Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBALES
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
website: www.depedzambales.ph

Name: ___________________________________ Grade/Section__________

School: __________________________________ Date: __________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Grade 11
CARPENTRY NC II

I. Introduction

Formwork in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in

which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of formwork
for concrete construction depends on formwork material and type of structural
element.The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up
to 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Design of these
temporary structures are made to economic expenditure.

Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The

disadvantage timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink.
Application of water impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these
defects.

II. Learning Competency

Prepare tools and materials for installing formworks components/form

panels. Week 2

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 III. Objectives:
At the end of this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:

1. Identify the properties of wood

2. List down the different wood defects
3. Select good wood to be used in installing form work components
IV. Discussion:

A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired
sequences without damage to the concrete.
5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be
suitable for reuse.
6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should
have plane surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed
to the elements.
9. It should rest on firm base.

Timber Formwork:

Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement:

It should be

1. well seasoned
2. light in weight
3. easily workable with nails without splitting
4. free from loose knots
Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have smooth
and even surface on all faces which come in contact with concrete.

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QUALITIES OF GOOD TIMBER

Good timber should have the following qualities

1. HARDNESS
A good quality timber should be hard enough to resist deterioration.
2. STRENGTH
It should have sufficient strength to resist heavy structural loads.
3. TOUGHNESS
It should have enough toughness to resist shocks due to vibrations. It should
not break in bending and should resist splitting. Timbers having narrow
annual rings, are generally the strongest.
4. ELASTICITY
It should have the property of elasticity so as to regain its original shape after
removal of loads. This is a very important property to be considered if the
timber is used in making sport goods.
5. DURABILITY
It should be able to resist attacks of fungi and worms and also atmospheric
effects for a longer period of time.
6. DEFECTS
Timber should be prepared from the heart of a sound tree and be free from
sap, dead knots, shakes and other similar defects.
7. FIBRES AND STRUCTURE
It should have straight and closed fibres and compact medullary rays. It
should give a clear ringing sound when struck. Dull heavy sound is an
indication of internal decay. Its annual rings should be uniform in shape and
colour.
structure of a timber
8. APPEARANCE AND COLOUR
Freshly cut surface should give sweet smell and present shining surface. It
should have dark colour, as light colored timbers are generally weak in
strength.
9. SHAPE AND WEIGHT
It should retain its shape during the process of seasoning. Heavy timbers are
always stronger than light weight timbers.
10. WORKABILITY
It should be well seasoned and easily workable. Teeth of saw should not get
clogged during the process of sawing. It should provide smoothened surface
easily.

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 WOOD PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
 Moisture content is the ratio of the mass of water contained in the mass
of the same sample of dry wood.
 Shrinkage occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation
point.
 Density of wood is determined by the amount of cell wall substance and
the volume of voids by the cell cavities (lumens) of the fibers.
 Permeability is influenced by the anatomy of the wood cells.
 The mass properties of wood are conductivity, heat, and coefficient of
thermal expansion.
 Electrical properties of wood are the dielectric constant and the dielectric
power factor alternating current.
 Mechanical Properties
 Elasticity of wood depends on grain orientation, moisture, species,
temperature and rate of loading.
 Strength is dependent upon rate of loading, species, moisture, contents,
orientation, temperature, size and location of natural characteristics
such as knots, and specimen size.
 Vibration damping and sound velocity are two primary vibration
phenomena of interest in structural application.

Stucture of a Timber

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Wood defects

Bow A curve along the face of a board that usually

runs from end to end.

Checking A crack in the wood structure of a piece,

usually running lengthwise. Checks are
usually restricted to the end of a board and
do not penetrate as far as the opposite side of
a piece of sawn timber.

Crook Warping along the edge from one end to the

other. This is most common in wood that was
cut from the center of the tree near the pith.

Cupping Warping along the face of a board across the

width of the board. This defect is most
common on plain-sawn lumber.

Split A longitudinal separation of the fibers which

extend to the opposite face of a piece of sawn
timber.

Wane The presence of bark or absence of wood on

corners of a piece of lumber.

Blue A discoloration that penetrates the wood fiber.

Stain It can be any color other than the natural
color of the piece in which it is found. It is

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 classed as light, medium or heavy and is
generally blue or brown.

Machine A darkening of the wood due to overheating

Burn by the machine knives or rolls when pieces
are stopped in a mach ine.

Pitch An accumulation of resinous material on the

surface or in pockets below the surface of
wood. It is also called gum or sap.

