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TVL CARPENTRY NC II
Guided Learning Activity Kit
TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
Quarter 3- Weeks 4-6

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TLE – Grade 12
Guided Learning Activity Kit
TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
Quarter 3 - Week 4-6

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Development Team of the Activity Sheet

Writer: Jonathan F. Marticio

Editor: Arnold P. Asio
Reviewer: Daisy B. Rojero
Illustrator: Joan A. Leandado
Management Team: Leonardo D. Zapanta EdD, CESO V
Michelle Ablian-Mejia EdD
Manolito B. Basilio EdD
Jay D. Morados
Garry M. Achacoso
Rachelle C. Diviva

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 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

Introduction

Joint, in carpentry, is a junction of two or more parts of the frame

structure. Joining or having wooden joints is one of the main tasks of the
carpenter and cabinetmaker.
Wood, which is a natural material, is not consistent in consistency, and
the moisture present in the tree during growth is irregular in cut wood. Wood
used for construction is prone to movement due to changes in its moisture
content.
While such movements are often relatively small and reliably
predictable, they remain a critical consideration in the joint design. Since
wood has been used as a building material for centuries around the world,
the designs of most joints have been mastered hundreds of years ago and little
has changed since then.

Learning Competency

LO 3. Install fabricated door/window jambs/panels and pre-fabricated

moldings.

3.1 Position fabricated parts according to dimensions and specifications.

(TLE_IACRP9-12FWP-IVb-f-36) Week 4-6

Objectives

At the end of this activity, you are expected to do the following:

1. identify the different types of joinery;
2. list down the advantages and disadvantages using different types of joinery; and
3. show the steps and procedures in making a butt joint.

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 Review

Let’s have a review about the different kinds of mouldings.

Directions: Fill in the blanks. Choose your answer inside the box.

two paint crown

base backed-out

1. When fastening base moulding, use ______ finishing nail(s) of sufficient length
at each stud location.
2. Finger-jointed mouldings like the one pictured, are
meant to be used with what type of a finish?
__________
3. _____ mouldings are cut properly by positioning them upside down in the miter
box.
4. _____ mouldings are applied at the bottom of walls where they meet the floor.
5. Moulded casings usually have their back sides _____ to allow for jamb and
wall surfaces that are not flush.

Discussion .

TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

The purpose of the joint is to fix the two components together so that the joint
has the highest possible mechanical strength and is as discreet as possible. Although
there are many joints in use, they fall into a few basic classes, many of which are
variants and elaborations of essentially simple concepts.
Practically all are based on handwork and, with a few exceptions, most
machine-made joints follow conventional patterns; most joints rely heavily on a
combination of mechanical fit and glue for their strength. Popular types of joints
include the dovetail, which is used to tie two flat members together at right angles,
as on the sides of the drawer; the dovetail in which the dovetail is used to provide
mechanical strength; and the mortise and the tenon, which are used to bind the
horizontal portion to the vertical part of the frame.
Joinery has multiplicity of joints, which maybe divided into two general
classess according to the manner how the are joined together.
They are:
1. Plain or Butt Edge Joint
2. Lap Joints

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 Plain or Butt Edge Joint

➢The basic butt joint is the most common and widely used joint used in
woodwork. This joint consists of one piece of material sawed perfectly square
and brought to the surface of another, to which it is fastened by means of nails
or screws. This joint is seen in countless ways. A butt joint is a technique in
which two pieces of wood are connected by simply bringing their ends together
without any special form.

Plain or Butt Joint is Divied into the following types:

a. Straight Joint
- a continuous floor joint transverse to the length of the boards. 2 : a joint
between pieces of wood without tongues, dowels, or other fittings.

b. Dowel pin
-Dowels are round wooden pins of small diameter used to strengthen joint.

c. Corner joint
-are used to join two members located approximately at right angles to each
other in the form of an L.

d. Miter joint
-is a joint made by beveling each two parts to be joined, usually at a 45v
degree angle, to form a corner usually a 90 degree.

