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Point Pipestressanalysisbycomputer Caesarii 150407122607 Conversion Gate01 PDF
Point Pipestressanalysisbycomputer Caesarii 150407122607 Conversion Gate01 PDF
See the next slide for an image of the Computational Control panel.
Use Pressure Stif fening on Bends- if used it will be the maximum of all psi
Missing Mass ZPA- defaults to the last “extracted” mode
Bend Axial Shape- if ignored the bend will be stiffer
Rod Tolerance (degrees)- The default of CAESAR II is 1.0 degree
Rod Increment (Degrees)- for difficult-to-converge problems, use 0.1
Alpha Tolerance- the default value is 0.05
Ambient Temperature- use the ambient temperature
Friction Stif fness- default value is 1.0E6 lb./in (non-sliding)
Friction Normal Force Variation- default value is 0.15, (15%)
Friction Angle Variation- the default is 15 degrees
Friction Slide Multiplier- should never be adjusted by the user
Coef ficient of Friction (Mu)- user defined (0 = no friction)
WRC-107 Version / WRC-107 Interpolation Method- the default is to use
the last value in the particular WRC table
In-core Numerical Check- user enabled
Decomposition Singularity Tolerance- the default value is 1.0 E10.
Minimum Wall Mill Tolerance (%)- default value is 12.5, (12.5%)
Bourdon Pressure- user choice except for FRP pipe; always considered
Include / Ignore Spring Hanger Stif fness- user enabled
Hanger Default Restraint Stif fness- default value is (1.0 E12 lb/in)
Default Translational Restraint Stif fness- default value is (1.0 E12 lb/in)
Default Rotational Restraint Stif fness- default value is (1.0 E12 in-lb/deg)
Default Code
The piping code the user designs to most often should go here. This code will
be used as the default if no code is specified in the problem input. The
default piping code is B31.3, the chemical plant and petroleum refinery
code. Valid entries are B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, B31.4 Chapter IX, B31.5,
B31.8, B31.8 Chapter VIII, B31.11, ASME-NC(Class 2), ASME-ND(Class 3),
NAVY505, Z662, Z662 Chapter 11, BS806, SWEDISH1, SWEDISH2, B31.1-
1967, STOOMWEZEN, RCCM-C, RCCM-D, CODETI, Norwegian, FDBR, BS-
7159, UKOOA, IGE/TD/12, DNV, EN-13480, and GPTC/192.
Occasional Load Factor
B31.3 states, “The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight,
and other sustained loadings (S1) and of the stresses produced by
occasional loads such as wind or earthquake may be as much as 1.33
times the allowable stress given in Appendix A…” The default for B31.3
applications is 33%. If this is too high for the material and temperature
specified then a smaller occasional load factor could be input.
Yield Stress Criterion:
Von Mises Theor y or the
Maximum Shear Theor y
B31.3 Sustained SIF Multiplier - the default is 1.0
B31.3 Welding and Contour Tees Meet B16.9- the default setting for this
directive is “NO”, which causes the program to use a flexibility characteristic of
3.1*T/r, as per the A01 addendum.
Allow User's SIF at Bend- the default is off
Use WRC 329- this activates the WRC329 guidelines for all intersections
Use Schneider- activates the Schneider reduced intersection assumptions
All Cases Corroded- if enabled, uses the corroded section modulus
Liberal Expansion Stress Allowable- user choice to make it default
Press. Variation in Expansion Case- user controlled
Base Hoop Stress On ( ID/OD/Mean/Lamés )- The default is to use the
ID of the pipe. If enabled, hoop stress value has the following options:
ID—Hoop stress is computed according to Pd/2t where “d” is the internal diameter of
the pipe.
OD—Hoop stress is computed according to Pd/2t where “d” is the outer diameter of
the pipe.
Mean—Hoop stress is computed according to Pd/2t where “d” is the average or mean
diameter of the pipe.
Lamés—Hoop stress is computed according to Lamés equation, = P ( Ri2 + Ri2 * Ro2 /
R2 ) / ( Ro2 - Ri2 ) and varies through the wall as a function of R
Use PD/4t- The more comprehensive calculation, i.e. the Default, is
recommended
Add F/A in Stresses- setting this to ‘Default’ causes CAESAR II to use
whatever the currently active piping code recommends.
