Module 1:

Introduction to
carpentry
 Introduction
The carpentry curriculum prepares
students for a career as carpenters,
which has been designated as a trade
by the regulations under Carpentry
NCII. Compiled by the Skills
Standards and Certification Office.
Series 2011. Taguig City.
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Theory and Application of Carpentry
includes an in-depth study of
materials used in the carpentry field,
joinery, and finishing cabinetry
works. This course also reinforces
safety related to the construction
industry.
 Hello!
I am Virgilio M. Cruz Jr.
I am a registered Civil Engineer and Safety Officer II
You can find me at https://www.facebook.com/CruzJr.Virgilio
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 1.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Let’s start with the terms related to Carpentry as
well as Masonry.
Was Jesus Actually a Carpenter?
“Scripture makes references to Jesus as a carpenter in the Gospels
describing His life. We know that His earthly father Joseph was a
carpenter and likely taught Jesus the skills of this trade before
beginning His ministry work. Jesus would go on to build more than just
carpentry as he developed a following of disciples and believers that
continue today.”
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Read Mark 6:3 and Matthew 13:54-55
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Woodworking it is the skills developed by the students in terms of measuring, cutting, framing, joining and
finishing wood materials.
Carpentry 1
it is the art and a manner of cutting, forming and joining wood parts together. 2the art of
shaping and assembling structural woodwork.
Carpenter a builder or a skilled craftsman who perform carpentry works.
Tree(s) are the largest plant that grows in our forest and mountains have various types and species.
They are group according to use and cut to form a lumber.
Lumber is classified as soft and hard woods cut and process and are sold in different sizes and length.

Rough Lumber is the term applied to unplaned or un-dressed lumber. In short, those lumber with rough
surfaces.
Surface or Dressed is a planed lumber having at least one smooth side.
Lumber
S2s and S4s are dressed lumber wherein the number connotes the smooth sides. For instance, S2s means
lumber having two smooth sides and S4s with four sides

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
S3s surfaced in two sides and one edge or S3s
Timber is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest dimension
Plank is a wide piece of lumber less than 4 centimeters thick with at least 10 centimeters wide.
Board is a piece of lumber less than 4 centimeters thick with at least 10 centimeters wide.
Flitch is a thick piece of lumber
Fine Grained when the annual rings are small, the grain or marking which separates the adjacent rings is
said to be fine grained. When large, it is called Coarse Grained.
Straight Grained is a term used when the direction of the fibers are nearly parallel with the side edges of the
board.
Crooked or Cross is a lumber taken from a crooked tree.
Grained

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 2.
Wood
classification
The versatility of using wood in every construction has lifted
it to its present importance and high demand in almost all
types of construction.
 Wood is the oldest
construction material
✘ Even with the introduction of new materials and methods of
construction wood is evidently much in use. Wood, because of
its 1strength, 2light in weight, 3durability and 4ease of
fastening become one of the most important building
materials.

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Which of the following tree bears
A. Exogen fruit?
B. Endogen C. None of the Above

😉
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 Wood is classified according to mode of
growth:
Exogens Endogens
are those outward growing trees are those trees that grows from the
preferred for lumbering. inside. These kinds of trees have soft
2 types of Exogen: center core and are not preferred for
Conifers or Evergreen – soft wood, needle
lumbering.
shape leaves and stays green all year round.
(Example: Pine, Deodar, kail, Chir,walnut etc)

Deciduous – hard wood, broad shape leaves

and shed leaves in autumn, then renew in
spring. (Example :Sal, Teak, Shishum, Babul, Ash,
Mahogany etc.)

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 Wood is classified with respect to its
density:
1. Hard 2. soft

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 Wood is classified with respect to leaves:
1. Needle Shaped 2. Broad Shaped

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Wood is classified with respect to shades or
colors:

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 Wood is classified with respect to grain:
1. Straight
2. Cross
3. Fine
4. Coarse
5. Etc.

