History of Automobile

Introduction
Brief/complete??history of automobile (story of automobile development and
what’s behind it)
Pre-modern automobile
Glimpse understanding of Steam Engine, Combustion Engine
How likely automobile industry gives significant effect to nation’s income
 Industrialization era makes every stake holder to pay more attention for
environment (green industry)


1. Introduction
Mobility is one of the inherently essentials for human being. Without it, most likely
civilization will not developed significantly. Normally, people will tend to create a
new connection to other community in other places in order to meet their demand.
Agricultural society will established a new relation with industrial area for instance.
Therefore, technologies create a new way to meet this requirement. Horses and
stagecoach existed since pre-medieval age to assist what human needsfor
transporting people or goods and also define human history.
How to find the effective solution to deliver people needs was challenging process
that made people from Leonardo Da Vinci well known as a forefront inventor to
Henry Ford erawere competing to gave a new way to produce affordable, reliable
and agile vehicle to meet what most people likely demanded. Although industrial era
had been shaped the civilization at the beginning of 18 th century, people who live in
rural area, mostly rely on agricultural industry, lives further from town, where all the
trade and other activities carried out. To get there, they employed a horse which
might take more time, whilst they had to get back as soon as possible to take care
their cattle for instance. Therefore, mechanical transportation to save time and
reliable was desperately needed to overcome all those problems.
The new era of transportation development begun long before combustion engine
were invented.In 1768, the first steam-powered vehicle publicly appeared which has
ability to transport human was developed and drove by French inventor Nicolas-
Joseph Cugnot, regardless the dispute from other sources that he was not the first
person who invented that engine. At the same time, steam engine had also
developed by several inventor, British born engineer George Stephenson for
example, who later employed this mechanical system into his locomotive design in
1802. Steam engine also used in several road vehicle in UK in the early of 20 th
century for high payload lorry, Sentinel and Foden were prominently lorry
manufacturer at that time until their disappearance from UK in the 1930s as a result
of Air pollution strict regulation.

Figure 1- 11908 Foden 5 tonnes

 Figure 1-2 1931 Sentinel DG4

Then, a new technology of oil exploration had developed and harnessed to expand
the production. The abundant of oil production made petrol internal combustion
engine became more feasible to develop for several variety of uses rather than
steam engine in terms of engine size to apply.

Figure 1-3Steam-engine vehicle invented by Cugnot[ CITATION htt15 \l 2057 ]

Several notable inventions have contributed significantly to the mechanic-vehicle
advancement. In 1890 French engineer J. J. Étienne Lenoir invented so-called
double-acting spark-ignition engine based on previous internal-combustion
engineexperiment which had conducted by Dutch physicist Christian Huygens in
1680. The new chapter of transportation has begun since then.
By the end of 19th century, many people put forward to find a cheap, reliable and
affordable mechanical substitute of the horse, either petrol-fuel engine and diesel-
fuel engine has been developed significantly. Although mechanic-vehicle became
vogue at that time, the idea to bring this product into something that every people
can affordregardless of social-level in society had been presented by some expertise
since the beginning of the invention.
Given the fact that large portion of the price was taken from time-production which
required more than a week to produce 1 car. To address this issue, Henry Ford,
prominent industrialist from Michigan USA came up with a new revolutionary
technique of mass production which reduces the price significantly. He established
Ford Motor Company which employed movingassembly lineto keep up with demand
rather than conventional process, makes car became prevalent since then because
of its affordable price.= Well known car that reaches its sales peak at the
beginning of 20th century is Ford Model T which can be modified according to
customer demand.

