11

IA-CARPENTRY NC II
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Deforming Forces on Wood
Quarter 3 -Weeks 5-6

1|P age
TVL – Grade 11 - Carpentry NC II
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Deforming Forces on Wood
Quarter 3 - Week 5-6

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors
do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Activity Sheet

Writer: Thomas C. Macalma
Editor: Jonathan F. Marticio
Reviewer: Daisy B. Rojero
Graphic Artist: Liezel M. Eclarino
Management Team: Leonardo D. Zapanta EdD, CESO V
Michelle Ablian-Mejica EdD
Manolito B. Basilio EdD
Jay D. Morados
Garry Achacoso
Rachelle C. Diviva

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education

Region III
Schools Division of Zambales
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: zambales@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedzam
 Deforming Forces on Wood

Introduction

Wood is an important material in crafting various products of industrial

arts. As the only renewable building material, it is widely-used in construction
from the important structures of houses to the furniture that adorn our
homes.
However, wood, like other materials, is also prone to deformation which
affects the quality of wood that we use.
This Guided Learning Activity Kit tackles various deforming forces on
wood and its effect on wood as a primary material for construction.
This module has different activities that you need to complete to better
understand the lesson on the different forces that alter wood.
Read the directions carefully and do the activities to acquire the
knowledge necessary for the accomplishment of performance tasks.
Completion of this module will help you better understand the
succeeding module on Shore and Re-shore Formworks Components.

1|P age
 Learning Competency

LO 3. SHORE AND RE-SHORE BUILDING COMPONENTS

3.3. Clean, maintain and store shores, tools, equipment according to
company rules and regulations
TLE_IACP11SF-IIIe-f-3

Objectives

At the end of this Guided Learning Activity Kit, you should be able to:
1. define wood deformation;
2. identify the different forces affecting the deformation of wood; and
3. determine the factors of wood deformation

Review

Fill in each blank with the word/s that will make each statement correct. Choose
the word/s from the box. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Anisotropy Equilibration Felling

Growth Rings Heartwood Moisture Dynamics

Quickly Shortest Value Recovery Chain

Wood Quality

1. Wood contracts and expands in different ways in the radial and tangential
directions of the_____________________ and in the direction of the grain.
2. ____________________is always drier than surface wood which makes wood
drying challenging.
3. ______________________and the internal tensions of wood are also caused by
the warping of the wood as it dries.
4. The ____________________ may cause the frame of a building to sink in the
middle. Furthermore, the great shrinkage of wood in the tangential direction
causes large-sized timber to crack.

2|P age
 5. Wood usually cracks in the place where the distance from the surface to the
core is __________________.
6. The process of continuous absorption and losing moisture of wood until it
reaches the same level as the surrounding is referred to as __________________.
7. Equilibration can cause a range of issues – most commonly involving the wood
shrinking unequally or becoming damaged if the process occurs too
____________.
8. If drying takes place shortly after _____________, it will also help protect the
timber against decay, fungal infections and infestations from certain types of
insects.
9. __________________________is the resultant of physical and chemical
characteristics possessed by a tree or a part of a tree that enable it to meet
the property requirements for different end products.
10. As wood properties affect various aspects of the manufacturing process, wood
quality must be defined in terms of the
___________________________________.

Discussion

In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object.

Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object.
A fundamental requirement for efficient utilization of timber resources is basic
understanding of the behavior of wood having natural growth defects.
The inherent anisotropy, heterogeneity, and occurrence of knots and other
defects emphasize the complexity of wood as a structural material and point out the
importance of understanding its properties. The traditional method of determining
wood strength properties is to test small clear specimens, and to estimate the effects
of specimen size and defects using empirical procedures. The unreliability of this
method has been noticed by many researchers.
Recently, the traditional method has been replaced by the "in-grade" approach
in which large representative samples of full-size lumber are tested to destruction.
Studies of the strength and stiffness of full-size lumber specimens have not
confirmed species rankings obtained from small clear specimen tests. The ultimate
bending strength of small specimens increase as a result of drying but the bending
strength of full-size lumber may decrease during drying.
Differences in drying characteristics of lumber and small clear specimens may
be attributed to the effects of factors such as drying defects, drying stresses, presence

3|P age
of knots, slope of grain, and splits in the structural size members. Relatively, little
quantitative information is known on how these factors influence lumber quality.