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Wood is classified with respect to the nature of
surface when sawed:
1. Plain
2. Grained
3. Figured or Marked

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 3.
Structural timber
woods
Woods that are used in various construction types and
projects.
Did you know?
A mature oak
tree absorbs up
to 50 gallons
(227 liters) 19
 Structural timber woods of the
Philippines
First Group Second Group Third Group Fourth Group
This type of lumber is usually hard This second type of The third group of This group of wood is
Description and Use

with fine grain. Each of this wood wood is moderately hard wood is use for house for cheap furniture,
has different color in its sapwood. and heavy with fire construction cabinets making,
For furniture and cabinet making, grain. Usually this wood floorings; furniture interior finishing and
woodcarving, musical instruments, is for building making and some are others.
interior finishing and other construction, furniture for charcoal making.
woodworks we use this kind of making, shipbuilding
woods. and others.
1. Acle 7. Kamagong 1. Banuyo 1. Amugis 1. Lauan
2. lanete 8. Narra 2. Guijo 2. Apitong 2. Almon
Species

3. Baticulin 9. Ebony 3. Bolongeta 3. Tangile 3. Bagtican

4. Mancono 10. Tindalo 4. Palomaria 4. Dao
5. Betis 11. Ipil 5. Calantas
6. Molave 12. Yacal 6. Teak

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Structural timber woods of the
Philippines
ACTIVITY:

Look or Take a picture of a tree,

one for each group and
caption its reference or
location the photo was taken.
(1 page per tree)
send this activity file (docx) with your name to vhir.cruz@gmail.com

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 4.
Anatomy of a tree
Parts of a tree and its cross section on trunk
 “Earth provides enough to
satisfy every man's needs, but
not every man's greed.”
― Mahatma Gandhi.

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Parts and section of a tree

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Cross section of a tree trunk and stump

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 5.
Methods of log
sawing
Wood is commonly called “log” with its bark still intact and
will be called “lumber” after it has been sawed and cut
into measured pieces.
 Methods of log sawing
Logging is the process or operations from cutting trees, hauling and delivery to
the sawmill for sawing.

Lumbering is the term applied to the operations performed in preparing the wood
for commercial purposes.

Sawing on the other hand is the operation of cutting logs into commercial sizes of
lumber.

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 Methods of log sawing
1. Plain Sawing 2. Rift or Quarter Sawing

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 6.
Preparation of
wood
In preparing wood for a specific project, you must choose the
proper wood for it. Therefore knowing wood defects is a
must.
 Wood defects
The term defect refers to irregularities found in wood which can be considered as selective
option in making projects.

And the most common defects in wood are:

1. Caused by Abnormal Growth such as:

A. Heart Shakes are radical cracks in wood originating from the heart of the logs. Heart
shake is commonly found in old trees.
B. Wind/Ring Shakes or Cup Shakes are cracks or breaks across the annual rings of the
wood during its growth caused by excessive bending of the tree due to strong wind.
C. Star Shakes are composed of several heart shakes radiating from the center of the log
in a star like manner.
D. Knots occurs at the starting point of a limb or branch of the tree.

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 Wood defects : Activity #2
Defects due to Abnormal Growth:
Draw a line to match picture-defect on each column.

1. Heart Shakes A

2. Wind/Ring Shakes or Cup Shakes

3. Star Shakes B

4. Knots

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 Wood defects
2. Due to Deterioration
A. Dry Rot is caused by fungi in a seasoned lumber due to the presence of moisture.
B. Wet Rot takes place sometime in the growth of the tree caused by water saturation.

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 Wood preparation for future
use
The proper way of preparing wood for future use is by means of seasoning. It is the drying
period of wood. The time when moisture evaporates from the wood cells after the wood are
cut into lumbers. Shrinkage of wood is the time when the drying of fiber has each saturation
point due to evaporation. The most common way of wood preparation is as follows:

1. Air seasoning – it is the process of filling the lumber carefully in open air in order to
allow free circulation of air around a piece of wood in a specified period.

2. Kiln seasoning – it is the specific way seasoning lumbers. It uses oven to dry lumbers to
have quick drying and lowering of wood moisture content.

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Wood preparation for future
use

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Wood preparation for future
use

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THANKS!
Any questions?

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