After world war I ended, several reports from soldier who had became user of the
automobile as a backbone to subtitute horse indicated that most of them were
suffers from its unreliabillty. They failed to suit to army needs to fulfill what army
needs. In addition, transporting troops and equipment could not easily adapted to
rigorous European theatre road condition that was notoriously became their daily
routine problemwhich they had to face quickly revealed its weaknesses.
Learn from that lesson, Henry Ford came a cross with solution that vehicle must
offers several advantages for the costumer, durability for instance. Model T basis
design gives the manufacturer to tailored the vehicle according to order they
recieved. Ford company introduce several variety of automobile to suit what most
people required, notably passenger car which could carry more than 2 persons. On
top of that, given the fact that they introduce its practicality and agility as people
had been waiting for quite long time, ford also brought a new era of affordable car
that made them as a giant car manufacurer in the early of 20 th century. The success
of ford car maker resulting more than 15 million Model T sold in USA alone since
1908 until 1926.
 Figure 1-4 1908 Ford model T
At the end of 1930’s, Nazi German flexing its military muscle by expanding their
neighbouring country territory. United Stated government pushed its military
institution to speed up their development program into production since the US
involvement in war was imminent. US army had been draw more attention since its
failure in providing small utility vehicle during World war I, therefore they came up
with solution by releasing general specification that later would became so called
Light Reconnaissance Vehicle . They sent this general specification to 135 companies
asking for prototype, however only 2 companies were responding this request which
has strict requirements, most notably for delivering time; they are American Bantam
and Willy’s Overland.
 1- 5 BRC (Bantam Reconnaissance Car) 40 prototype outside American bantam
factory before sent to US Army for conducting several test[ CITATION AdK \l 2057 ]

Briefly, US army had doubt about Bantam capability since they were only small
company. Therefore, US army called Ford motor Co to participate alongside with two
previous participants. Each of those prototypes has its uniqueness, however US
army would not hesitate to combine every specific feature they had.

1-6. US Army 1941 trials from left to right: Bantam, Willys MA and the Ford
GP[ CITATION AdK \l 2057 ]
Eventually, US army decided to release its new concept-vehicle to put into
production. They called a new utility vehicle with GP (General Purpose) later became
Jeep.Every company that was involved in the initial process awarded with several
different order to provide US army with this vehicle.

1-7.Willys MB 1941-1945[ CITATION 20116 \l 2057 ]

 Based on several capabilities to deal with harsh terrain in both European and Far-
East World War II theatre, Jeep that has its off-road supremacy compare to other
similar vehicle, eventually became forerunner of modern All-terrain car and serve for
many nations around the globe for decades. During 1950’s the necessity of so-called
off road vehicle flourished, the company improved its basic simple form into several
different model and shape to accommodate market demand.
There were some distinct specifications between pre-war and post-war car, mostly
from the variant of type. This phenomenon was likely to meet the customer
“appetite”, as there were no model changes from every automobile manufacturer as
they were only producing war machine during its period.

2. Engine Development
2.1. Steam Engine
Many attempts had been made by several prominent engineers to invent so-called
“self-motion” carriage long time before industrial revolution reaches its peak and the
advent of commercially used steam-power engine. James Ashworth, British
physician, had successfully exhibited his steam powered wagon in 1788.
The first steam engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 in Britain,
improved by James Watt in 1775 later on.
Generally speaking, water is heated and vaporised inside the chamber. Subsequently
high pressure steams build up at some point and releasing some sort of energy that
will transform into pressure.
 2-8. Typical of Modern Steam Engine Major Components
[ CITATION how16 \l 2057 ]

2.2. Petroleum and Diesel Fuel Internal Combustion Engine

It was began in 1885 when Karl Benz (1844-1929) German engineer, successfully
producing horseless-carriage which revealed to public. He subsequently patented his
invention in 1886 and named it Motorwagen.

