA M

.DIN-EN

BS-EN

2244 ISO 98 :0171 BS 89 :5053 BS 6434 BS 09 :435 BS

)
89 :1-6434 BS

- -
 ) (UPVC
) (GRP
89 :2-6434 BS

09 :0845 BS

78 :7008 BS 59 :545 BS-EN

79 :0076 BS

) (PE
99 :5708 DIN 69 :10221 DIN-EN

ASSE MSS IAPMO

:air release valve

- -
 :coating
) :collar (or coupling

(
:design pressure

:discharge valve
:drain valve

:flexible
joint
( )0
:gasket

:head :init
177 ASTM F (
)
:pressure pipe ,
- -
 :pressure reducing valve
)2845
(
:side fill
:solenoid valve

:stop valve :syst

: : : : : :

- -
: :

: )*(

: ) :

- -
: .

- -
,

- -
:

" "

:
- -
 .

.
- -
:

: ) :

- -
:

- -
 :

(
) PVC

,3-2244 AWWA C 900, ISO

: 7642 .ASTM D 2466, and ASTM D
. ) (PVC
- -
 , ) ( . , ) ( . , :
2244 ISO
,
. ,
ISO
, : 1-1139
1-7837
, : 3364 .I
5871 ASTM D
,
. , ) (PR

- -
 , ) (PR .
ASTM 2762 D
, : .
5582 ASTM D

, :
9313 .ASTM D
) (PVC
1422 ASTM D
,
) (PR
2762 ASTM D
, : .
5582 ASTM D

, :
9313 ASTM D 2855 , ASTM D
,
) (PVC
009 AWWAC
) (DR ) (PR
9313 ASTM D

) (PE
: ) (LDPE

- -
 .
109 AWWA C
: ,
7214 ISO

) (PE
,

109 AWWA C
,
) (DR .

- -
) (DR- PR
) (PE
5303 ASTM D
,
) (DR ) (PR
9322 ASTM D
,
) (PR ) (SDR
4012 ASTM D
,
) (PR .
5708 DIN
,
, ) (PE- HD . (PE 63, PE .
)001 80,PE
,
, : ) ( . , :

- -
 ISO

545 BS- EN
:
9718 2531, ISO 4179, ISO
.

ISO
.

011 SASO 1020, ISO 2531, BS - EN 545, AWWA C

- -
 : , /
) (K value
, ) (
:
) (K value
.
: .
1352 ISO
,
, ) (K value
) value
,

- -
 ISO
3847
: .

545 BS–EN
,
. (K
) value
,
. :
3847 ISO
:

151 AWWA C
,
. .AWWA
111 C
, :
) (GRP

- -
 GRP

, 0845 BS . )
G
,
. ,

,
435 BS
:
) (. .

- -
 /
435 BS
,
. , : . , : .
002 AWWA C
,
. , :
602 .AWWA C
, :

- -
 : .
Gate Valves

,
005 AWWA C

: . ,
905 .AWWA C

: .
- -
 ,
62 ASTM B

08 – MSS SP

: .
Ball Valves

,
T
. :
Butterfly Valve
) (
,
405 AWWAC

: .
Solenoid Valve

Swing-Check Valve

,
805 AWWAC

: .
- -
 Air Release Valve

,
Drain Valve
Float Valve

) (

015 AWWA C
, .
)
115 AWWA C
, ( .

- -
 :
288 BS
.
.

874 ASTM C
,

- -
 , ) / (

,
- -
 , 421 EN
51 A
, , , , , ,
521 B 052 C 004 D 006 E 009 F

- -
 .
…
.

- -
0076 BS

, /

: .

: .

: .

- -
:

- -
 .

- -
 .

- -
- -
- -
602 .AWWA C
:

.
- -
 .

, /

- -
156 AWWA C

- -
 .

- -
0076 BS

.
/

- -
 .

52 C

- -
 ) (
: .

- -
 .

- -
 .
0076 BS

- -
 AWWA

) (PVC
.AWWA
506 C
) (PE
.AWWA C 90l
1914 ISO TR

.
uPVC

:1914 ISO TR
, .

- -
 .

) (.

: ) : (
- -
 :
.
…

) (
…

- -
:

- -
 :
:
BS

F M
, , , , , , ,

- -
:
: ) / (

- -
 :
oz
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

, , , , ,
: /
*( ,

- -
: / %

- -
:

- -
(
7008 BS
: )

- -
(
7008 BS
: )

- -
:
:
- -
(
0076 BS
: / - )
(
0076 BS
: / - )
- -
:

- -
 –
– :

, ) ( , )

– -
 ) (

– -
 - ) (
: : : : :
: : : : :
: : :
: :

– -
 ) ( -
–
:
:

) (
) (ISO
– 69 :1-562 ISO 69 :1-161 ISO
) (PVC – u
- :
) (CPVC
19 :955 ISO 19 :1352 ISO

67 :4153 ISO
-
) (PVC-U
58 :9714 ISO
79 :1-3344 ISO

19 :5344 ISO
-
– -
69 :3364 ISO
 -
19 :6525 ISO
38 :4956 ISO
59 :8076 ISO 69 :6817 ISO 38 :8627 ISO 38 :0737 ISO

- -
59 :1-9718 ISO
59 :2-9718 ISO
58 :0818 ISO 19 :2758 ISO

) (PE – HD 19 :2778 ISO

-
) (PP

19 :3778 ISO
- - )
) (PVC-U 88 :3707 ISO/TR 79 :1-13901 ISO 29 :20801 ISO

– -
 - .
) (GRP
39 :85301 ISO/TR
39 :1-56401 ISO/TR

) (US
) (ASTM
39 :23 ASTM C 69 :4 ASTM C 59 :21 ASTM C 59 : ASTM C 14 M 79 : ASTM B 788M
8 ASTM A 59 :697 ASTM A 69 :47 ASTM A

– -
69 : ASTM C 76 M
59 : ASTM C 118 M
49 : ASTM C 412 M
69 :524 ASTM C
10 : ASTM C 443 M
59 : ASTM C 444 M
69 : ASTM C 478 M
59 :465 ASTM C
59 : ASTM C 654 M
59 : ASTM C 655 M
69 :007 ASTM C
49 :227 ASTM C
39 :228 ASTM C
98 :828 ASTM C
– -
) (PVC
49 : ASTM C 877 M
89 :7221 ASTM C 69 :5871 ASTM D

) (ABS
69 : ASTM D 2235 R

59 : ASTM D 2321 R

) (PVC
69 :4652 ASTM D

69 :1662 ASTM D

) (ABS

) (PVC 69 :9272 ASTM D 69 :5662 ASTM D

) (PVC
) (ABS
69 :1572 ASTM D

59 :2582 ASTM D

) (SR
) (
) (PVC
69 :5582 ASTM D

69 :9492 ASTM D
,
59 :6992 ASTM D
– -
 PSM
69 :4303 ASTM D

PVC

59 :2213 ASTM D

) (SR

69 : ASTM D 3212 R

) (PVC
69 :2623 ASTM D
49 :1133 ASTM D
69 :9383 ASTM D

69 :6295 ASTM D

) (PE
69 :504 ASTM F

69 : ASTM F 412R 69 :834 ASTM F

CPVC

39 :944 ASTM F
69 :774 ASTM F
49 :184 ASTM F

– -
) (PVC
59 :976 ASTM F

) (
) (PVC 59 :857 ASTM F

64 – PS – 115 , PS 59 : ASTM F 789 R

) (PVC

) (PE 39 :018 ASTM F 98 :008 ASTM F

) (PVC 69 :949 ASTM F

69 :2141 ASTM F
59 :3761 ASTM F
) (ANSI
59 :11 – 12 ANSI A

49 :421 EN

592 EN

– -
19 :1-592 EN 19 :2-592 EN 19 :3-592 EN 59 :4-592 EN
49 :5-592 EN 59 :6-592 EN 59 :7-592 EN 79 :674 EN
885 EN
69 :1-885 EN 59 :2-885 EN 49 :895 EN
186 EN
69 :1-186 EN 257 EN 59 :1-257 EN 69 :2-257 EN 69 :3-257 EN 79 :4-257 EN

