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1-Automobile Intro-V5 1 PDF
1-Automobile Intro-V5 1 PDF
An Introduction to Automobiles
Jaguar 1955
Mass pro
oduction
C were ddeveloped
Cars l d from
ffr hhorse carriages.
i
Henry
y Ford -> “mass p
production” of Model
T,1909
Concept from rifle maanufacture of civil war
Model T first car withh design for manufacture
Engine
E i 2898 cc was built
b ilt by
b ford
f d andd various
i
independent bodybuillders from buses to elegent
family cars
Hand-built cars to inteerchangeable parts
Mass Pro
oduction
Moving
M i workers
k -> moving
m i vehiclehi l during
d i
maufacture , Highlandd park Detroit, 1913
Mass Pro
oduction
IIn 1970s,
1970 V Volkswagen
lk ““Beetle”
“B l ” was sold ld in
i large
l
numbers though syle waas antiquated as it was
Non rusting car
Mechanicallyy reliabble
Toyota's contribution:
P d ti was flex
Production fl xible
ibl
Quality paramount, getting right first time - LEAN
Shorter production runs, wide variants
History Construction
Development of World
Motor In
ndustry
1920s -1930s
1920 1930 : small
ll coaach
h bbuilders
ild co-exist
i with
ih
large companies
By end of second world
d war only few specialized
manufacturers remain – Rolls Royce
y
Large conglomerates likke British Motor
Corporation (BMC) , Brritish Leyland (BL) faced
problem of large stock
Americans
A i and
d JJapanesee moved
d parts
t off operations
ti
around the world
Because of export restricctions and to use facilities all
over the world
History Construction
Development of World
Motor In
ndustry
C
Construction
i Developmen
D l nt:
Till 1930s wooden framme with fabric or wood skin
used to build coaches
Late 1930s onwards
onwards, preessed steel plates for skin
Multiple curvature addeed more strength and body
panels
l shared
h d the
th load
l d
Recent cars have shell structure with aerodynamic
y
structures
History Construction
Development of World
Motor In
ndustry
Wooden
W d / Steel
S l chassis
h i frame
f was done
d away andd
replaced by stiff floor “pan”
“ by spot welding
By 1950s, “unitary” con
nstruction was universally
followed for mass produ
p uced cars
Composite body for lessser weight and corrosion
free body – started afterr WWII ( Lotus)
Wheels progressed from
m wooden spokes to metal
spokes
k tto metal
t l hub
h b con
nstruction
t ti to t metal
t l spokes
k (
Alloy)
History Construction
Stream
mlining
IIn 1890s,
1890 A Amédée
édé B
Bollé
lléée
é the
h younger produced
d d
first torpedo shaped designs with raked windscreen
Americans did not like the
t air-streamlined design
Stream
mlining
Aerodynamics was conssidered impediment to
styles due to angles
Box type
yp was more cheaaper
p and easier to pproduce
Became more popular on nly after the 70’s when oil
prices went up & fuel ecconomy was considered
important
Commercia
al Vehicles
Endd off 19th century, first
E fi t lorry
l andd trucks
k were
steam powered – challen nged by petrol vehicles
Threats of world wars leed to increase in roads,
commerical vehicle salees and haulage
g in Europep
IC engine led to the dev
velopment of motor bus.
Autobahns
A t b h ini 1930s
1930 Ger
G rmany led
l d to
t development
d l t
of good road transport along
a with railways.
Buses replaced electric trams,
t challeged railways
in USA, Britain.
Construction Co
onfiguration and
Stylling
E i Development
Engine D l
Transmission and Syst
y tem Layout
y
Steering
S
Suspension
i
Brakes
Interior Design
S f
Safety
Too much Innovation
History Construction
Engine Dev
velopment
Diamler
Di l and
d Benz
B inven
i ntedd IC engine
i automobiles
bil
in 1895
Diamler developed Vee twin engines in 1898
Ettore Bugatti,1910
Bugatti 1910 creaated first engine with
Overhead Cam shaft in Model13,
M capable of
achieving 100 kmph speeed with 1327 cc. cc
Side valves were more preferred
p till WWII
Improvements in materiials led to other
developments.
History Construction
Engine Dev
velopment
Diesel Engine:
Main competitor to petrol engine – spontaneous
combustion unlike petrool ignition
It eliminated two weak points
p carburettor and spark
plugs hence more reliab
ble
It had inferior p
power to weight
g ratio,, hence
restricted to heavy engin
nes
With turbo-charging
turbo charging and d refinement,
refinement performance
at par with petrol enginees with cleaner emissions
and higher efficiency
efficiency.
