Tuan Cuong Ngo - 742252

Fluid Mechanics
Assignment 1

Required Daily Volume: VR = 40KL/day

Assume pumping 8 hours/day with flowrate Q = 1.4L/s = 1.4/1000 m3/h = 0.0014m3/s

Assume kinematic viscosity of water v = 1 * 10-6 m2s-1

Assume density of water ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Assume g = 9.8 m/s2

Diameter of steel pipes: D = 50mm = 0.05m

Roughness of steel pipes: Ɛ = 0.046mm => Ɛ/D = 0.046/50 = 0.00092

Question 1:

Calculate the pump power required for each of the three options and determine which one should
be selected.

Q = 0.0014m3/h => U = Q/A = (0.0014/(π*0.052/4)) = 0.713 m/s

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 Re = UD/v = (0.713*0.05)/(1 * 10-6) = 35650

Based on the moody Diagram, since Re = 35650 and Ɛ/D = 0.00092, f = 0.026

Draw a streamline with the starting point on the surface area of each option (1) and the ending point
on the surface area of Bukit Kauh Tank (2). Apply Bernoulli equation:

P1/ρg + z1 + U12/2g + hp = P2/ρg + z2 + U22/2g + hL

P1 = P2 = Patm ; z2 – z1 = Δh; U1 = U2 = 0 (wide tanks)

 hp = hL + Δh

Head loss term: hL = f*(L/D)*(U2/2g)

 hp = Δh + U2/2g*f*(L/D))

Apply this equation to 3 options

• Gumung Tank

hp = Δh + U2/2g*f*(L/D))

hp = 125 + 0.7132/(2*9.8)*0.026*(1157/0.05))

hp = 140.6m

 Pump power required PR = ρgQhp = 1000*9.8*0.0014*140.6 = 1929W

• Sukun Spring

hp = Δh + U2/2g*f*(L/D))

hp = 50 + 0.7132/(2*9.8)*0.026*(351/0.05)) = 54.73m

 Pump power required PR = ρgQhp = 1000*9.8*0.0014*54.73 = 750.9W

• Batu Asah

hp = Δh + U2/2g*f*(L/D))

hp = 30 + 0.7132/(2*9.8)*0.026*(641/0.05)) = 38.65m

 Pump power required PR = ρgQhp = 1000*9.8*0.0014*38.65 = 530.3W

Based on the pump power required only, Batu Asah should be selected for the residents of Bukit
Kauh due to the lowest required pump power.

Question 2:
Sourcing water from Gumung Tank was a popular option among the residents of Bukit Kauh, as it
offered the option of supplying the village with treated water from the water treatment plant
located in Gumung.

a. As Gumung Tank is a preferred water source, someone suggested that the pump should be
moved and placed higher up the hill so that it would be closer to Bukit Kauh (Figure 2)
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Doing this might help reducing the pump power required, yet results in higher possibility of
cavitation. This is because the longer the pipe on the suction side of the pump, the more head loss
occurs due to friction, which results in lower suction head. If suction head decreases below vapour
pressure head, water starts to boil and create bubbles at the impellers – which is called cavitation.
Cavitation is dangerous and expensive, therefore needed to be avoided at all cost.

b. To avoid cavitation, the fluid head on the suction side of the pump (hs) must be greater than
the vapour pressure head: hs > Pvp/ρg

hs = h1 – hfs (Where (1) is the point on the water surface of Gumung Tank and hfs is the head loss of
friction on the suction side of the pump)

 hs = P1/ρg + z1 – hfs = z1 - hfs (P1 = 0 – atmospheric pressure on surface level)

hfs = (U2/2g)*f*(L/D);

 hs = z1 – (U2/2g)*f*(L/D) = 125 – 0.7132/(2*9.8)*0.026*(L/0.05)) = 125 – L*0.135

 To avoid cavitation: 125 – L*.0135> Pvp/ρg
 125 – L*0.135> 2340/(1000*9.8)
 L < 924m

The maximum elevated height is

Δh = 924 * 125/1157 = 99.8m

Question 3:
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➢ Total length of old pipe used L1 = 600m (D1 = 0.05m, f1 = 0.026)

➢ Total length of new pipe used L2 = 30 + 30 + 40 + 0.5*2 = 101m

New pipe diameter D = 100mm = 0.1m; Ɛ/D = 0.046/100 = 0.00046

Re2 = UD2/v = (0.713*0.1)/(1 * 10-6) = 71300

According to the Moody diagram, f2 = 0.0215

➢ Minor losses
o 2 expansions from old pipes to new pipes
o 4 90o elbows of the new pipes
 Total head loss:

hL = (U2/2g) * ( f1*(L1/D1) + f2*(L2/D2) + 2 * (1 – (D12/ D22)) + 4 * K)

hL = (0.7132/2*9.8) * (0.026*(600/0.05) + 0.0215*(101/0.1) + 2*(1- (0.052/0.12)) + 4*0.8)

hL = 8.78m

 hp = hL + Δh = 8.78 + 30 = 38.78m
 Pump power required PR = ρgQhp = 1000*9.8*0.0014*38.78 = 532W

Compared to the power required for question 1, the power required just obtained is only slightly
higher.