BA 501 Chapter 3 Vector Dan Scalar

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 VECTOR BA501
CHAP 3 - Vector and Scalar Products

Vector Quantities
 a quantity that has magnitude and direction
Examples of vector quantities are displacement, velocity, direction, momentum,
force, lift, weight and etc.
Scalar Quantities
 a quantity that has magnitude only.
Typical examples of scalar quantities are time, speed, temperature, and volume. A
scalar quantity or parameter has no directional component, only magnitude. For
example, the units for time (minutes, days, hours, etc.) represent an amount of time
only and tell nothing of direction. Additional examples of scalar quantities are
density, mass, and energy.
Fundamental of vector
i) Vector notation
 vector notation is how to present vector, such us :
a) vector is usually given a bold letter, such as A
b) place a right-handed arrow over the letter to denote a vector
c) vector can be write in engineering notation and matrix notation
ii) Vector representation

 Vectors can be graphically represented by directed line segments

example : vector AB = a
B

a
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iii) Equality of vectors

Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude
and direction
iv) Negative vectors

A negative vector of a given vector is defined as the vector having same
magnitude, but applied in the opposite direction to that of the given vector.
a

v) Unit vector  vector that has magnitude 1 unit @ a =
a
vector
Unit vector =
magnitude
vi) Magnitude vector

 magnitude is synonymous with "length," and "distance" from point A
to B.
magnitude of A to B = AB
vii) Position vector  vector which relative to origin
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Operations of vectors
 The additional and subtraction of two vector create resultant vector
i) Triangle law (Polygon law)
If two vectors are represented by two sides of a triangle in sequence, then third
closing side of the triangle in the opposite direction of the sequence represents
the sum or resultant of the two vectors in both magnitude and direction.
B B
=
O A O A
AB + OA = OB
O A O a A
=
-b
B B
OA + AB = OB
Figure 1
The polygon law is an extension of earlier two laws of vector addition. It is

successive application of triangle law to more than two vectors.
T   
d PQ + QR = PR
~
  
S PR + RS = PS
a + b + c + d c    
~ ~ ~ ~
~
PQ + QR + RS = PS
  
R PS + ST = PT
b     
~ hence, PQ + QR + RS + ST = PT
P a Q 
~ therefore a + b+ c+ d = PT
~ ~ ~ ~
Fig
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ii) Parallelogram law (parallel rectangle rule)
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the
diagonal of parallelogram through the common point represents the sum of the
two vectors in both magnitude and direction.
Q Q R
O P O P
OP + OQ = OR
Q Q R
O P O P
OP + OQ = QP
Figure 2
iii) Method of component
Rules of vector components:
i) Components should be perpendicular is called the orthogonal

components.
ii) The component s of the vector may be in any axis (x and y axis) we called
the horizontal or the vertical dimension.
iii) The direction of the components is look like head to tail, so that we can
add that vector.
iv) If we are adding those x and y vectors we can get the resultant vector.
The components of a vector are those vectors which, when added together,
give the original vector.
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The sum of the components of two vectors is equal to the sum of these two
vectors.
A2 A
A = A1 + A2
A1
A2 A

A1
A1, the component in an easterly direction, will have a magnitude
A1 = A cos  .
A2, the component in a northerly direction, will have a magnitude
A2 = A sin 
Substraction
Subtraction is considered an addition process with one modification that the second
vector (to be subtracted) is first reversed in direction and is then added to the first
vector.
B B
=
O A O A

OA +  BA = OB 
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 Characteristic of additional vectors.
Characteristic Resultant
i. Commutative law  
a + b = b + a
ii. Associative law  
( a + b )+ c = a + ( b + c )
 
iii. Identity law a + 0= a
 
iv. Inversion law a + (- a ) = 0
Multiplication vector with scalar

 
 Multiplication vector , a with scalar value , t produce vector t a where
magnitude |t|.
Characteristic Resultant
 
i. Commutative law m a = a m
exp: 2 a = a 2
 
ii. Associative law m(n a ) = (mn) a
  
exp : 2x(3 a ) = (2x3) a = 6 a
  
iii. Distributive law (m+n) a  = m a + n a 
exp : (2 + 3) a = 2 a + 3 a = 5 a
iv. Distributive law  
m( a + b ) = m a + m b
 
exp : 2 ( a + b ) = 2 a + 2 b
Definition 1 :
Given 3 point A, B, and C. Point A, B and C is collinear if
AB  t AC , t is scalar non zero
A B C

a

t a
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example 1 : Find the scalar value  , for equation below :