Loose A knot that cannot be relied upon to

Knot remain in place in the piece. It is caused
by a dead branch that was not fully
integrated into the tree before it was cut
down.

Tight Knot A knot fixed by growth or position in

the wood structure so that it firmly
retains its place in the surrounding
wood.

Wormholes Small holes in the wood caused by

insects and beetles.

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 V. Activities
A. Direction: Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on your
answer sheet.

1. It is a type of wood defect that is caused by improper storage.

a. Bow b. crack c. crook d. cup
2. It is the darkening of the wood due to over heating by the machine knives
a. pitch b. burn c. split d. twist
3. It is a property of wood to resist electrical flow.
a. conductor b. insulator c. elastic d. durable
4. It is a wood defect that is caused by rapid drying.
a. checks b. split c. cup d. bow
5. This defect can be caused when one side of the board dries faster.
a. cup b. split c. wane d. crook
6. It is a specific heat of wood dependent on _______.
a. moisture content b. temperature c. saturation d. insulation point
7. Mechanical properties of wood include _________.
a. elasticity b. strength c.variation characteristic d. all of these.
8. It is a longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite face
of a piece of sawn timber.
a. cupping b. split c. twist d. wane
9. It is a wood defect caused by insects and beetles.
a. worm holes b. split c. twist d. bow
10. It is the warping of lumber where the ends twist in opposite direction .
a. twist b. split c. bow d. wane

B. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.

A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

1. It should be big enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
2. It should be properly painted to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be loose to allow leakage of cement grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired
dimension without damage to the concrete.
5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be
suitable for single use.

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6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should
have plane surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed
to the elements.
9. It should rest on firm base.
10. It should be oiled prior to installation.

C. Direction: Fill in the blank. Write the word that best describes the given
statement.

1. _________________ content is the ratio of the mass of water contained in

the mass of the same sample of dry wood.
2. _________________ occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber
saturation point.
3. _________________ of wood is determined by the amount of cell wall
substance and the volume of voids by the cell cavities (lumens) of the
fibers.
4. _________________ is influenced by the anatomy of the wood cells.
5. The _________________ properties of wood are conductivity, heat, and
coefficient of thermal expansion.
6. _________________ properties of wood are the dielectric constant and the
dielectric power factor alternating current.
7. _________________ of wood depends on grain orientation, moisture,
species, temperature and rate of loading.
8. _________________ is dependent upon rate of loading, species, moisture,
contents, orientation, temperature, size and location of natural
characteristics such as knots, and specimen size.
9. _________________damping and sound velocity are two primary vibration
phenomena of interest in structural application.
10. _________________ is the process of drying lumber (either in a kiln or air
drying) to an appropriate level of moisture for woodworking and other
commercial uses.

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D. Identify the defect of the wood in each illustration below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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E. Label the structural parts of the timber

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VI. Assessment
You are task to install the formwork components as shown on the figure below.
List down the at least 10 defects of wood that should be avoided to ensure the
quality of the formwork components.

VII. Reflection
Directions: Fill in each blank with the right word/words in the box below.

Wood ________ lessen the quality of a lumber and is of a great disadvantage to

use in construction. Let us __________trees to save the mother Earth.

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VIII. References
K to 12 Industrial Arts – Carpentry Curriculum Guide
Carpentry NC II Revision 01 Promulgated (10/29/2018)
CBLM
CBC Carpentry NC II
https://www.google.com/search?q=wood+defects+drawing&source=lmns&bih=638&biw=1331&hl=en-
GB&ved=2ahUKEwjRob-HldfqAhVGAqYKHaYuClMQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
https://civilblog.org/2015/06/17/10-most-important-qualities-of-good-
timber/

Prepared by:

ARNOLD P. ASIO
Master Teacher I
Gov. Manuel D. Barretto National High School,
San Felipe District

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 Key to Corrections

Discussion

Activity A

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. D
8. B
9. A
10. A

Activity B

1. F
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. T
10. T

Activity C

1. Moisture content
2. Shrinkage
3. Density
4. Permeability
5. Mass
6. Electrical
7. Elasticity
8. Strength

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 9. Vibration
10. Kiln drying

Activity D

1. Loose knot
2. Worm holes
3. Tight knot
4. Wane
5. Crook
6. Cupping
7. Split
8. Blue stain
9. Bow
10. Checking

Activity E

1.

Assessment

1. Answer vary(please verify)

Reflection
Wood defects lessen the quality of a lumber and is of a great disadvantage to
use in construction. Let us plant trees to save the mother Earth.

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