Add Torsion in SL Stress- setting to ‘Yes’ will include the torsion term in
those codes that don’t include it already by default
Reduced Intersection- options are B31.1(Pre 1980), B31.1(Post 1980),
WRC329, ASME SEC III, and Schneider
Class 1 Branch Flexibility- Activates the Class 1 flexibility calculations
B31.1 Reduced Z Fix- if used in conjunction with B31.1, it makes the
correction to the reduced branch stress calculation that existed in the 1980
through 1989 versions of B31.1
No RFT/WLT in Reduced Fitting SIFs- If enabled will use distinct in-
plane and out-of-plane SIFs
Implement B31.3 Appendix P- implements the alternate rules in B31.3
Appendix P.
Bends:
StiffenedBends
90-degree Bends
Restraints:
Anchors
Mitered Bends
Guides
Elbows
Limit Stops
Windows
Expansion Joints Double-Acting Restraints
Simple Bellows with Pressure
Thrust Hangers:
Tied Bellows Single Can
Universal Joints Liftoff Spring Can
Hinged Joints Bottom-out Spring Can
Slip Joints Constant Effort Hangers
Gimbal Joints Hanger w/ Sliding Movement
Ball Joints Capability
Miscellaneous
Reducers
Jacketed Pipe
Bends are defined by the element entering the bend and the element leaving
the bend. The actual bend curvature is always physically at the “TO” end of the
element entering the bend.
(The element direction is defined from the first node to the second node.)
The input for the element leaving the bend must follow the element entering the
bend. The bend angle is defined by these two elements.
Bend radius defaults to 1 1/2 times the pipe nominal diameter (long radius),
but may be changed to any other value.
Specifying a bend automatically generates two additional intermediate nodes,
at the 0-degree location and at the bend midpoint (M).
For stress and displacement output the TO node of the element entering the
bend is located geometrically at the far-point on the bend. The far-point is at the
weld line of the bend, and adjacent to the straight element leaving the bend.
Nodes defined in the Angle and Node fields are placed at the given angle on the
bend curvature. The angle starts with zero degrees at the near-point on the
bend and goes to degrees at the far-point of the bend.
Nodes on the bend curvature cannot be placed closer together than specified
by the Minimum Angle to Adjacent Bend parameter in the Configure-Setup
—Geometr y section. This includes the spacing between the nodes on the
bend curvature and the near and far-points of the bend.
The minimum and maximum total bend angle is specified by the Minimum
Bend Angle and Maximum Bend Angle parameters in the Configure Setup
—Geometr y section.
Single and double flanged bend specifications only affect the stress
intensification and flexibility of the bend. There is no automatic rigid element
(or change in weight) generated for the end of the bend.
Single and double-flanged bends are indicated by entering 1 or 2
(respectively) for the Type in the bend auxiliar y input.
Rigid elements defined before or after the bend will not alter the bend's
stiffness or stress intensification factors.
When specifying single flanged bends it does not matter which end of the
bend the flange is on.
If the user wishes to include the weight of the rigid flange(s) at the bend
ends, then he/she should put rigid elements (whose total length is the length
of a flange pair) at the bend ends where the flange pairs exist.
As a guideline, British Standard 806 recommends stiffening the bends
whenever a component that significantly stiffens the pipe cross section is
found within two diameters of either bend end.
Two 90-degree bends
should be separated by
twice the bend radius.
The far-point of the first
bend is the same as the
near-point of the second
(following) the bend.
Where:
Req - equivalent miter bend radius
S - spacing of the miter cuts along the centerline
Ɵ - code defined half-angle between adjacent miter cuts: Ɵ = α / 2N
And where:
α - total bend angle
N - number of cuts
An additional parameter ‘B’ (length of miter segment at crotch) is checked for
closely spaced miters when using B31.1. ‘B’ may be found for evenly spaced
miters from equation:
B = S [ 1 - ro / Req ]
Where:
ro - outside radius of pipe cross-section
Miter bends are closely spaced if:
S < r [ 1 + tan (Ɵ) ]
Where:
S - miter spacing
r - average pipe cross section radius: (ri+ro)/2
Ɵ - one-half the angle between adjacent miter cuts.
ASME B31.1 has the additional requirements that:
B > 6 tn
Ɵ ≤ 22.5 deg.
B - length of the miter segment at the crotch.
tn - nominal wall thickness of pipe.
Closely spaced miters regardless of the number of miter cuts may be entered as
a single bend. CAESAR II will always calculate the spacing from the bend
radius. If the user has the miter spacing and not the bend radius, the radius
must be calculated as shown below.
The mitered bend shown 2 slides above has 4 cuts through 90 degrees and a
spacing of 15.913 inches.
Note: The straight pipe section coming into and going out of the bend
must be ≥ Req sin (Ɵ).
When the fitting thickness in the bend auxiliary field is entered, CAESAR II
changes the thickness of the cur ved por tion of the bend element only.