– -
) (PVC – u
89 :7 -257 EN 69 :1901 EN 1041 EN

79 :92721 EN 89 :1-1041 EN 79 :0161 EN 79 :1761 EN 59 :7191 EN

1 – 1041 EN 29 :288 BS 09 :4942 BS 09 :435 BS

98 :0664 BS 09 :0845 BS

) (GRP

– -
1195 BS
28 :2-1195 BS 88 :001-1195 BS
49 :301-1195 BS
29 :411-1195 BS 49 :002-1195 BS
2 – 257 BS - EN
0016 BS 5.2. BS 6100-2/sec .2. BS 6100-2/sec 3.3. BS 6100-3/sec 98 :8517 BS
:5.2/2 – 0108 BS 98 :7.2/2 – 0108 BS

) (UBC

Whittier, California, USA

) (UPC
Whittier, California, USA

98 :41 – 0008 BS

IAPMO 2001 Walnut, Califor

MSS
127 Park St NE, 22180 Vienna, USA BOCA

USA ASSE
-
-NPC

– -
 :adapter

:bell
)698 (ASTM C

:blinding
:beveled pipe
)214 (ASTM F

) 698 (ASTM C :compression joint

:conduit

:cradle

)228 (ASTM C

) 944 (ASTM F
:culvert

:drain
)1-257 (EN
/
:dry well

) 214 ( ASTM F

)6-257 (EN
:ductile iron
:elastomeric seal
) (

:encasement

– -
)698 (ASTM C

:envelope

)944 (ASTM F

:exfiltration

)698 (ASTM C
:filter
)944 (ASTM F

:fittings

)698 (ASTM C

:flexible pipe

)214 (ASTM F

)674 (EN
:flexible joint

:gasket :gully
) (

)421 (EN
)421 (EN :gully Top

/
:grade rings

) (
)421 (EN

)421 (EN :grating

:gravity system

)674 (EN

– -
)1 – 257 (EN

:ground water :haunch

) 698 (ASTM C ASTM C :haunching

)698(

)213 (ASTM F

:hydrostatic test

:industrial waste )698 (ASTM C

:infiltration
)698 (ASTM C
( ) :initial backfill
)21 (ASTM C

:inspection chamber

) 1 – 257 (EN

:internal quality control

:invert
)674 (EN

)674 (EN
:joint

" "
:manhole
) 1 – 257 (EN
:mitered pipe
]) :nominal size (DN

:O – ring gasket
) (

– -
)674 (EN
:pipe barrel

:pipe bedding

)698 (ASTM C

:pipeline

)0161 (EN

:push – on joint
.
)214 (ASTM F

:push -fit joint " "

)1 – 257 (EN :rigid joint

:rigid pipe

:rising main :SDR

:separate system

:selected material
" "

)698
:sewage
(ASTM C
:sewer

)698 (ASTM C
/
)1 – 257 (EN

:sewer system

/ /
:sewerage
)1 – 257 (EN
– -
)698 (ASTM C

:side fill

:SN

/
)214 (ASTM F :socket

:solvent cement

:spigot

)698 (ASTM C )228 (ASTM C

:surcharge
:storm drain

/
)1 – 257 (EN
) (
:surface water

)2-257 (EN

: : : :
– -
: ) :

: ) :

– -
– -
 : )*(.

, .
– -
, . ,

) / / (

– -
: ) (

– -
 .
) (PVC

:
– -
 .

: ) :

– -
 :
) (T

: .

: .

: .
– -
 ) (
007 ASTM C B
,
. . 524 ASTM C
: 4 – 592 EN A
, /
, /
, :

) (
ASTM C 14 M
,
, ) ( . , ) (
) (D ) (L ) (M
, , ,
) (H
, : .BS
4942

– -
 C ,B ,A
: ) .
(ASTM C 76 M
) (D ) (L ) (M ) (H
, , ,
, : 4942 .BS

– -
647 ASTM A
,
)
11-12 ANSI C 111/A
, :
895 EN

– -
3364 ISO
, :

) ( :
976 ASTM F PVC

) (. .
) (
u PVC
PVC
, . , ) (. , ) (.
, : .
) (UD
u PVC
5344 ISO
,
) ( .
ISO
, : .
3364

u PVC
, 1-1041 EN
) ( .
– -
 , )8 .SDR 34 (SN
)4 .SDR 41 (SN
,
, )2 .SDR 51 (SN
) (O
, : 186 .EN
, : . )
9272 ASTM D
,
, : 4652 .ASTM D ) (
) ASTM D 3034 (PSM
,
. , ) (SDR , . ,
ASTM F
, : 774.
ASTM D

4652 ASTM D
, : 5582.
) ( .
976 ASTM F
,
, 1 – .T , 2 – .T
ASTM F
, : 774.

– -
) (C –PVC

) (ABS

) (ABS

) ( : )
1572 ASTM D
,
, ) (SDR , . , )
) (PVDE

: .
) (GRP
) ( : ) (
3623 ASTM D
,
) – RPMP ) – RTRP RPMP ) RTRP
, ,
(. (.
, ) ,

– -
 , : 774 .ASTM F
G
, 0845 BS
, ) ( .

:
288 BS

/ .
) (

874 ASTM C
,

– -
 ,
30 B
)
84 (ASTM A
51 A 521 B 52 C
, , , , ,
) ( . ) ( . )
004 D 006 E

– -
) ( .
009 F
,
" " "

. .
2-885 EN 8517 BS

GRC
) (
.
.
7191 EN

– -
–

.
– -
/
: .
– -
 ) (

) (T ) (T

.
) (T
.

– -
,

– -
,

:
7926 BS

) (

: .

: .
– -
592 ASTM C 700; EN
,
, / B . , / B
524 ASTM C

4 - 592 EN
:

ASTM C 14 M
,
, ) ( . , ) (
001 – 1195 BS
,

D ) (L
, , ,
) ( M ) ( H
, : 4942 .BS

– -
 C, B, A
: ) .
(ASTM C 76M
001 – 1195 BS
,

) (D ) (L
, , ,
) ( M ) ( H
, : 4942 .BS

– -
 ASTM A
, ) ( 47. , :
, : 465 .ASTM C ,

) (PVC

:
976 ASTM F
: :
. ) ( )
PVC
.
uPVC
, , . , .
, : .