2- 9. 1885 Benz Automobile

Petroleum engine is one of the Internal Combustion engine with three main aspects
in Petrol engine are Hydrocarbon fuel which is petrol itself, air and spark ignition
emitted from spark-plug.
Cars use a four-stroke combustion cycle, or Otto cycle, to convert gasoline into
kinetic energy. The four strokes include the intake stroke, compression stroke,
combustion stroke and exhaust stroke. The intake stroke starts the combustion
process by allowing the engine to take in a cylinder-full of air and gasoline. After this
process, air is compressed through the movement of the pistons in the engine. Upon
compression, a spark plug emits a spark to ignite the gasoline and causes a
controlled explosion in the cylinder. The resulting explosion causes the piston to
move downward, which causes the exhaust valve to open and release exhaust out
the tailpipe

=
“Transport is not an end in itself, but rather a means allowing people to access what
they need: jobs, markets and goods, social interaction, education, and a full range of
other services contributing to healthy and fulfilled lives.” [ CITATION Uni16 \l 2057 ]
It can therefore be concluded, based on the economic and technical evidence above,
that in a future, sustainable road transport system the role of BEVs in the passenger
car market could be limited to smaller vehicle segments such as mini and super-mini,
whereas in larger vehicle segments ICE PHEVs running on biofuels or hydrogen fuel
cell PHEVs might be more suitable. Moreover, batteries and biofuels should not be
seen as antagonistic options, because they can coexist well in PHEVs, with different
degrees of electrification dictated by the size of the vehicle, its intended use and the
cost and performance of the batteries. For example, from Figure 1, we can infer
that, for a passenger car in the executive segment, a PHEV running on biofuels has
minimum TCO with a battery size of 5-10kWh, which would allow roughly 20-40% of
the total lifetime miles to be driven on electricity, whereas the remaining 60-80%
would be driven on blends of fossil and biofuels.[ CITATION MrM12 \l 2057 ]

Nowadays, 54 percent people live in urban area according to the United Nation
article and projected to be increased by 66 percent in 2050 [ CITATION Wor14 \l
2057 ]. In this article also gives prediction that close to 90 percent will be in Asia
and Africa.
People are tend to live in the urban area since they are looking for affordable price
for decent house to live. Given the fact that housing price becoming more lavish for
middle-class especially in a downtown where the centre of economic activities take
place. Sustainable transportation supposed to be applied in the developing countries
to generate the local-economy to eradicate poverty [ CITATION Uni16 \l 2057 ].
Ideally, people who live in urban area and work in city centre, so-called commuter,
should have some sort of modes of transportation options, public transport for
instance. However, demand for mobility for people and goods are growth
significantly over period of time, however, in some part of the developing country,
they have to deal with some sort of indecent and inadequate public transport.
Therefore, private vehicle may become favourable as some of the financial-leasing
company offered great-deal facility that makes almost all people able to acquire the
vehicle they needed. Moreover, lack of reliability that public transportation which
provide by the government, contribute to what people think that owned private
vehicle will guarantee people to get to working place right on time for instance. As a
matter of fact that some of the urban areas are likely unserved by public
transportation.Decent public transportation supposed to be offeredto address grid-
lock that every single developing country has to experienced, moreover this is one of
the major component in the sustainable development. Bear in mind that people
movement might generate economic sector and the essential part of development
put forward as an essential urban-city development road map.
Transportation is not merely shifting people or goods from one place to others but
supposed to meet some criteria as The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has
stipulated [ CITATION Uni16 \l 2057 ], which is:
- Safe
- Affordable
- Accessible
- Efficient
- Resilient
- Minimising carbon and other emission and environmental impact
Transportation means drives development, linking people, connecting local
communities to others. One of the aim of the sustainable transportation is to
improve the undeveloped area or marginal environment. It is broadly means to get
rid of poverty. Given the fact that more than 60% vulnerable groups are living in the
urban area in the most of developing country, which means they need to get an
access to linked up each places which may fulfilling their demand.
Transportation itself have to meet several criteria, one of them is to accommodate
disable people as they need to be enabled to live independently and participate in
any aspect of life according to Article no.9 UN convention. Every stakeholder
supposed to aware with this situation by eliminating all obstacle in order to meet
that criteria.