Corner Joint is either Square or Miter

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 e. Feather joint
-a continuous floor joint transverse to the
length of the boards. 2 : a joint between
pieces of wood without tongues, dowels, or
other fittings.
f. Spline
- A spline joint is created when a wooden
spline is inserted and glued into a slot or
groove that has been cut in another
woodworking joint, usually a butt, edge or
mitered joint. The spline serves to reinforce
the joint and help keep the two sections
aligned with each other.

3. Lap Joints
➢ A lap joint or overlap joint is a joint in which the members overlap. Lap
joints can be used to join wood, plastic, or metal. A lap joint can be used
in woodworking for joining wood together. A lap joint may be a full lap or
half lap.

Lap Joints are also classified into:

a. Dado
• Dado housing or trench is a slot or trench cut into the surface of a piece
of machineable material, usually wood. It is also a groove cut across the
grain of a piece of wood. When another piece is fitted into this recess, a
dao joint is made.

Dado

b. Scarf
• A scarf joint is a method of joining two members end to end in
woodworking or metalworking.

c. Mortise andd Tenon

• Mortise and tenon joint is a type of joint that
connects two pieces of wood or other material.

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d. Dovetail
• A dovetail joint is a special type of lap joint is shaped like the tail of dove.

e. Wedge
• The wedge joint is a traditional visible joint in cases when opening must
be possible. It is easy to tighten again

f. Tongue and Groove

• Tongue and groove is a method of fitting similar objects together, edge to
edge, used mainly with wood, in flooring, parquetry, panelling, and
similar constructions. Tongue and groove joints allow two flat pieces to
be joined strongly together to make a single flat surface.

Scarf Joints may be classified according to the nature of the stresses thet
are to resists such as:

a. Compression d. Compression and Tension

b. Tension e. Tension and Bending
c. Bending

Dovetail maybe classified into:

a. Common c. Lap or Half blind

b. Compound d. Mortise or bind

Why does mortise and tenon are highly recommended?

Its because mortise and tenon joints is being the strongest of wood joints are
highly recommended as they lend durability, strength, and beauty.

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 HOW TO MAKE A WOOD JOINTS?

MORTISE AND TENON

1. First, is to lay out the tenon on the rail according to the desired dimension.
The mortise gauge used in marking the width of the mortise is also used in
marking the thickness of the tenon. The tenon should be a little shorter than
the depth of the mortise. The width of the tenon should be equal to the length
of the mortise.
2. Fasten the piece vertically in a vise and cut the tenon with a back saw. Saw
on the waste side of the line.
3. Place the rail horizontally in a vise or on a bench hook. Cut the shoulders of
the tenon. Continue until the surplus stock is removed.
4. Layout and mark the width of the tenon. Place the rail vertically in the vise.
Saw off the surplus up to the shoulder of the tenon. Place the rail horizontally
in the vise. Saw off the surplus stock from the shoulder.
5. Fix the sides of the tenon by paring off the uneven parts with a chisel
6. Make a trial assemblage of the mortise and tenon pieces. The pieces should fit
snugly without being driven.
7. Remove the tenon from the mortise. Put glue on the side shoulders. Fit the
tenon into the mortise. Make the final assemblage by gluing, clamping, and
nailing.

MITER JOINTS
1. Measure the width of the material. And lay out the measurement at the end
of the surface of the material.
2. On the measurement indicated, square a line across the surface of the
material. And the last step would be drawing a diagonal line across the
surface, connecting the two opposite corners.