– -
 , 5344 ISO u PVC ) (UD .
3364 ISO
, :
, 1-1041 EN uPVC ) (UD )
) (O
, : 186 .EN
, : . , 9272 ASTM D
) ASTM D 3034 (PSM
,
, ) (SDR , . ,
774 F

– -
 ASTM D

4652 ASTM D
, : 5582.
ASTM ) ( .
976 F
,
, 1- .T , 2- .T
ASTM F
, : 774.
) (C - PVC :
) (ABS
) ( :
) (ABS
, 1572 ASTM D ) ( . ,
) (GRP

– -
 ) ( : , 3623
) RPMP ) RTRP ) RPMP ) RPMP
, , , ,
, : 774
G
, 0845 BS
, ) ( .
BS
, : 4942.

:
288 BS

874 ASTM C
,

– -
 (
84 30 B ASTM A
) .

, 421 EN
– -
) ( . ) ( .
51 A
, , , , , ,
521 B 052 C 004 D 006 E 009 F

/
: .

.
8517 BS

) (GRC
2-885 EN

7191 .EN
) Yard Drain (Gully
,
421 EN
.

– -
) ( . ) (
51 A
, , , , , ,
521 B 052 C 004 D 006 E 009 F

– -
 ) ( :
411 -1195 BS
,
) / (

.
PE
, 504 .ASTM F
: ) (
PVC
, 949 .ASTM F
: 774 .ASTM F

) ( .

– -
 ) (
:
BS - EN
)
1761 EN
1761 .(DIN - EN
1761
) (
: .
) (
: .

– -
:

– -
 .

) ( .

– -
UPVC

.
1232 ASTM D

UPVC
.

– -
1232 ASTM D

9383 ASTM D
.

:
21 ASTM C
.
, A

– -
 .
– -
 .
– -
 .

– -
) (

) ( .

– -
 ..
52 C

.
– -
 …

:
– -
. . .

.
– -
 .
ASTM
.
828 ASTM C

– -
, / . , /

: .

:
– -
 . - .

: ) : (

– -
 :
.

) (
…

) (
…
) (

– -
:

– -
:

– -
 : )0161 (EN
) (
) t= 1/kp X ln( po / Po – ∆p
*(
*( ) (

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
**(
LA

LB

LC
L

Kp LA

LB

LC
L

**(
Kp = 16/
N , .
ln = log
O
= Po
∆ = ∆P

– -
 :
–

, , , , , , ,
- - -

– -
 :
F M C

: ) (
*(
, , , , ,
*(
- - -
*(
- - - -
*(
- -
-
-

– -
21 ASTM C
:
:
21 ASTM C
:

– -
: : :
21 ASTM C
:
:
21 ASTM C
:

– -
:
21 ASTM C
:
21 ASTM C
:

– -
21 ASTM C
:

– -
:

– -
 – –
:

, ,

-
 ) (

) (
) (ISO 1- 9547 BS 2- 9547 BS

59 :1-9477 ISO 09 :2-9477 ISO 19 :0629 ISO

- –
) (US
) (ASTM
99 :4012 ASTM
99 :5871 ASTM
99 :7251 ASTM
59 : ASTM C 118 M 59 : ASTM C

-
 ) (ABS
) (PVC
69 :5322 ASTM

99 :9322 ASTM

69 :1422 ASTM

99 :2822 ASTM

69 :4642 ASTM

69 :6642 ASTM

69 :7642 ASTM

69 :8642 ASTM

69 :4652 ASTM

(
69 :6662 ASTM
59 :0003 ASTM

) (PB ) (S
R ) (P
59 :5303 ASTM

39 :204 ASTM F
49 :096 ASTM F
99 :177 ASTM F

-
59 :878 ASTM F
39 :6711 ASTM F

89 :1994 BS 9547 BS 59 :1-9547 BS 19 :2-9547 BS 2647 BS 39 :5-2647 BS

:air release valve

-
 :arc .
:ball valve

:bubbl

-
:flow control valve

-
 :sprinkler head

: : : : : :

: .
-
, . ,

-
: ) :

: )*(.

-
 .

, . ,

-
 ) / / (

: ) (

-
 .

-
:

: ) :
-
:

-
 :

) (PE
:
) PE 42 PE

) (grade

. .
) (
R-PR
R - PR
, ,
SI
R - PR

, 5303 ASTM

) (
R ) (PR
, 4012 ASTM

) (PR .
) (PE

) (
R-PR

, 9322 ASTM

) (S
R ) (PR .
) (PB
:
-
 , 878 ASTM F
.
) (PR

71
R
, ) , (. , ) , (.
12
R
, .

6662 ASTM

,
. , ) /
) (PR

9 S
R
,
(. . ) /
) (PR

5.31- S
R
,
(.
) (S
R-PR

0003 ASTM
) (PB

, ,
: ) , (PR ) /
9 S
R
(. , ) /
11 S
R
,
(. ) , (AR ) /
5.31 S
R
 ,
(. ) , (AR ) /
71 S
R
,
(.
) (PVC
: ,

-
 , ) ( / . , ) ( / . , ) (
5871 ASTM

,
) .(PVC
) (PR

) (type schedule
, .
, ) (P R .
) (PVC
, 1422 ASTM
.
) (S
R ) (PR
) (ABS
: ) (ABS
, 7251 ASTM

, ) (P R . ,
, 2822 ASTM

) (ABS ) (S
R ) (P R .
) (Propylene Copolymer
: :
1994 BS

-
 :

: .
) (Irrigation Equipment
: .
) (Gate Valves
: .
) (Pressure Regulating Valves
: .
) (Surge Valve
: .
) () (Solenoid Valve
: .
) (Air Valves
: .

-
 ) (
rain Valves
: .
) (Volumetric Control Valves
:
) (pressure Gauges
.
) (Valve Boxes

: . Bubblers

) (UV .

-
 .
Emitters
, .
…
)
) ( .
-
-
 Accessories
) (

:
288 BS

-
 ) / (

,
-
,

:
4651 BS

" .

: .

-
:

-
 .

: .

-
096 ASTM F

-
 .

-
 .

) (

: ) : (

-
:
.

) (

-
:

-
:

-
:

-
 –
–
:

, , ,

– –
 ) ( )
) (US
) (ANSI
09 :1 .06 ANSI Z

98 :8244 BS 49 :2883 BS 29 :6393 BS 98 :3404 BS

:aeration :climber
– –
:containerized plant
– –
:plant :planting

– –
 ) ( :transplanting

: ) :

: ) :

: )*(
– –
 . * ,

: , , . , ,

– –
, . ,

– –
:

– –
 .

– –
:

– –
 .

– –
 :

) ( PH
,
, . , .

) ( :

– –
 % %

) (

– –
 % % .
) (
) (sphagnum

) (
.

.
1.06 ANSI Z

– –
 : :
1.06 ANSI Z 1.06 ANSI Z
: :
.

: :
1.06 ANSI Z
:
.

: :
.06 ANSI Z
:

– –
 : , .
) (
: , ) (.

: ,

– –
 .
) (
.

% %
) (

) (

– –
:

– –
 ) (

. /

- .

– –
) (

– –
 ) (

) (
.

: , ) (
– –
 :
– –
:

: ) : (

– –
:

) (.