 OC = 6 OA + 12 BC + 4 AO + 2 AB + 10 OB
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2: Given AB = 3a, AD = 2b, DC = a, and DB = 4 DE ,

B
E C
A D

Show that vectors below in terms a and b ,:
a) BD b ) AE c) EC
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3 : ABCD is a parallelogram. M is centre point of BC . L is a point on AD ,


hence 4 AL = AD . Given AB = a and BM = 2 b , find vectors below in

terms a and b :
a) MD b ) DL c) LM
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 
4. Given position vector point A, B and C respectively are 4 a + 2 b , 8 a -

4 b , and 16 a - 16 b . Show that point A, B and C are collinear and find
ratio of AB : BC .
Excercise OA and OB respectively are vector 12 a and 12 b while OP and OQ

B
respectively are vector 4 a dan 4 b . Find vector below in terms a and
b .
Q a) AB (ans) (a) 12( b - a )
A b) PQ (b) 4 ( b - a ))
O P
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Multiplication of 2 vector
 Scalar Product (Hasil Darab Skalar /Hasil Darap Bintik)
Definition
The product of two vectors to form a scalar, whose value is the product of
the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them.
B ~ ~
OA = a~ , OB = b ; angle between a~ and b definite as
~
b
 angle between OA and OB is AOB.

O A
a~
Fig 2
~
Scalar product between vector a~ and b can be write as :
~ ~ ~ ~
a~ . b ( a~ point (dot) b )= a b cos 
~
 = angle between vector a~ and b , 0   ≤ 180.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
 a~  b = a~ b kos  and b  a~ = b a~ kos ; hence a~  b = b  a~
Basic characteristic in scalar product

~
1. a~ . b is scalar not vector.
~ ~
So ( a~  b ). ~
c is nondefinite but ( a~  b ) ~c is definite;
2. Parallel / opposite direction of 2 vector
a~ a~
~ ~
b b
fig 1 fig 2
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~
Refer to Fig 1, a~ and b are parallel and in the same direction, hence  = 0;
~ ~ ~
 ; a~  b = ~
a b kos 0 = ~
a b cos
~
If a~ = b
hence a~  a~ = ~ ~ = ~ = a2 ;  a~  a~ = a2
2
a a a
~
Refer to fig 2, a~ and b are parallel but in the opposite direction,
hence  = 180;
~ ~ ~
~ b ~ ~ ~ ~
 , a b = a kos 180 = a b (-1) = - a b
3. Perpendicular vector
~
If a~ and b are perpendicular, hence  = 90.
~ ~ ~
 a~  b = ~
a b cos 90 = ~
a b 0=0
~
 a~  b =0
a~
~
b
4. Angle between two vector.

Theorem;
~
~ • b
~ ~ a
; a~  b = ~
a b kos  kos  = ~
~ b
a
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~ ~ ~
4 :Given vector a~ and b respectively a~ =4, b =3 and a~  b = 7. Find the
~ ~
magnitude of ( a~ + b ) and the angle between a~ and b .
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5 : Calculate the work done F · s given |F|, |s| and  (the angle between the
force F and the displacement s) when
|F| = 4 N, |s| = 2 m, = 27o
~
Exercise : Calculate a~  b if given | a~ | = 3 , | b~ | = 5 and angle between a~ and
~ o
b is 60
1
(ans = 7 )
2
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Vector in a Cartesian plane
In a Cartesian plane, if point C is (x,y), hence position vector for C can

expressed in the form ;
y
C(x, y)
yj
O x
xi
X
OC = Xi + Yj or ( ) .
Y
2 2
Magnitude for OC ,  OC  = x + y
xi + yj
Unit vector in the positive direction of OC = 2 2
x + y
Example
y A
(8, 6)
O 8 N x
Fig 3
From fig 3;
ON = 8 , NA = 6,
Hence ON = 8i and NA = 6j
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Position vector for A, OA can be expressed in two condition:
1. OA = ON + NA  (Triangle law)
= 8i + 6j  (in term i and j)
8
2. OA =  
 
 (in term column vector)
6
3. Magnitude for OA ,  OA  = 8
2
 6
2
= 10
1 1 8
4. Unit vector in direction OA = 8 i  6 j or ( 
 )
10 10 6
 4 
 
4 3  5 
= i j or 3 
5 5 
 
 5 
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Operational Vector in Cartesian Plane
y P(X1, Y1) In fig 4, P(X1,Y1) and Q(X2,Y2) are