History Construction
Engine Dev
velopment
S
Super charging
h i and dT
Turbo
bocharging:
h i
When air is compressed
p d at inlet,, power
p to weight
g
ratio of engine improved
d
Compressors combined to engine shaft
Used from 1930s in raciing cars
Compression with poweer from exhaust using
turbine is turbocharging
g g
Turbochargers improve torque characteristics and
smoother engine running
g
History Construction
Engine Dev
velopment
T Strokes
Two S k and
dUUnconveentional
i l petroll engines:
i
Two stroke ((2S)) has onee firing
g stroke pper
revolution, theoretically
y twice efficiency
2S in unsupercharged allways has fuel-charge loss
during scavenging
IIntake
t k needsd to
t be
b mixed
i d withith lubricating
l b i ti oilil
resulting in smoky exhaaust
Applications restricted to
t motor-cycles and small
cars like three cylinder SAAB
S car.
History Construction
Engine Dev
velopment
Two stroke
T k diesel
di l iis still
illl preferred
f d in
i large
l marine
i
and railway engines
Wankel engine had a semmi-rotary than a
reciprocating
p g type
yp of engine
g
It had a problem with seeals of rotor and inherent
two-stroke
two stroke emissions
Gas turbines had good efficiency
e and thrust to
weight
i ht ratio
ti but
b t nott effic
fficient
i t in
i low
l speeds.
d
History Construction
Engine Dev
velopment
El i and
Electric d Hybrid
H b id propu
ulsion:
li
1899,, Jenatzy's
y “La Jammais Contente” was first
vehicle to cross 100kmp
ph
Initial cars restricted to short distances but has
considerably increased in i recent times
IImprovementst in
i Lead-A
L d Acid
A id bbattery
tt technology
t h l
allowed increased rangee and even buses to operate
i Urban
in U b areas on electr
l tric
i power tot reduce
d smog.
History Construction
Engine Dev
velopment
Limitations
Li i i in
i battery
b le
ledd to hybrid
h b id vehicles
hi l off
present day
Ultracapacitors or fllywheel used
Smaller ppetrol engin
g ne is used
Regenerative brakinng
*Not same as petrol-elec
petrol elecctric vehicle in past with
pure electric operation for
f step-less operation
History Construction
Transmissiion System
Develo
opment
Some off the
S h ddrawbacks
b k off petroll engines
i over
steam engines were
Non-availabilityof full
f power at the start
Noisyy operation
p
Non -instant stop – restart
r
Clutches have evolved ffrom belts and settled pre
pre-
dominantly with plate cllutch.
Gear bbox evolved
G l d from
f shifting
hif i gears to constant
mesh with moving dog clutches
c “crash” gear box.
History Construction
Transmissiion System
Develo
opment
F.W.
F W Lanchester
L h and
d Br
British
i i h Daimler
D i l createdd
epicyclic gear box with bands and planetary rings
Epicyclic gears used in ford
f model T , used in
buses for ease of operati
p ion
In 1940's, “preselector” gearbox was developed
with fluid torque converrter becoming a Constant
Variable Transmission system
s (automatic)
E li automatics
Earlier t ti had
h d poor
p efficiency
ffi i
History Construction
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanchester_epicyclic_gearbox.jpg
History Construction
Pre selecto
Pre-selecto
or gearbox
Wilson’s Gearb
box
Model T gear
g box
http://commons.wikimedia.org
g/wiki/File:Model_T_Ford_epicyclic_gearbox_%28Montagu,_C
ars_and_Motor-Cycles,_1928 8%29.jpg
History Construction
Fluid Torque
e Converter
Porsche tra
ansmission
ansmission
DAF varriomatic
Double pulleys
http://www.philseed.com/daf-600.html
History Construction
Stee
ering
Earlier
E li cars borrowed
b d ax
xles
l similar
i il to horse
h
carriages with unstable pivoting
p axles as horse is
nott presentt to
t stabilize
t bili the
t vehicle
th hi l
Ackerman's arrangemen
g nt of p
pivotingg wheels about
individual axes allowed rotation at varied angles /
speed during turn
Tiller was replaced with
h steering and linkages and
major development cam me after power steering.
Four wheel steering is now
n available but restricted
to a few models
History Construction
Ackerman
nn Linkage
Ackerman
linkages for
Independent
Suspension
Tille
ers
Pictures tak
ken from Smith (2002)
History Construction
Suspe
ension
Elliptic
Elli i springs
i adopted
d d from
f carts – problems
bl
during braking and startting -need to be restricted
Springing developed by y torsion bars and further by
ppneumatic variable heig
ght suspensions
g p
Independent wheel susp
pensions developed
Simple
Si l coil
il springs
i weree used
d ffor ffrontt suspension
i
alone and then used in rear also
Active suspensions havee vehicle lifted by power
jacks controlled electron
nically
History Construction
Elliptic Springs
S
Mounting to function as
anti-roll bar
Torsio
on bar
on
Pneumatic S
Suspension
Suspe
ension
I d
Independently
d l moving
i wheels
h l improved
i d road-grip
d i
Independent
p suspensio
p ons became p
popular
p byy 90s.