– –
:

.
– –
) (

– –
:
:
, – , %
pH
) (

– –
:
) ( ) ( ) (

– –
– –
:

– –
ú »Æ÷¥ þwÆ÷¥ 7¥ úÌ©
»
»»
ÎÑ
ÐÎÎÔ
ZZZPRPU
JRYV

»  Ï×ÖÐ  ô ô ÐÎÎÐ  » ÏÒÎÑ
¿ » ÏÒÐÑ
 ¿ » ÏÒÐÕ » ÐÎÎÔ »  ¿ ¿  ÏÖ
ÏÏÓÓÒ
ÓÔÎ×Ó  

  » » » 
¿ ¿ ô »
ÑÎ
ÐÒ   »
 »
»
» »
¿ »
¿
¿ 


»
 ±



¾     ±  

¾
¾
¾
 

¾

¾
 

¾
¾
¾
 ±
 
¾
¾
 ± 
¾
¾
¾


¾
¾
¾



¾

 ±  
¾
¾
¾
¾
   
¾ ¾



¾ ¾
    


o____ÌieG Ò_‾ð_v¾ ÄI f__¿__YC
ѦBJðºAÊ ´ÍnÃNºA
Ä__¾ È__NÇUAÊ B__¾Ê Ãn__ºA PAjr__¦ h__þ BÇMn__¾ PCf__I __ºA Ñ__ÍÂAj¿§ºA Ñz__ÇúA Ä__¾ B__²Ü
_N¶ jÌË__ðM B__Çþ ÐeB‾N__mÛAÊ j__ÌkÊ e˧__m ½E l__Ìl§ºA f__J¦ Ä__I K__§N¾ __¾ÝA Î__—» A Ë¿
_§ºA (ôB³IB__m ± ÅB—__máAÊ Ñ__¾B§ºA ½B«__qÝA j__ÌkÊ) PAiAeáAÊ __ mfÃÇ A Ä__ ¾ R__ —ºA B__
_Çæ Pif_u ÉAË_ö Á1992 ÁB_¦ Lj_§ºA ¿§N_ºAÊ ÅB—máA ÔAikÊ .ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃNº ÁAl_ºGÊ ÎÂB_J A h_Í
B__Çþ ÐeB‾N__mÛAÊ ÎÂB__J A h__Í‾ÃNº Ñ__¾B§ºA PB‾__uAË A ÁAfbN__mA ¨__mA˺A iBr__NÂÛA Ah__Æ
_ÌÊj³ºAÊ eAk _mfÃÇ AÊ ÔA_ A Ä_¾ ôAJ_¶ ôAef_¦ _¿§ºA Ah_ÇI ÁB_ͳ»º ÐiAk˺A PfÃU f³® , BÆjÌËðM
PB__ÍóNºAÊ PAfVNn__ A Ñ__J¶A˾ (1 .Î B§ºAÊ Î»A ÓËNn A Ò»¦ ÔBÃJºA KͺBmCÊ PAf§ AÊ ÑÍ__ _mBͳº
_¾Ë»§ A ©BU_mBI \¿n_Ì f_Y˾ Ñ‾_qiCÊ l_;jMÊ ÀͲj_M ÁB£Â ©BJMG (4 .ѺËÇmÊ .ÑÍjºA PBÇ A ľ ÐieB
Ѿf³ A
PB__ ¾Ë»§ A LBÍn__ ÂA ´__ ³ —r__ I Ñ__ RÌf A B__ ÇN§J PB‾__ uAË A ÀͲj__ MÊ K__ ÌËJM Ñ
ÔB_ÃJºA PB‾_uA˾ f_ǧ¾ Ä_¦ ieBv_ºA (0DVWHUIRUPDW
 ÀmBI ±Êj§ AÊ ôBÍ B¦ ½ÊAfN A _ ºA LAË_IÝA Ä__¾ B_ÆiBÍNaA ôBÍ__mBmC B_IBI 12 Ä__¾ f_Ìf A iAf__
(16) : ÎMßA ËZúA Ò»¦ ÎÆÊ ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃM BÇÍ»¦ ±iB§N A ÑÍmBmÝA ½B¿¦ÝA
ÁB§ºA ¨²Ë A ½B¿¦C ÎÂBJ A ½B¿¦C ¸ÍNmÜJºAÊ Kr A h®AËúAÊ LAËIÝA ¨®jºAÊ ³ÃºA ÐlÇUCÊ f¦Bv A ÑÍÕB
SºBRºA LBJºA ÑÍÂf§ A ½B¿¦ÝA o¾B A LBJºA ÑIË jºAÊ ÐiAj A ľ ÑÌB²ËºA ¨IBnºA LBJºA i˗ÌfºAÊ PAÔB
: ÎÆÊ jr¦ SºBRºA ÒNYÊ jqB§ºA ľ LAËIÝA B¾C
Ñ_§JðºA Éh_Æ BÇUAieG ÍUDM BÃÌCi f³® ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃM ÑÍmBmC Onͺ ôÛB¿¦C ¿rM ºAÊ . A ÔBq ÅG
Ñ͗ÍNmÜJºAÊ ÑÍJr A h®AËúA (PAÊej A) ÑÍÂf§ A ¨IAËNºA (XBUlºA ½B¿¦C) WÍUlNºA ÑÍÂf§ A h®AËúA 0
08100 08200 08300
½ÊAf AÊ PB f³NºAÊ ÐeË A ÅB¿yÊ ¨UAj A Ò»¦ ÎmBmC —rI ¿NrÌÊ ÁB¦ : ½ÊÝA Ôl A .ÑÂBÍvºAÊ ÑÍþlºA
: ÎÆÊ ÔAlUC ѧJm Ò»¦ ÏËN ÁBn²ÝA ÉhÆ Ä¾ Àn² ¶Ê
08400
¨²Ë B__I ÐeË__ A €J__yÊ ½B__¿¦ÝA K__ͶjMÊ h__Í‾ÃM È__MAj³® À__ÆC Ä__¾Ê h__Í‾ÃNºA :S__ºBRºA Ôl
.BÇJͶjM ĶB¾CÊ BÇvÕBvaÊ Ñ¾fbNn A eAË A Ív‾M ÈÍ®Ê PBVNà A : ÎÂBRºA Ôl A .pBͳºA ѳÌj Ê pBͳº
_¾B¶ kB_ G pB_mC Ò_»¦ ¨®f_ºA ÈÍ®Ê (PBv»bNn A) PB§®fºA ±ju omC :o¾B A Ôl A .PB‾uAË A ÉhÇI ôBÃ
:κBNºA ËZúA Ò»¦ ÎÂBJ A hÍ‾ÃNº ѾB§ºA PB‾uAË A ľ ÑRºBRºA ѧJðºA j®ËNMÊ Ò_»¦ (Ïl_Í» G / Î_Ij
__ÍÕj A Ä__¾ ef__¦ B__ÂeiÊ f__²Ê ç jÌË_ðM Ä_¦ ѺËÖn A ÑÃV»ºA BÇN³»M ºA ÔBÃJºA ½B ¿NÇ A PB
AË__IC ÊC ÁBn__²C Ñ®B__yHI ´__»§NM __ºA PB__Y³ AÊ PBZ»ðv__ AÊ xËv__ ûº ÏË__ «»ºAÊ __ ‾ºA €J
»¾B_§ºA Ñ_¾f J_—ºA _¿§ºA Ah_Æ XAj_aGÊ LB§v_ºA ¸»M ͺhM ė¾C SÌfZNºAÊ jÌËðNºA . ÔBÃJºAÊ f
 Ñ f¾ ÑÂAËðmA Ò»¦ PB‾uAË A ľ Ñbn x .LBI —º ÑÌlÍ» áAÊ ÑÍIj§ºA N«»ºBI ѦËJð¾ Ñbn x
ÔAj__UGÊ PB‾__uAË A ÁBn__²CÊ LAË__IC ¨__Í¿ Ñ__ÃV»ºA ÔBz__¦C __J² Ä__¾ Î__VÇà A ´Í²f__NºA (2
h__Í‾ÃNº Ñ__¾B§ºA PB‾__uAË A Ä__¾ Ñ__RºBRºA Ñ__§JðºA ¨z__M Ñ__ÌÊj³ºAÊ Ñ__Ìf»JºA ÅÊÚr__ºA ÐiAk
N B_ ÏiÊe SÌf A ÔBq ÅG ÀNÍmÊ .xBvNaÛA ÏÊg PBY³¾Ê PBÍÕj¾ ÔËy ÐfÌfU PB¦Ëy˾ ÊC ÁBn²C
.ÔBÃJºAÊ fÍÍrNºA ½B
:κBNºA ÅAËçºA Ò»¦ PBY³ AÊ PBÍÕj A mjM ÑÌjÌËðNºA PB¦Êjr¿»º ÑÌl¶j A ÐiAeáA 11554 ~BÌjºA 5609
±Aj__qáA ÐiAeG ÁB__¦ jÌf__¾Ê ,Î__qBVúA ÅB¿Í»__m Ä__I ÀÍÆAj__IG /pf__ÃÇ A ÐeB§__m ÁB__§ºA BÆj
Xj__ _‾ A f__ _¿ Ä__ _I Ä j__ _ºA f__ _J¦ /pf__ _ÃÇ A ÐeB§__ _m Ñ__ _ÌjÌËðNºA PB¦Êjr__ _ A h
ÔB__ _ _ÃJºA PB__ _ ¾Ë»§ Ñ__ _ ¾B§ºA ÐiAeáA j—r__ _ _ºBI w__ _ Ê PB‾__ _ uAË A Éh__ _ _Æ ÔA
Ñ__—»¿ A __aAe Ä__¾ ÀÆB__m Ä__¾ __—º BÂjÌf__³M ÀÍ__£¦ Ä__¦ __§Ãº Ñ__uj‾ºA Éh__Æ l__ÇNàÅC
JVEF#PRPUDJRYVD κBNºA ÎÂÊ—ºÛA f̺A Ò»¦ ÊC
ÁB__¾C ôB§__yAËN¾ __N§Ì ¸__ºg ÅC ÛG È__Í® ½h__I Ïh__ºA f__Ç A ÀÍ__£¦Ê __¿§ºA Ah__Æ Ñ¾Bb__y ¨
PAfVNn_ A Tf_YC K_¶AËú J—ºA ÎIj§ºA Ä ËºAÊ Ñ—»¿ A ÔBÃJºA ѦBÃu jÌËðM ÑͺÊÚn¾
. ÔBÃJºA ½B »¾B§ºA Ѿf lÍ¿ A fÇ A ÉhÆ XAjaG ÍJm É˺hI B¾ Ò»¦
ººº
¾  ±
ÍÐ
 ±
  ± ¾ ¾  
¾