LAP JOINTS
1. Square lines across the surface of both pieces using a pencil and try square.
2. With a try square, extend the mark lines on the edges of both pieces
3. Cutting away the waste stock with a chisel. Then next step is to saw off the
shoulders on both sides. Saw the waste stock off the tail.
4. Place the wail over the other piece where the joint is to be located. Trace the
tail on the other piece with a sharp pencil. Straighten the lines with the edge
of the blade of a try square or with the use of sliding T-level square.
5. Saw the waste side on the line up to the notch previously gauged. make a few
more cuts inside the marked lines to make chiselling easier.
6. Chisel away the waste stock
7. Assemble the joints with glue and nails. Use a clamp for better fitting.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
of WOOD JOINERY
How simple the assembly of wood joints is looking on what's being
constructed? every project will vary on its strengths and its functions. Here are a
number of the wood joints blessings and disadvantages:

TYPE OF ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

WOOD JOINTS

▪ The joint butt is merely ▪ A butt joint can be broken

gluing one piece of wood to apart with your hands if it is
another piece. An end grain not stabilized
of wood is joined to a long
grain of wood by the weakest
Butt Joints
sections using plates, pins,
and/or dowels to reinforce
the connection so that it is
going to stand up to a certain
amount of pressure.
▪ The dovetail joint will be ▪ This type of joint may be too
extremely strong and is hard for a beginner, as it
resistant to pulling apart. needs precision cutting.
This is because after it has
Dovetail been glued there are pins
and tails that are
trapezoidal-shaped that take
on a permanent hold. There
will be no need for nails.
▪ Quick process; helps ensure ▪ Misalignment of joints; dowel
a neat finish; no need for shearing; weaker joint; no
Dowel
screws, nail or other face to face grain contact
equipment;
▪ Straighter joint; less wood ▪ Can come out crooked;
gets wasted during harder to achieve a smooth
Mortise and manufacturing; cost effective; wall
tenon durable for a vertical load;
adhesives can be applied to
create stronger joint

Hooray! Now that you have already understood the lesson, let us now proceed with the
activities.

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 Activities

Guided Practice 1 PUZZLE

Directions: Complete the puzzle.

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Guided Practice 2
Directions: Complete the table by listing down the advantages and disadvantages of
each type of wood joint. Choose your answer inside the box.

Can be broken apart quick process

No need for nails misalignment of joints

Straighter joints merely gluing one piece

Come out crooked too hard for beginner

WOOD JOINTS DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

Butt joints

Dovetail

Dowel

Mortise and tenon

Independent Practice

Given below is the procedure in making a butt joint. Checklist in performing butt
joint serves as your guide for scoring your output. Submit your output to your
subject teacher.

HOW TO MAKE A BUTT JOINTS

You need these tools:

• measuring and marking tools
• saw
• hammer for nails or
• drill and spanner for bolts
• fixings (nails, bolts)

Safety
• Make sure you follow the safety tips
• Do not use butt joints for heavy load-bearing areas, for example treads in
staircase, unless the joint is bolted together.

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PROCEDURE

Step 1: Measure and mark the pieces of

timber. Cut your pieces of timber to the
sizes you need. Measure and mark the
position for the joint on your timber pieces.

Step 2: Hold in place

Hold the pieces of timber in place on the
marks.

Step 3: Fix the joint with nails

Use galvanised nails for construction work.

Step 4: Things to check

Make sure the timber stays in place as it is
nailed.

Step 5: Fix the joint with bolts

Use galvanised bolts and washers.

Use coach or hex bolts.
Bolt size should be size M10 or M12 for most construction joints.

Step 6: Drill a hole right through both pieces of timber

Insert the bolt and tighten the nut with a spanner or wrench. Don’t forget the
washer

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 Scoring Rubric
PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
TASK
5 4 3 2 1
1. Job Compliance
2. Demonstrate Knowledge of process
3. Time Management
4. Application of Safety Practices
5. Clean-Up

Steps Performed
5 -Excellent 4 – Very Good 3 – Fair 2 – Undeveloped 1 – Non-Compliance

Assessment

Multiple Choice:

Directions: Read each statement correctly and choose the letter of your choice.