Pictures tak
ken from Smith (2002)
History Construction
Suspe
ension
Wh l andd Tires:
Wheels Ti
Wooden spoked
p wheel with
w metal outer was
unsuitable for higher speeed
1895, Michelin brotherss fitted Dunlop tires on
1895
peugeot cars for racing and
a it started
P
Pneumatic
ti tires
ti had
h d prob
bl
blems
b off puncture
t
Large
g tires were good
g fo
or p
poth-rudded roads, with
roads improving size is reached to standard size.
History Construction
Suspe
ension
Smaller
S ll tires
i improved
i d ride
rid andd suspension
i
dynamics
Wider tires had better ro
oad grip
Tubeless tires were introoduced after WWII
Radial ply was introduced
“Low profile” tires – rattio of outer to inner
diameter increased
History Construction
Tubeles
ss tires
•Introduced
I d d iin 1947 by
b
Goodridge
•An air-tight layer to inner
layer of carcass
•Soft inner layer of highly
viscous material to fill in
punctures
•Retain air-pressure longer http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/tlt_const.htm
than others vehicles can be
controlled longer
History Construction
Tirres
res
Radiall Tires
•Since
Si there
h is i no cross ply,
l
lesser heat generated hence
more life
•4 to 6 “bracing plies” of
metal /rayon provides better
contact grip and stability
against
g deformation in higher
g
speeds
•Stiffer in resistingg lateral
loading hence reduces
under/over steer.
Pictu
ures taken from 65 series off road tire manual of Goodyear
History Construction
Brakes
H
Horse carriages
i were essentially
i ll stoppedd by
b horses
h
Drum brakes with p
pair of
o internal shoes emerged
g as
dominant
Until 1920s brakes onlyy in rear wheels
With drum brake probleem of fading due to
overheat,
h t emergedd disc
di brakes
b k iin 1952.
1952
Disc brakes were used in n front wheels and not in
rear brakes as they requiired mounting of parking
drum brakes
History Construction
Brakes
Brakes
B k operatedd bby mecchanical
h i l rodsd andd cables
bl
required skilled adjustm
ment or cars would “swing”
1930s hydraulic power assisted
a brakes introduced
1960s, Dual hydraulic circuit
1960s c introduced to
overcome leaks
Heavy vehicles
H hi l required
i d servo arrangementt -
Vacuum assist
Anti Lock Braking intro
oduced from aircrafts.
British Jensen FF,1960 was
w first passenger car to
have it.
History Construction
Dual hydrau
ulic braking
•Dual
D l master cylinder
li d
•Both actuating different
circuits
•Failure of one is not affecting
another
•At least one circuit
operational
Vacuum Ass
sist braking
Bendix Hydrovac
Anti Lock
Anti-Lock
k Braking
Interior Design
Modern
M d ffamily
il cars not superior
i to high
hi h
performance cars of 193
30s.
Essential dynamic analy
ysis and design to improve
q
quieteness
Direct belt between enngine and cooling fan replaced
by
y intermediate electrrical
Vibration isolation
Mathematical analysiss of the design
Air conditioning, powerr windows, windows
demisting added.
added
History Construction
Safety Design
IInvention
i off motor cars produced
d d more deaths
d h than
h
any other invention.
No. of civilian deaths per month in USA during
WWII greater than deeaths due to war
1930s “unitary” Chevrolet airflow body
construction was more resistant
r to impact with
another car.
No significant work till 1950s and 60s as it was not
a selling point
History Construction
Safety Design
Pre-war cars had
P h d steerin
ing columns
l like
lik spears to
the heart of drivers in caase of frontal impact
Collapsible steering intrroduced by 1960s
Seat belts appeared arou
und 1950s for front seat
occupants and slowly sppread to rear
Ai b
Airbags came later
l t
Vehicle is now designed
g d with energy
gy absorbers in
front, rear and sides.
History Construction
Vee Twin
Vee-T
T
Blumfield V twin engine 1913
1913-14
14
with Overhead
O Cam Shaft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes_V6_D
TM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blumfield_V-
twin_motorcycle_engine.jpg
Side Valve
e Engines
Side Valv
ve Engine
“Biefield”
Biefield Diesel engine of 1930s
http://shopswarf.orconh
hosting.net.nz/svdiesel.html
History Construction
Plate clutch
c
http://gtmotorsports.com
http://www.novak-
adapt.com/knowledge/clutches_etc.htm
History Construction
Plate Clutch
C
Pic
ctures taken from “ The Motor Vehicle” – Newton Steeds
History Construction
Gearr box
Dog clutch
Gear box – Co
onstant mesh
Gearbox - Sy
ynchromesh
Synchromesh
S h h
have
“synchronizers”
synchronizers
for smoother
gear shifting