¿ ¿
 ÍÎ
ÎÏÎÏÎ ÎÏÎÐÎ ÎÏÎÑÎ ÎÏÎÓÎ ÎÏÎÔÎ ÎÏÎÖÎ ÎÏÎÐÓ ÎÏÎÐÖ ÎÏÎÒÏ ÎÏÎÓÏ ÎÏÎ×Ó ÎÏÏÐÎ ÎÏÑÎÎ ÎÏÒÎÎ ÎÏÓÎÎ ÎÏÔ
¿
 ¿
¿
¿ ¿
¾
¿
¿ ¿
ÍÏ
¿
¿
Ï
ÏÖ ÏÍÎ ÔÖ Î
¾
ÍÐ
ÍÐÏÍÍ
ÍÐÎÍÍ ÍÐÐÍÍ ÍÐÑÍÍ
ÍÑÏÍÍ
¾ ¾
¿
¿
ÍÑ ÍÒ
¿
ÍÒÎÍÍ ÍÒÒÍÍ ÍÒÕÎÍ
¿ ¿
ÍÓ
ÍÓÎÐÍ ÍÓÑÍÍ
¿
¿
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
ÍÔ
ÍÔÎÍÍ ÍÔÎÒÍ ÍÔÎÕÍ ÍÔÏÍÍ ÍÔÏÒÍ ÍÔÑÍÍ ÍÔÒÍÍ ÍÔÓÍÍ ÍÔÔÍÍ ÍÔÖÍÍ
¿
ÍÕ
¿ 
ÍÕÎÍÍ ÍÕÏÍÍ ÍÕÐÍÍ ÍÕÑÍÍ ÍÕÔÍÍ ÍÕÒÍÍ ÍÕÓÍÍ ÍÕÕÍÍ

¿
¿
ÍÖ
ÍÖÏÍÍ ÍÖÏÒÍ ÍÖÐÍÍ ÍÖÑÍÍ ÍÖÑÒÍ ÍÖÒÍÍ ÍÖÒÑÒ ÍÖÒÒÍ ÍÖÓÒÍ ÍÖÓÕÍ ÍÖÖÍÍ ÍÖÖÒÍ
¿
¿
¾
ÎÑ
ÎÑÎÍÍ ÎÑÏÍÍ ÎÑÐÍÍ ÎÑÓÍÍ
¾
¿ ¿
ÎÒ
ÎÒÍÒÍ ÎÒÏÒÍ ÎÒÐÎÍ ÎÒÐÏÍ ÎÒÐÐÍ ÎÒÐÐÒ ÎÒÐÑÍ ÎÒÐÑÒ ÎÒÐÒÍ ÎÒÐÓÍ ÎÒÐÓÎ ÎÒÐÓÏ ÎÒÑÎÍ ÎÒÑÐÍ ÎÒÑÑÍ ÎÒÑ
)0
¿ ¿ ¿
ÎÒÒÍÍ ÎÒÒÒÍ ÎÒÓÒÍ ÎÒÔÒÍ ÎÒÖÒÍ ÎÒÖÖÍ ÎÒÕÒÍ ÎÒÕÕÍ
¾
ÎÓ
ÎÓÍÒÍ ÎÓÐÍÍ ÎÓÑÍÍ ÎÓÔÏÍ ÎÓÔÐÍ ÎÓÔÑÍ ÎÓÔÔÍ ÎÓÔÕÍ ÎÓÖÍÍ ÎÓÖÒÍ ÎÓÒÍÍ ÎÓÓÍÍ
 -
- :

, , ,

) ( )

- -
 ) (US
) (ACI . .
69 :103 ACI 98 :743 ACI 49 : ACI 347 R

.
00 :1-602 EN

.EN
29 :602 BSI ENV

– :
1-602 DIN EN 10 :2-5401 DIN 10 :1-5401 DIN

10 :3-5401 DIN
– :
10 :4-5401 DIN
0244 DIN 09 :1–0244 DIN 09 :2–0244 DIN 09 :3-0244 DIN 88 :4-0244 DIN
30281 DIN

- -
 .
79 :1-30281 DIN
68 :2-30281 DIN 48 :3-30281 DIN

20 : ACI 318 M: 02/ RM

) (SMM

:brace
- -
 :striking .