The thickness of any preceding or following straight pipe is unaffected.
The specified fitting thickness applies for the current elbow only and is not
carried on to any subsequent elbows in the job.
Stresses at the elbow are calculated based on the section modulus of the
matching pipe as specified in the B31 codes.
However, stress intensification factors and flexibility factors for the bend are
based on the elbow wall thickness.
The elbow at node 10 (in the next slide) has a thickness larger than the
matching pipe wall. The matching pipe has a thickness of 0.5
Anchors; Connecting nodes can be used with anchors to rigidly fix one point in
the piping system to any other point in the piping system.
Double-acting restraints ; Double-acting restraints are those that act in both
directions along the line of action. Most commonly used restraints are double-
acting. A CNode is the connecting node.
Single-directional restraints ; Friction and gaps may be specified with
single-directional restraints. A CNode is the connecting node.
Guides; Guides are double-acting restraints with or without a specified gap.
Connecting Nodes (CNodes) can be used with guides.
Limit Stop; Limit stops are single- or double-acting restraint whose line of
action is along the axis of the pipe. These can have gaps too. A gap is a length,
and is always positive.
Windows; Equal leg windows are modeled using two double-acting restraints
with gaps orthogonal to the pipe axis. Unequal leg windows are modeled using
four single-acting restraints with gaps orthogonal to the pipe axis.
Ver tical / Horizontal Dummy Legs ; Dummy legs and/or any other elements
attached to the bend curvature should be coded to the bend tangent
intersection point. For each dummy leg/bend model a warning message is
generated during error checking in CAESAR II.
Large Rotation rods; Large rotation rods are used to model relatively short rods,
where large orthogonal movement of the pipe causes shortening of the restraint
along the original line of action. These can be entered in any direction. Large
rotation is generally considered to become significant when the angle of swing
becomes greater than 5 degrees.
Static Snubbers; Translational restraints that provide resistance to displacement
in static analysis of occasional loads only. Static snubbers may be directional,
(i.e. may be preceded by a plus or minus sign).
Plastic Hinges; Two bi-linear supports are used to model rigid resistance to
bending until a breakaway force (yield force) is exceeded at which point bending
is essentially free.
Sway Brace assemblies; The sway brace is composed of a single compression
spring enclosed between two movable plates. Manufacturers typically
recommend a specific size sway brace for a given pipe nominal diameter.
The hanger design algorithm will not design hangers that are completely
predefined. Any other data can exist for the spring location but this data is
not used. Entered spring rates and theoretical cold loads will be multiplied
by the number of hangers at this location. CAESAR II requires the
Theoretical Cold (Installation) Load to pre-define the spring.
Based on the recommendations of API RP2A and DNV (Det Norske Veritas),
values for Cd range from 0.6 to 1.2, values for Cm range from 1.5 to 2.0. Values
for Cl show a wide range of scatter, but the approximate mean value is 0.7. The
inertia coefficient Cm is equal to one plus the added mass coefficient Ca. This
added mass value accounts for the mass of the fluid assumed to be entrained
with the piping element.
In actuality, these coefficients are a function of the fluid particle velocity, which
varies over the water column. In general practice, two dimensionless parameters
are computed which are used to obtain the Cd, Cm, and Cl values from published
charts.
This is a critical item for leakage determination and for computing
stresses in the flange.
The ASME code bases its stress calculations on a pre-specified, fixed equation
for the bolt stress. The resulting value is however often not related to the actual
tightening stress that appears in the flange when the bolts are tightened. For this
reason, the initial bolt stress input field that appears in the first section of data
input, Bolt Initial Tightening Stress, is used only for the flexibility/leakage
determination. The value for the bolt tightening stress used in the ASME flange
stress calculations is as defined by the ASME code:
Bolt Load = Hydrostatic End Force + Force for Leak-tight Joint
If the Bolt Initial Tightening Stress field is left blank, CAESAR II uses the value:
45000 / √(dbolt)
where 45,000 psi is a constant and d is the nominal diameter of the bolt
(correction is made for metric units).
This is a rule of thumb tightening stress, that will typically be applied by field
personnel tightening the bolts. This computed value is printed in the output from
the flange program.
It is interesting to compare this value to the bolt stress printed in the ASME
stress report (also in the output). It is not unusual for the “rule-of-thumb”
tightening stress to be larger than the ASME required stress. When the ASME
required stress is entered into the Bolt Initial Tightening Stress data field, a
comparison of the leakage safety factors can be made and the sensitivity of the
joint to the tightening torque can be ascertained. Users are strongly encouraged
to “play” with these numbers to get a feel for the relationship
between all of the factors involved.