Q(X2, Y2)
~
r1
two point in Cartesian Plane
~
and O is origin.
r2
O x
Fig 4
Addition and Subtraction of position vectors
~ X1
Given OP = r1 = X1 i + Y1 j or ( );
Y1
~ X2
OQ = r2 = X2 i + Y2 j or ( )
Y2
~ ~
Hence r1 + r2 = X1 i + Y1 j + X2 i + Y2 j
= (X1 + X2) i + (Y1 + Y2) j  ( assemble i and j )
~ ~
r1 – r2 = X1 i + Y1 j - X2 i - Y2 j
= (X1 - X2) i + (Y1 - Y2) j
Orin column vector,
~ ~ X1 X2 X1  X 2 
r1 + r2 =( )+( )= 



Y1 Y2  Y1  Y 2 
~ ~ X1 X2 X1  X 2 
r1 – r2 =( )-( )= 



Y1 Y2  Y1  Y 2 
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Example
~ ~
6 : Given a = 5i + 2j and b = 2i – 5j , find;
~ ~
a) a~ + b b) a~ -2 b
Then find magnitude for each vector.
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7: Given that position vector A is a~ = 2i + 3j and Position vector B is

~
b = i – 5j . Find :
a) angle between vector AB and A
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Exercise: 1. Given 2 vector a = 2i + 3j and b = i + 2j. If a perpendicular to a + λ b ,Find the
 13
scalar value of λ (ans, :λ = )
8
 3  ~   1
2.Given ~
a = 



and b = 



 4  1 
~ ~  2 
a) Find a + b (  

)
 3
b) Calculate | a~ | ( 5 unit)
 3 
c) If ~
a =
~ ~
3b  2 c , Express ~
c as column vector ( 31
 )
 
 2 
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Vector in Three Dimension in Cartesian Plane
z
Coordinate S (p, q, r).
r
Position vector for S.
S
O x
y  
OS = ~
a = xi + yj + zk =  y
p
q  z
[  
q
x
 p
 
= pi + qj + rk = q 
 r 
 
 Direction Cosines
S
  If OS makes angle of ,  and  with the coordinate
O y
axes i, j, and k respectively, then
The direction cosines for OS vector are:
x x y z
cos , = , cos  = , cos  =
OS OS OS
{Magnitude OS =  a~  = x
2
 y
2
 z
2
}
 = angle between vector S and x - axes

 = angle between vector S and y - axes
 = angle between vector S and z - axes
,  and  known as direction angle.
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Example
~
8: If position vector of point A, B and C are a~ = 2i + j + 2k, b = 4i + 5j + 3k and
~
c = i - 3j + 2k respectively, find
a) vector AB
b) direction cosines of AB
~
c) unit vector in direction of a~
~
+ b + c
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9: Find direction angle of ( R + T ) where point R has coordinate (1, -6, 1) and
point T has coordinate (3, 4, -5).
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The Scalar Product of 3 Dimension
 (produce scalar value)
Let A = a1i + b1j + c1k
and B = a2i + b2j + c2k
A  B = (a1i + b1j + c1k)  (a2i + b2j + c2k)
= a1a2ii +a1b2ij +a1c2ik + b1a2ji + b1b2jj + b1c2jk + c1a2ki
+ c1b2kj + c1c2kk
However , ii = ii kos 00 = 1
 iI = jj = kk = 1
and, ij = ij kos 900 = 0
 ij = jk = kI = 0

A  B = a 1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c1 c 2
Angle between vector A and B

~ ~
A  B
cos  = ~ ~
A B
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The Vector Product of 3 Dimension
 (produce vector value)
 the vector product can be written in determinant forms as :
Let, A = a1i + b1j + c1k
and B = a2i + b2j + c2k
i j k
A B = a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
A B = ( b1 c 2  b 2 c 1 ) i  ( a 1 c 2  a 2 c 1 ) j  ( a 1 b 2  a 2 b1 ) k
Angle between vector A and B

~ ~
A xB
Sin  = ~ ~
A B
 Unit vector perpendicular to A B
~ ~
=
A xB
u ~ ~
A xB
 Area of parallelogram to vector A and B where A and B are side by side
A t
Area of parallelogram, = sin 