: )*(.
743 ACI 318 and ACI 0244 DIN 1045 and DIN
* , * ,

: ) :

: ) :

- -
 . :

, .

- -
 )

: ) (

:
- -
.

- -
 .

- -
: ) :

- -
 :

, .

- -
- -
:

- -
 .

- -
 ) , : (
- -
,
:
.
- -
 .

- -
 , , /
±
,

: . .
: .

: .

: :
:
.
±
:

. . )-(: )+(:

- -
 . . )-(: )+(
%

±
±
) (: ) (:

± ±
) (: ) (:

- -
 .

: )*(

- -
:

: ) : (

- -
:

) (

- -
:

- -
:
: ) ( ) (

- -
- -
:

: .
- -
: . .

. :

- -
. :

: :

- -
 -
– :

, , ,

) (
) ( : :

- –
 : : :
) (
: :

) (ISO

4396 ISO 19 :1-4396 ISO 19 :2–4396 ISO 19 :3–4396 ISO 19 :4–4396 ISO 19
. . .
5396 ISO 19 :1–5396 ISO 19 :2–5396 ISO 29 :3–5396 ISO 29 :44501 ISO
) (US
) (ASTM

69 : ASTM A 184 M ASTM A 416: 88b

.
ASTM A 496: 97a 79 :794 ASTM A

- –
 .
) (ACI
ASTM A 615 M: 96b

09 : ACI 116 R 69 :103 ACI 29 :513 ACI 49 : ACI 315 R

. .

69 :08001 ENV

. ) (.
0118 BS 58 :3 – 0118 BS 08 :6985 BS 58 :2844 BS 89 :3844 BS 08 :6844 BS

. . .
884 DIN 48 :1 – 884 DIN 68 :2 – 884 DIN 68 :3 – 884 DIN 68 :4 – 884 DIN

- –
 .
68 :7 – 884 DIN
88 :5401 DIN 58 :9904 DIN 88 :1 – 7224 DIN

) (
20 : ACI 318 M: 02/RM 79 :1– 0118 BS 58 :2 – 0118 BS 98 :2 EC

) ( SMM

611 ACI .

:connection rebars
:contraction joints

- –
 :core .
:expansion joint

.
:fabric
. ) ( :he
cross – sectional area reinforcement :hoop

.
:reinforcing steel bars
.
.
:reinforcing steel fabric
. :reinforcing
steel wire
:spiral reinforcement

:splice
. :strand

: )*(
- –
 : * , 813 .ACI * , 5401 .EC 2 and DIN

: )

: )*(.

: ,

) "
- –
, .

, ) (.

) (

- –
:

: ) (

- –
.

- –
 . .

:
- –
:

: ) :

- –
 :
:

: )*( ,
2-5396 ISO 1644 BS 844 DIN
* , * , * ,

- –
 ASTM A 615M
* ,
, ) ( : *

: )*(.
3-5396 ISO 3844 BS 844 DIN 481 ASTM A
* , * , * , * ,
,

: )*(.
- –
 .
44501 ISO 2844 BS 884 DIN 694 ASTM A
* , * , * , * ,
, ) (.

: )*(.
- –
4393 ISO 1 - 7224 DIN 6985 BS 614 ASTM A
* , * , * , * ,

.
103 DIN 1045 ACI 318, ACI 315 ACI
.

- –
 :

: .
103 DIN 1045, ACI 318, ACI 315, ACI

. .

.
9904 DIN
(.
) :
- –
 .

- –
 ) ( :
, 103 ACI 318, ACI 315, ACI
*
(. ) (.
5401 DIN
* ,
) ( :
513 ACI 318 ACI 5401 DIN
* , * ,
) (.
: )*(.
813 ACI
* ,
* , 5401 . DIN 4227, DIN
) (

5401 ACI 301, ACI 318, DIN

.

- –
 .

) (

- –
 .
- –
 : ± . : ± , . : ± ,

:
- –
: ) : (

- –
:

) ( . ) (

- –
:

- –
 :

)6.6.81( 5401 DIN

:
(
</=
ds
) (

</= =
ds ds

=/< DS
</=
ds
(

.
ds
(
- –
 ) (
:
) ( ( (
13 D

13 W

: :
13 D

13 W

)1.7.7( 813 ACI

( (
)3.2.3.3( 813 ACI

- –
 :
)1.7.2 ( 513 ACI

= =
< >

= =
<

=
< >

=
=

- –
5401 DIN
:
)2.31(
) ( , , , , ,
) ( , , , , ,
) (
ds

) (

, , ,
, , ,

.
0304 DIN

, ,
, ,

, ,
0304 DIN

- –
 ) (
)2.7.7( 813 ACI
:
( ) (:

……… ………….. :

………. . …….
13 D

13 W

( : :
13 D
…………….

13 W

- –
)3.7.7( 813 ACI
:
( (

…………. ………………………………….. (

…………………. :

………………………………….

……………...
13 D

13 W

…………….

- –
- –
 :

5401 DIN 488 DIN

/
ASTM A 615 M

813 ACI

1- 5396 EC 2 ISO 6935 -2 ISO

/ .

- –
 :

= :
2-5396 ISO
:
Reff
56.5 %A
Rm

/
)003 (RB

)004 (RB
) (RB 400W

)005 (RB

) (RB 500W
- –
1-884 DIN )3 P % 005 BSt )2 M IV N ,
(
:
BSt 420 S III S ,
(
BSt 5oo S IV S ,
(
( ) (ds

, , ,
(

5) Re (âs , % )5)2.0 Rp0.2(â / /

)01 )5

)5)2.0 Rm(â ( 01 A

/ ,
2( a

)6 2 01 x
, , , , , , , ,
-
× 5ds × 5ds × 8ds -
× 5ds × 5ds × 8ds -
2( a
)6 2 01 x
01.2( a 2( a
)6 2 )5 2
01 x
) ( – ) ds (
6ds 0.3 x AS x RS
) ( S

- –
 ,

% AS
)8

DIN
DIN
DIN
884 , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , E , MAG
)21 21
884 , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , E, MAG, GP
884 , ) , (
fR

-
C
(
, ) , ( , ) , ( N , ) , ( , E, MAG, GP RA, RP
P S
( %
)01

= E
= MAG = GP = RA = RP
 *

- –
2-5396 ISO
: ) (
,
(

003 RB

004 RB

RB500W

005 RB

RB500W (
.
2-5396 ISO
: ) ( 09
 061 081
(

DIN
884

- –
 (
1-5396 ISO
:
) / ( , , , , , ,
% ± ± ± ± ±
(

(
2-5396 ISO
:
) ( ) (
(
% ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

, , ,

- –
 : –
% , , , % , , ,
2-5396 ISO
:
(

(
(
-
, ) , (
, ) , (
-
-

-
,
,
,
,
,
-
,

) , (
( , % ) , %(
) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
) , (
 (
) , (
884 DIN . , %
ASTM A 615M

:
/ /
- –
 / .
3-5396 ISO

1- 5936 ISO 2- 5936 ISO 44501 ISO

4-884 DIN

: :
) / ( , , , , , , , ,
:
- –
) (
- -f

) ( , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,

- –
 :
F

) ( , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
/
–
, , , , ,

- –
, , , , , , , , , ,
 : .
± ± % ± ±

3 - 5396 ISO

1-5936

2-5936
.