To define an expansion joint, activate the Expansion Joint check box (see
"Expansion Joints" on page 3-21 of the Caesar II manual) on the pipe element
spreadsheet.
The expansion joint will have a non-zero length if at least one of the element’s
spreadsheet Delta fields is non-blank and non-zero. This will usually
result in a more accurate stiffness model in what is typically a very sensitive
area of the piping system.
Four stiffnesses define the expansion joint:
Axial Stiffness
Transverse Stiffness
Bending Stiffness
Torsional Stiffness
These stiffnesses are defined as shown in the figure shown in the next slide:
Axial Stiffness Transverse Stiffness
Where,
π = 3.14159
Re = Expansion joint effective radius
t = Bellows thickness
E = Elastic Modulus
ν = Poisson’s Ratio
L = Flexible bellows length
CAESAR II will calculate pressure thrust on the expansion joint if the
bellows effective I.D. is given in the expansion joint auxiliary screen.
The mathematical model for pressure thrust applies a force equal to
the pressure times the effective area of the bellows at either end of
the expansion joint. The force will tend to open the bellows if the
pressure is positive, and close the bellows if the pressure is negative.
According to EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), the
maximum permitted amount of axial movement per corrugation is
defined as erated where,
ex + ey + eq < erated
After the hanger algorithm has run the load cases it needs to size the
hangers. The newly selected springs are inserted into the piping system
and included in the analysis of all remaining load cases.
The spring rate becomes part of the global stiffness matrix, and is
therefore added into all subsequent load cases.
When the Class 1 branch flexibilities are used, intersection
models in the analysis will become stiffer when the reduced
geometry requirements do not apply, and will become more
flexible when the reduced geometry requirements do apply.
Stiffer intersections typically carry more load, and thus have
higher stresses (lowering the stress in other parts of the system
that have been “unloaded”).
More flexible intersections typically carry less load, and thus
have lower stresses, (causing higher stresses in other parts of
the system that have “picked up” the extra load).
When the reduced branch rules apply, the following equations are used for the
local stiffnesses:
TRANSLATIONAL: ROTATIONAL:
“The significance of “k” depends upon the specifics of the piping system.
Qualitatively, if “k” is small compared to the length of the piping system,
including the effect of elbows and their k-factors, then the inclusion of “k” for
branch connections will have only minor effects on the calculated moments.
Conversely, if “k” is large compared to the piping system length, then the
inclusion of “k” for branch connections will have major effects. The largest
effect will be to greatly reduce the magnitude of the calculated moments
acting on the branch connection. To illustrate the potential significance of
“k’s” for branch connections, we use the equation [above] to calculate “k” for
a branch connection with D=30 in., d=12.75 in. T=t=0.375 in.:
This compares to the more typical rigid-joint interpretation that k=1, rather
than k=46.6 !”
The following input parameters are required to get a leakage report. These
parameters include:
Flange Inside Diameter
Flange Thickness
Bolt Circle Diameter
Number Of Bolts
Bolt Diameter
Effective Gasket Diameter
Uncompressed Gasket Thickness
Effective Gasket Width
Leak Pressure Ratio
Effective Gasket Modulus
Externally Applied Moment
Externally Applied Force
Pressure
Leak Pressure Ratio
This value is taken directly from Table 2-5.1 in the ASME Section VIII code.
This table is reproduced in the help screens of the software. This value is
more commonly recognized as “m”, and is termed the “Gasket Factor” in the
ASME code. This is a very important number for leakage determination, as it
represents the ratio of the pressure required to prevent leakage over the line
pressure.
Young’s Modulus
The slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram. For structural steel
this value is
usually 29,000,000 psi (199,948 MPa).
Report Options:
Displacements
Restraints
Restraint summary
Global element forces
Local element forces
Stresses
Stress summary
Code compliance report
Cumulative usage report
To enter the dynamics input, the proper job name must be current prior
to selecting the Analysis-Dynamics file options of the Main Menu.
below are the “code stress” equations for the actual and allowable stresses used
by CAESAR II. For the listed codes, the left hand side of the equation defines the
actual stress and the right hand side defines the allowable stress. The CAESAR
II load case label is also listed after the equation.
US Code Stresses Stress Cat.
International Code Stresses Stress Cat.
BS 7159 (cont’d.)
ELASTIC
MATERIAL NAME MODULUS POISSON’S DENSITY TEMPERATURE RANGE (F)
(lb/in2) RATIO (lb/in3)