2- 10. Hindrance for disabilities

Sustainable transport is the provision of services and infrastructure for the mobility
of people and goods, advancing economic and social development to benefit today’s
and future generations—in a manner that is safe, affordable, accessible, efficient,
and resilient, while minimizing carbon and other emissions and environmental
impacts

BénédicteFrankinet, the Permanent

Representative of Belgium to the United Nations, said,
“the success of the [Sustainable Development] Goals
will be determined by how much the lives of the most
vulnerable are improved.”15

Transport services themselves must also be physicallyaccessible to older and

disabled people. Article 9 of theUN Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilitiessets out the imperative that “in order to enable personswith disabilities to
live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life, appropriate measures
shouldbe taken to ensure to persons with disabilities access, onan equal basis with
others, to the physical environment,to transportation, to information and
communications,including information and communications technologiesand
systems, and to other facilities and services open orprovided to the public, both in
urban and in rural areas.”
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2.3. Alternative Energy based

Since two decades ago, people awareness about environmental preservation has
been significantly increased. Demanded for having fresh air to breath, clean air to
drink and fertile soil to cultivate are likely becoming more and more inherently
substantial as a lifestyle as it will affect the quality of life of human being. After
Kyoto protocol in 1992, many industrial countries which mostly developed countries
were required to regulate their greenhouse gas emission as a culprit of ozone-layer
depletion. They believed that climate change became imminent if preventive action
had not takenimmediately.
The outcome from fossil fuel internal combustion has contributed for polluting the
atmosphere amongst several sources. Electric Vehicle (EV) began its debut since
then, although some people disputed their effectiveness to reach maximum range.
Several motor industry came up with solution to answer this issue by releasing its
new concept so-called PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles)which utilize both
conventional engine and electric battery.
Despite of all the competition that every manufacturer had to face to produce what
costumer demanded, many people who were concerning the residual outcome which
the outcome of conventional-engine affected to environment put forward suggestion
in order to minimize negative impact what car had been made. They came up with
“Environmental-Friendly” concept to overcome the conventional-engine’s drawback
such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and others pollutants. Given the fact that large
amount of carbon dioxide may harmful to the atmosphere.
Thomas Davenport (9 July 1802 – 6 July 1851) invented electric battery that
generate sufficient power which apparently able to employed by a car in 1834.
 2-11. 2013 Mercedes-Benz E300 Hybrid Scheme[ CITATION www16 \l 2057 ]

Hybrid-car adopts two different mechanical-sources to generate power, which

related one another. Instead of utterly rely on conventional engine, Hybrid-car
employ conventional engine (petrol or diesel) that is workingon certain condition,
usually at high speed whilst electric battery will run at low speed. In this case,
electric battery does not need to charge manually as a matter of fact, conventional
engine will do it automatically while the battery is on idle position.
Research and development of BEV (battery electric vehicles) required considerable
funding, therefore, only major car industry that seemingly able to do so. They
examine the cost and benefit aspect as a main consideration; this factor is likely
inhibiting the Electric-car development though General Motor released its Electric car
for commercial purposed in circa 1990’s named EV1.
Despite of the unsuccessful sales and controversy of EV1, many believes that this
car has been considered as a forerun and breakthrough against the fossil fuel engine
car domination.

2- 12. 1996 General Motor EV1

In 2010, Nissan Motor Company Ltd, Japanese major car industry, introduced Nissan
Leaf in Japan and USA followed by other countries in a year after. Nissan Leaf is
small compact 5-seater hatchback, first electric car that Nissan produce intended for
commercial mass production.

2- 13. 2011 Nissan Leaf

With its eye-catching and chic model, soon it would draw attention many urban-
commuter as many advantages offered. It has official range 172 km on full battery
and offers a quick-charge option to allow its user save their time beside several
hours’ normal charge.

2- 14. Dual port charging option

Government as a regulator has important role to determine whether electric vehicle
still rolling on the street for the following years ahead or become a monumental
figure. Some developed countries in Europe provide their affable-policy to give huge
chance this car can be sustained in their country and stimulate other manufacturer
to produce sort of environmental-friendly vehicle.
Many other alternatives energy has been developed since decades ago in order to
meet the requirement of environmentally friendly, such as solar cell car and the
recent hydrogen-fuel car.