Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Residential
Commercial
Transportation
Green crops / grass
Forests
Bare mineral soils
Bare organic soils
Water
Object-oriented classification
• The input pixels are grouped into spectral
features (objects) using an image segmentation
algorithm. The objects are classified using both
spectral and spatial cues.
Deciduous
Digital Image
Make each training site at least 20-25 pixels (i.e., > 5 acres
for 30 meter pixels)
100 100
600
pixels 100
100
100
100
µ
The disadvantage of merged signatures:
shifted mean DN value (atypical of the class) and a large variance
Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing
Digital Image Classification
Training site pixels
Red
NIR
Decision spaces
based on range Unknown pixels
(min – max)
in this example
1&2
are assigned to
class R
Unknown
pixels:
•1
Unknown pixel
3 is unclassified
Red
•2
•3 because of
decision-space
overlap
NIR
Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing
Digital Image Classification
Parallelepiped decision rule
Advantages
Sensitive to different degrees of class variance in the data
Extremely fast, since it’s a basic table look-up function
Disadvantages
Problems occur in regions of spectral overlap
Creates “oversized” decision spaces in the presence of large
inter-band covariance, leading to between-class overlaps
Unknown pixel 3
n-dimensional is assigned to
class means class H because
D3-H < D3-R < D3-J
NIR
Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing
Digital Image Classification
Euclidian distance uses…
Pythagorean Theorem!?
NIR
Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing
Digital Image Classification
Euclidean distance measures
d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
Distance – n dimensions
n =1
∑ (DN )
n 2
d a −b = ai − DN bi d = x2 – x1
2
i =1
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
Problems occur in regions of spectral overlap
Creates “oversized” decision spaces in the presence of large
inter-band covariance, leading to between-class overlaps
Disadvantages
Unknown pixel 2
is assigned to
class R because
p2R > p2J >> p2H
Red
Unknown pixel 3
n-dimensional is assigned to
class means class R because
p3R > p3H >> p3J
NIR
Geo 424 – Advanced Remote Sensing
Digital Image Classification
Probability classification
p(31 RP)
p(31 H)
Unknown
pixel
Disadvantages
Slower, because its computationally intensive
Training data must be normally distributed
Unknown (15,155)
155
Known A
β classified as a member of
class “A”
Known B
0
165 255
Band A
Disadvantages
strongly
Band A
Numerous training spectra illuminated
required to describe the
moderately
“best” mean vector for illuminated
each class dimly
illuminated
Band B