Forces Affecting the Deformation of Wood

1. Natural Characteristics
a. Specific Gravity
The substance of which wood is composed is actually heavier than water; its
specific gravity is about 1.5 regardless of wood species. The dry wood of most species
floats in water, and it is thus evident that part of the volume of a piece of wood is
occupied by cell cavities and pores.
b. Knots
Knot is that portion of a branch that has become incorporated in the bole of a
tree. The influence of a knot on the mechanical properties of a wood member is due
to the interruption of continuity and change in the direction of wood fibers associated
with the knot. The influence of knots depends on their size, location, shape,
soundness, attendant local slope of grain and type of stress to which the wood
member is subjected.

c. Slope of Grain
This may occur by choice in design, from the way the wood was removed from
the log, or because of grain irregularities that occurred while the tree was growing.
d. Annual Ring Orientation
Stresses perpendicular to the fiber (grain) direction may be at any angle to the
growth rings. Perpendicular-to-grain properties depend somewhat upon orientation
of annual rings with respect to the direction of stress.
e. Reaction Wood
Abnormal woody tissue is frequently associated with leaning boles and
crooked limbs of both conifers and hardwoods. It is generally believed that such wood
is formed as a natural response of the tree to return its limbs or bole to a more normal
position.
f. Juvenile Wood
Juvenile wood is the wood produced near the pith of the tree. For softwoods,
it is usually defined as the material 5 to 20 rings from the pith depending on species.
Juvenile wood has a high fibril angle which causes longitudinal shrinkage.
g. Compression Failures
Excessive compressive stresses along the grain that produce minute
compression failures can be caused by excessive bending of standing trees from wind
or snow; felling of trees across boulders, logs, or irregularities in the ground; or rough
handling of logs or lumber. Compression failures should not be confused with
compression wood. In some instances, compression failures are visible on the surface

4|P age
of a board as minute lines or zones formed by crumpling or buckling of cells, although
the failures usually appear as white lines or may even be invisible to the naked eye.
The presence of compression failures may be indicated by fiber breakage on end
grain.
h. Pitch Pockets
A pitch pocket is a well-defined opening that contains free resin. The pocket
extends parallel to the annual rings; it is almost flat on the pith side and curved on
the bark side.
i. Bird Peck
Maple, hickory, white ash, and a number of other species are often damaged
by small holes made by woodpeckers. These bird pecks often occur in horizontal
rows, sometimes encircling the tree, and a brown or black discoloration known as a
mineral streak originates from each hole. Holes for tapping maple trees are also a
source of mineral streaks. The streaks are caused by oxidation and other chemical
changes in the wood. Bird pecks and mineral streaks are not generally important in
regard to strength of structural lumber, although they do impair the appearance of
the wood.
j. Extractives
Many wood species contain removable extraneous materials or extractives
that do not degrade the cellulose–lignin structure of the wood. The extent to which
extractives influence strength is apparently a function of the amount of extractives,
the moisture content of the piece, and the mechanical property under consideration.
k. Timber From Dead Trees
Timber from trees killed by insects, blight, wind, or fire may be as good for
any structural purpose as that from live trees provided further insect attack,
staining, decay, or drying degrade has not occurred. In a living tree, the heartwood
is entirely dead and only a comparatively few sapwood cells are alive. Therefore, most
wood is dead when cut, regardless of whether the tree itself is living or not. However,
if a tree stands on the stump too long after its death, the sapwood is likely to decay
or to be attacked severely by wood-boring insects, and eventually the heartwood will
be similarly affected.