4 - 884 DIN

- –
2-884 DIN
: ) (
) (

h ¾ h

AS
(

( /

ds

) (
, ,
,
~ , ×
, , , ,
, , , , ,
 , ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
) ( ) (
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
884 DIN
(
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
( , / ( , ×

- –
44501 ISO

44501 ISO
(
44501 ISO

:
Rp
2.0
%
56.5 %A
/
Rm
/

( Agt , %
56>5 .A
44501 ISO
:
P

Ceq
(

N
)1

Mn
 Si

C
, ) , (
, ) , (
, ) , (
, ) , (
, ) , (
, ) , (
(
, ) , (
(

44501 ISO
.

- –
 44501 ISO

:
,
( % / ± ± ± ± ±
(

884 - DIN

2844 - BS

44501 .ISO
694 ASTM A

BSI
.
DIN

ISO
) .(SI

.
4396 DIN 1045, BS 5896, BS 4486, ACI 318, ASTM A 722, ASTM A 416, ISO
,7224 .DIN
- –
+ – % + – %

- –
 :

)
813 ACI

513 ACI
} { (

. 5

: 081
- –
) (

) ( :
) ( ) (
.

- –
 , . . ×

. . =
813 ACI

)6.6.7(

- –
: )41.

)51.21( 813 .ACI

)61.21( 813 .ACI

)71.21( 813 .ACI

)81.21( 813 .ACI

)91.21( 813 .ACI

- –
 -
:

, , , ,

– –
 ) (
.

– –
 - :
: : : : : :
) (
: : : :
– –
 : : :
: : :

) (ISO -
87 :2104 ISO 6372 ISO 68 :1-6372 ISO 68 :2-6372 ISO 19 :4912 ISO 98 :976
) (US
) (ASTM
– –
69 :761 ASTM A
89 :073 ASTM B 10 :33 ASTM C 89 :04 ASTM C
)59(38 :78 ASTM C
99 :88 ASTM C
59 :49 ASTM C 10 : ASTM C 109/M
59 :711 ASTM C
89 :321 ASTM C 88 :721 ASTM C
79 :821 ASTM C
69 :131 ASTM C
ASTM C 136: 96a 79 :241 ASTM C
89 :341 ASTM C 00 :051 ASTM C 89 :651 ASTM C
ASTM C 171: 97a
10 :581 ASTM C
59 :881 ASTM C 10 :191 ASTM C
10 :062 ASTM C

– –
 ) - (
49 :982 ASTM C
ASTM C 309: 98a
00 :033 ASTM C 78 :233 ASTM C 99 :494 ASTM C 69 :535 ASTM C
00 :765 ASTM C
79 :57 ASTM D ASTM D 226: 97a
89 :499 ASTM D
89 :6501 ASTM D
79 :0911 ASTM D
79 :7661 ASTM D
79 :1571 ASTM D
48 :2571 ASTM D
69 :7934 ASTM D
59 :11 ASTM E

– –
 59 :69 ASTM E
99 :451 ASTM E
)69(48 :733 ASTM E
) (ACI
39 : ACI 224. 1R 29 : ACI 224. 2R 69 :103 ACI 69 : ACI 302.1R 19 : ACI 303R
.1R 88 : ACI 214.3R 77 :412 ACI 19 : ACI 212.3R 39 : ACI 212.4R 89 :2.112 AC
21R 19 :1.112 ACI
– –
 :
69 : ACI 304.2R 69 : ACI 304.3R 59 : ACI 304.4R 19 : ACI 304.5R 19 : ACI 304.6R
9R 39 : ACI 309.1R 09 : ACI 309.2R
29 : ACI 309.3R 29 : ACI 358.1R
79 : ACI 372R
79 : ACI 373R
69 : ACI 423.3R
78 : ACI 517.2R
) (AASHTO
97 :62 AASHTO T

- :
79 :084 EN 00 :1-602 EN

– –
 ) – (
218 BSI
29 :288 BSI 1881 BSI
08 :8413 BSI
7383 BSI 68 :1-7383 BSI 09 :2-7383 BSI 68 :7293 BSI
0118 BSI 58 :3-0118 BSI

– :
1-602 DIN EN 10 :2-5401 DIN 10 :1-5401 DIN

10 :3-5401 DIN
– :
8401 DIN 19 :1-8401 DIN 19 :2-8401 DIN 19 :4-8401 DIN

– –
 ) (
BII
4801 DIN

87 :1-4801 DIN 49 :1-4611 DIN 69 :2-4611 DIN 0304 DIN 19 :1-0304 DIN 19
- : -
38 :2-6224 DIN
38 :3-6224 DIN 38 :4-6224 DIN 67:1-1618 DIN 46181 DIN 29 :1-46181 DIN 19

) " " ( ) " "

20 : ACI 318M 20 : ACI 318R 79 :1-0118 BSI

– –
 :
58 :2-0118 BSI 29 :1-1-2991 ENV
49 :1-1-4991 ENV

: 004 CRD-C
EB 075 D
: .
/ :
0791 FIP 6th Congress , Prague, June
.
London
(
SMM
)

: 611 .ACI

:admixtures

– –
additions

additives

additions
:additives
:architectural Concrete
strength

) ( % ) ( . :compaction

– –
 ) ( :design strength
proportioning
:mix design
:nominal strength
:placement
:placing
mixed concrete

– –
 :site mixed concrete

: ) :

: ) :

: )*(

– –
 :

, ) ( . ,

– –
 : .

– –
:

) (

– –
 8401

– –
 ) ( .

– –
– –
 .
– –
 .

3.212 ACI

1.212 ACI
.

– –
 03

– –
:

: ) :

– –
 :
:

051 DIN 1164 ASTM C

.
.
4611 DIN

051 ASTM C

– –
 .

.
813 DIN 52114 , DIN 1045 , ACI 6224 DIN

33 ASTM C
.

– –
6224 DIN

– –
 233 ASTM C 033 DIN 4226-2 ASTM C
.

: : .

ASTM
494 C
.
062 ASTM C
) ( .
34015 DIN 494 ASTM C
) ( ) (
.
494 ASTM C 494 ASTM C
34015 .DIN
494 ASTM C
) (
– –
.
494 ASTM C
) ( ) (
4614 .DIN
062 ASTM C
% %

,813 ACI
) (.
602 DIN 1045, ENV

– –
 813 :A
813 DIN 1048, DIN 1045, ACI
.
.

– –
 : … : :
602 EN
.
5401 DIN
)

) :

– –
 .
1.112 ACI

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

) (

– –
 )

2.112 ACI 813 DIN 1045, EN 206, ACI

.

3.403 ACI

1.112 ACI

– –
 .

: : .

4801 DIN 1045, BS 1881, DIN

412 ACI

– –
 4

.
503 ACI

23 .

: : :

– –
 .
± %

2.9 DIN 1045, part

.
3 DIN 1084 parts 1 to

– –
 .

499 ":ASTM D "

1571 ":ASTM D

2571 " :ASTM D

6501 ASTM D .
7661 ASTM D

– –
 . :A
0911 D

) (.
) (

.
073 ASTM B

761 ASTM A
.
) ( ) (D .

– –
.