~ ~
A B A B
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 Volume of Parallelepiped
a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms
An alternative method defines the vectors a = (a1, a2, a3), b = (b1, b2, b3) and
c = (c1, c2, c3) to represent three edges that meet at one vertex. The volume
of the parallelepiped then equals the absolute value of the scalar triple
product a · ( b × c ):
Volume of Parallelepiped is:
V  | a  (b  c ) | = | b  (c  a ) | = | c  ( a  b ) |
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Example
~
10 : Find the angle between vector a~ and b using
a) scalar product
b) vector product
Given :
a~ = 2i + 3j +k
~
b = i – 2j – 6k
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11: Unit vector perpendicular to P and Q respectively are 3i – 2j + 4k and

2i + 3j – k
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12. Find the volume of the parallelepiped with adjacent edges PQ , PR and
PS where P(3, 0, 1), Q(−1, 2, 5), R(5, 1,−1), S(0, 4, 2)
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~
Exercise : 1. Angle between two vector a~ = i + λj +2k and b = 2i + 3j + k is cos-1
. Find the value of λ. (ans  λ = -1)

1
84
2. If = 5i – 2j + 3k. = 3i + j – 2k and C = i – 3j +4k. Find

~ ~ ~
A B
a) • (B x ) (ans -12)
~ ~ ~
A C
b) x (B x ) (ans  62i + 44j -74k)

~ ~ ~
A C
3. If p = 4i – 3j + 5k. and q = 3i – 5j – 2k. Find :
i. 2 p  3q
ii. 2 p  (4q  p )
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BA 501 Chapter 3 Vector Dan Scalar

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 VECTOR BA501

CHAP 3 - Vector and Scalar Products

ii) Vector representation

iii) Equality of vectors

iv) Negative vectors

vi) Magnitude vector

vii) Position vector  vector which relative to origin

The polygon law is an extension of earlier two laws of vector addition. It is

ii) Parallelogram law (parallel rectangle rule)

Rules of vector components:

i) Components should be perpendicular is called the orthogonal

A1, the component in an easterly direction, will have a magnitude

A2, the component in a northerly direction, will have a magnitude

 Characteristic of additional vectors.

Multiplication vector with scalar

AB  t AC , t is scalar non zero

example 1 : Find the scalar value  , for equation below :

2: Given AB = 3a, AD = 2b, DC = a, and DB = 4 DE ,

3 : ABCD is a parallelogram. M is centre point of BC . L is a point on AD ,

Excercise OA and OB respectively are vector 12 a and 12 b while OP and OQ

Q a) AB (ans) (a) 12( b - a )

 angle between OA and OB is AOB.

Basic characteristic in scalar product

2. Parallel / opposite direction of 2 vector

4. Angle between two vector.

Vector in a Cartesian plane

In a Cartesian plane, if point C is (x,y), hence position vector for C can

Position vector for A, OA can be expressed in two condition:

Operational Vector in Cartesian Plane

y P(X1, Y1) In fig 4, P(X1,Y1) and Q(X2,Y2) are

Addition and Subtraction of position vectors

Orin column vector,

Then find magnitude for each vector.

7: Given that position vector A is a~ = 2i + 3j and Position vector B is

Vector in Three Dimension in Cartesian Plane

 = angle between vector S and x - axes

,  and  known as direction angle.

The Scalar Product of 3 Dimension

 (produce scalar value)

Let A = a1i + b1j + c1k

and B = a2i + b2j + c2k

A  B = (a1i + b1j + c1k)  (a2i + b2j + c2k)

= a1a2ii +a1b2ij +a1c2ik + b1a2ji + b1b2jj + b1c2jk + c1a2ki

However , ii = ii kos 00 = 1

 iI = jj = kk = 1

and, ij = ij kos 900 = 0

 ij = jk = kI = 0

Angle between vector A and B

The Vector Product of 3 Dimension

 (produce vector value)

 the vector product can be written in determinant forms as :

Let, A = a1i + b1j + c1k

and B = a2i + b2j + c2k

Angle between vector A and B

 Unit vector perpendicular to A B

 Area of parallelogram to vector A and B where A and B are side by side

Area of parallelogram, = sin 

a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms

Volume of Parallelepiped is:

11: Unit vector perpendicular to P and Q respectively are 3i – 2j + 4k and

PS where P(3, 0, 1), Q(−1, 2, 5), R(5, 1,−1), S(0, 4, 2)

. Find the value of λ. (ans  λ = -1)

2. If = 5i – 2j + 3k. = 3i + j – 2k and C = i – 3j +4k. Find

b) x (B x ) (ans  62i + 44j -74k)