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Thermo PDF
Thermo PDF
Thermodynamic process:
A process in which there are changes in the state of a thermodynamic system
Heat Q
added to the system Q>0
taken away from the system Q<0
(through conduction, convection, radiation)
Work
done by the system onto its surroundings W>0
done by the surrounding onto the system W<0
Area: A
Pressure: p
V final
Work done in a finite volume change
W =∫ pdV
Vinitial
V2
W= p1(V2-V1) +0 W=0+ p2(V2-V1) W = ∫ pdV
V1
Heat transfer depends on the initial & final states, also on the path.
∆U is path-independent
Q=nC∆T
CV: molar heat capacity at constant volume
Cp: molar heat capacity at constant pressure
∆U= - W
State equations
γ −1 γ −1
T1V1 = T2V2 or:
γ γ
p1V1 = p 2V2
Since γ-1>0,
Adiabatic expansion dV>0, dT<0, temperature drops
Adiabatic compression, dV<0, dT>0, temperature rises
V2 V2
Isothermal: ∆T=0 ∫V1
pdV ∫
V1
pdV 0
A) final pressure?
B) Work done by the gas?
C) Tfinal/Tinitial?