– –
 :
: :

– –
 :

.
49 DIN 1045 part 9 ASTM C

– –
,0118 ACI 309, ACI 318, BS
.
5401 DIN

– –
 .

.
803 ACI

– –
: :

– –
, : :
– –
, . ,

)
C
.
(

B
.
(

– –
 ) (
A
(.

.
B
.
C
.

– –
1- DIN 1048 part
(.
) ( ) )
53 C
( .

– –
) (

– –
 .

– –
 .

– –
: .

– –
 29- .ACI 224. 2R
39 – ACI 224. IR

. .

: .

– –
733 ASTM E

– –
– –
 ,

: : .

– –
 .

: ) : (

– –
:
.

– –
 ) ( ) (.

– –
:

– –
 :
:
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( (

– –
 ( ( ) (
( (
: (
Nacl

( ( ) (
( (
/
( )3 (SO ( ) (Nacl

( (
( ) ( (

:
)3 (So
* ** × ,

– –
 , ,
–
:

, ,
–
:

:
% ) ( - -

– –
 :
: : / : : ) / ( ) / ( : :
* . **

– –
 : ) (
, , ,
:
) ( , ** , ** , **
01 C 02 C 52 C 53 C

**
5401 DIN
u
: ) (
a

) (
< ,
( (

KS KP KR KF
) (

, , , , -
( – – ) (

– –
602 EN
: ) (
) (
1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S
≤

0 C 1 C 2 C 3 C

0 V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 V
<
<=
) (
1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 F
=>
<=

– –
 :
)3 (
IN 1045, Table / :

/
/ :

– –
:

– –
:

– –
 :

,
IN, BSI
) , .....ACI, ASTM (

: (
– –
( . ( . (

) (

– –
 “
051 ASTM C

TYPE ll
.

:
/ , %
ASTM Type II ASTM Type III ASTM Type IV ASTM Type V ASTM Type V
) (
)3 C 3A=2,65 (AI2O )3 1.69 (Fe2O

– –
– –
 ) (
: % , % %

: , % : %

: : )

– –
 : . :
218 BS

% .
:

– –
:
:

– –
 :
: ,
33 ASTM C

– –
 :
33 ASTM C
: ,
33 ASTM C

– –
 :
52 B

5 B
:
41(

/
KR
KP
KS
) (
) ( ) (
5 B
)51

41( 51(
01 B
)51
51 B
52 B 52 B
1-4611
IN
–
53 Z
*
)4 (acc. to
IN 1045, Table
:

– –
57 ASTM

.
631 ASTM C
,

4 . BS 812, Part 6224 .
IN

–
,
,
.

– –
 - 2 BS 812 Part % %
–
41125 .
IN
–
% % .
–
88 .ASTM C

321 . ASTM C 721 .ASTM C 721 .ASTM C

– –

- 982 . ASTM C “
–
,
,

/
0304
IN
.

– –
 .
:

) (
:

– –
 ) PH (
VICAT NEE
LE ASTM
191 C

– –
 ) (
) ( ) (

) (

– –
112 ACI 813 ACI ) : (.

/ 602 EN

5401
IN B I

– –
 .

/ **
(
*

5 B 01 B 51 B 52 B 53 B 54 B 55 B

B I

B II

( ) %( )
compressive strength, βwm, of each .2 series of cues), in M/mm
.
CEB/FIP
) %( .

– –
602 ENV

2 Eurocode
:
fckcyl
)1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
fckcue
/
( fckcyl fckck .Eurocodes
5,23 CE 5,24 CE

/ /

– –
 :
*

) (

** - ***

* .

– –
 BI
/

– –
 ) ( ) - (
: :
.

– –
32±
%
2
– –
 :

:
)
– –
 , %
±

. . ) (
:
. . . ) - (
:
/
±
:
±
: ± .
±
:
. ) (
– –
 - . ) (

) (
) (
:

– –
) (

– –
 .

– –
– –
) (

49 ASTM C

– –
– –
 .

– –
 23
) (Fogging
) (

– –
) ( .
.

– –
 01 12

– –
 ) (

) (

– –
 -

– –
 .
) (
) 2.4.6. (Commentary R
813 ACI
. ) (

– –
 )
– –
– –
) (

– –
– –
– –
 .
:

– –
 .
:
-
.
- ) ( )
) (
.
– –
– –
– –
 171 ASTM C
.

– –
171 ASTM C

Kraft paper .

– –
 ) (
) (

) (
– –
 ) (

– –
:

.
.

– –
 :
*
*

) (

– –
 )

) ( .

– –
 -
– :

, ,

- -
 ) ( )
) (ISO
39 :3889 ISO 39 :2889 ISO 58 :9277 ISO 87 :2104 ISO 87 :3104 ISO 58 :827
) (US
) (ASTM

ASTM A 36M: 97a 79 :703 ASTM A

49 :24 ASTM C
79 :404 ASTM C
) (ACI

- -
09 : ACI 117: 90R )49( 98 : ACI 216R 79 :1. 612 ACI 29 :803 ACI 69 : ACI 523 2
39 : ACI 533 R 69 : ACI 550 R

00 :1-602 EN

) (
0118 BS 58 :3 – 0118 BS

– :
1-602 DIN EN 10 :2-5401 DIN 10 :1-5401 DIN

10 :3-5401 DIN
– :
10 :4-5401 DIN
87 :2 – 4801 DIN

- -
59 :1 A
88 :1 –7224 DIN

48 :2 –7224 DIN
68 :4 –7224 DIN
87 :3-5324 DIN

) ( )
79 :1 – 0118 BS 58 :1 – 0118 BS 69 :3 -1 – 2991 ENV 20 : ACI 318 M:02/RM

29 :1-1 – 2991 ENV

58 – 611 – M
3rd Edition
.

- -
 611 ACI
.

:C II concrete construction sites

concert
.

) ( .
: ) c
: :
- -
 : :

: )*(.
2.325 ACI 318, ACI 550, and ACI
* , *
, 7224 EC 2, ENV 1992-1-3, DIN 1045 and DIN

: ) :

: )*(.

- -
: . )

:
- -
, ) ( /

. .

: )*(.

- -
:

) (

- -
: ) (

- -
:

- -
 : ) :

- -
 :
:

.
2.2.5 . DIN 1045, ref

C II
) .

) ( .
5401 ACI 301, ACI 315, ACI 318, DIN

: ASTM
63 A
: .

703 ASTM A

703 ASTM A
.
:

- -
 :
) ( TFE –

) (:
) (
1 ASTM C 150 Type
) )
(
404 ASTM C
:

5401 DIN 1048, DIN

ACI
335
.

- -
 ) (
: .

- -
- -
2.325 ACI
.

.
: .

: .

: .

: .

) (

PCI
/
711 ACI
.

- -
,3104 ISO 4012, ISO
:
24 ASTM C

813 ACI

813 ACI
%
3104 ISO

- -
- -
 :

813 DIN 1045 ACI 533, ACI

.

…
) (

- -
 .

- -
: , . , .

- -
 ,

- -
:

) (

- -
:

- -
- -
:

- -
- -
 :

602 ENV
.
)
602 ENV
( : :

) (

- -
 )

) (

- -
 :

- -
: .

- -