1. Formed by 2 structural members that have cut recesses or grooves to fit

together.
a. miter joint c. dowel joint
b. rabbet joint d. butt joint
2. Joining materials so that the join cannot be seen.
a. dado joint c. butt joint
b. blind joint d. dowel joint
3. Slots are cut through the thickness of the neds of two pieces. The pieces
interlock (like interlacing fingers)
a. Through multiple dovetail
b. Through single dovetail
c. Stopped lap dovetail
d. Lap dovetail
4. One member has a round shaped end - that inserts into a round hole in a
second piece to form a joint.
a. dado joint c. dowel joint
b. blind joint d. miter joint
5. Formed when the end of one piece meets at right angles to the end of
another piece. Pieces are usually nailed together.
a. dado joint c. rabbet joint
b. butt joint d. miter joint

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 6. Formed when pieces are notched to overlap. Notches are half the thickness
of each piece - the notch cut out of the end of one piece fits against a notch
that has been cut of the middle of the corresponding piece.
a. Cross lap joint
b. Dowel joint
c. Middle lap joint
d. End lap joint
7. Made up of a cavity that has been cut out of the centre of one piece and a
tongue has been created by carving away the outside portion of another
piece. The cavity receives the protruding tongue to create a joint.
a. mortise and tenon
b. miter joint
c. haunched mortise and tenon
d. open mortice and tenon
8. Formed when 2 intersecting members are cut at 45 degrees and the pieces
are joined to create a 90-degree angle joint. Used for frames that have right
angle corners.
a. dowel joint
b. butt joint
c. blind joint
d. miter joint
9. One member has a projection and the other has a slot to receive it. Often
used in flooring, as well as some walls and ceilings. dado joint
a. dado and rabbet joint
b. dado tongue and rabbet joint
c. tongue and groove joint
d. end lap joint
10. Formed when a groove is cut into one piece - into which the end of another
piece will be inserted. Often used to support shelves or cupboards.
a. dado joint
b. butt joint
c. rabbet joint
d. dowel joint

Reflection

From this topic, you have learned different wood joints and their
advantages and disadvantages, which wood joints would you like to choose to
use? Explain your answer and give examples.

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Review: Independent Practice
1. Two (answer may vary)
2. Paint
3. Crown Assessment
4. Base 1. B
5. Backed-out 2. B
3. A
Guided Practice 1 4. C
1. Scarf 5. B
2. Straight 6. C
3. Joints 7. A
4. Miter 8. D
5. Groove 9. C
6. Feather 10. A
7. Dowel
8. Mortise Reflection:
9. Dovetail
10. wedge (answer may vary)
Guided Practice 2
WOOD DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
JOINTS
Butt merely gluing one Can be broken
joints piece apart
Dovetail No need for nails too hard for
beginner
Dowel quick process misalignment of
joints
Mortise Straighter joints Come out
and tenon crooked
Key to Corrections
 References

Book:
Fajardo, Max Jr. B. 2000. “Simplified Methods on BUILLDING CONSTRUCTION”
p.149-156

Web:

"Joint | Carpentry". 2021. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/joint-carpentry.

"How To Make Wood Joints By Hand | Uwoodcraft.Com". 2021. Uwoodcraft.Com.

https://uwoodcraft.com/how-to-make-wood-joints-by-hand/.

Mechanics, Popular, Popular Mechanics, and More ». 2021. "Joinery

Basics". Instructables.
https://www.instructables.com/Joinery-Basics/.

"Wood Joints Advantages And Disadvantages". 2021. Home Guides | SF Gate.

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/wood-joints-advantages-disadvantages-
99088.html.

2021. Wikieducator.Org.
https://wikieducator.org/images/f/f6/13_butt_joint_worksheet.pdf.

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 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt gratitude
to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to the successful
preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and distribution of the
Quarter 3 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all learning areas across grade
levels as a response to providing the learners with developmentally-appropriate,
contextualized and simplified learning resources with most essential learning
competencies (MELCs)-based activities anchored on the principles of guided learning
and explicit instruction:

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of the writers
and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and exhausting their best efforts
to produce these indispensable learning kits used for the implementation of learning
delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout evaluators

making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for having carefully
evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to DepEd standards;

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly extending its

financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of these learning resources
for use by learners and parents at home;

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and subject teachers, in close coordination with

the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval of the GLAKs and for
their frequent monitoring of the learners’ progress through various means; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the learners
the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish the tasks and for
gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would not be

possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to serving our
Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

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