1. Manufacturing and Service Environments

a. Moisture Content
Many mechanical properties are affected by changes in moisture content
below the fiber saturation point. These properties are known to be erratic in their
response to moisture content change.
b. Temperature
b.1 Reversible Effects

5|P age
 In general, the mechanical properties of wood decrease when heated
and increase when cooled. The change in properties that occur when wood is
quickly heated or cooled and then tested at that condition is termed an
immediate effect.
b.2 Irreversible Effects
This permanent effect is one of degradation of wood substance which
results in loss of weight and strength. The loss depends on factors that include
moisture content, heating medium, temperature, exposure period, and to
some extent, species and size of piece involved.
c. Time Under Load
Static strength tests are typically conducted at a rate of loading or rate of
deformation to attain maximum load in about 5 min. higher values of strength are
obtained for wood loaded at a more rapid rate and lower values are obtained at slower
rates.
d. Aging
In relatively dry and moderate temperature conditions where wood is protected
from deteriorating influences such as decay, the mechanical properties of wood show
little change with time. Test results for very old timbers suggest that significant losses
in clear wood strength occur only after several centuries of normal aging conditions.
The soundness of centuries-old wood in some standing trees also attests to the
durability of wood.
e. Exposure to Chemicals
The effect of chemical solutions on mechanical properties depends on the
specific type of chemical. Non swelling liquids, such as petroleum oils and creosote,
have no appreciable effect on properties. Properties are lowered in the presence of
water, alcohol, or other wood-swelling organic liquids even though these liquids do
not chemically degrade the wood substance. The loss in properties depends largely
on the amount of swelling and this loss is regained upon removal of the swelling
liquid.
f. Chemical Treatment
Wood is often treated with chemicals to enhance its fire performance or decay
resistance in service. Each set of treatment chemicals and processes has a unique
effect on the mechanical properties of the treated wood.
g. Nuclear Radiation
Wood is occasionally subjected to nuclear radiation. Examples are wooden
structures closely associated with nuclear reactors, the polymerization of wood with
plastic using nuclear radiation, and nondestructive estimation of wood density and
moisture content. Very large doses of gamma rays or neutrons can cause substantial
degradation of wood.

6|P age
 h. Mold and Stain Fungi
Mold and stain fungi do not seriously affect most mechanical properties of
wood because such fungi feed on substances within the cell cavity or attached to the
cell wall rather than on the structural wall itself. The duration of infection and the
species of fungi involved are important factors in determining the extent of
degradation.
i. Decay
Unlike mold and stain fungi, wood-destroying (decay) fungi seriously reduce
strength by metabolizing the cellulose fraction of wood that gives wood its strength.
Early stages of decay are virtually impossible to detect. For example, brown-rot fungi
may reduce mechanical properties in excess of 10% before a measurable weight loss
is observed and before decay is visible.
j. Insect Damage
Insect damage may occur in standing trees, logs, and undried (unseasoned)
or dried (seasoned) lumber. Although damage is difficult to control in the standing
tree, insect damage can be eliminated to a great extent by proper control methods.
Insect holes are generally classified as pinholes, grub holes, and powder post holes.
Because of their irregular burrows, powder post larvae may destroy most of a piece’s
interior while only small holes appear on the surface, and the strength of the piece
may be reduced virtually to zero. No method is known for estimating the reduction
in strength from the appearance of insect-damaged wood. When strength is an
important consideration, the safe procedure is to eliminate pieces containing insect
holes.

7|P age
 Activities

Guided Practice 1
What are the two (2) factors that affect wood deformation? Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1.
2.

Guided Practice 2
Directions: Identify the term being defined. Choose the word/s from the box. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Annual Ring Bird Peck Compression Failures

Extractives Juvenile Wood Knots

Pitch Pockets Reaction Wood Slope of Grain

Specific Gravity Temperature

1. An abnormal woody tissue frequently associated with leaning boles and

crooked limbs of both conifers and hardwoods
2. These are removable extraneous materials that do not degrade the
cellulose–lignin structure of the wood.
3. A property of wood at 1.5 regardless of species
4. Small holes made by woodpeckers in maple, hickory, white ash and other
species
5. The portion of a branch that has become incorporated in the bole of a tree
6. Excessive compressive stresses along the grain that produce minute caused
by excessive bending of standing trees from wind
7. This may occur by choice in design from the way the wood was removed
from the log.
8. Stresses perpendicular to the fiber (grain) direction may be at any angle to
the growth rings
9. It has a high fibril angle which causes longitudinal shrinkage.
10. It is a well-defined opening that contains free resin.

8|P age
Independent Practice
Directions: Match the definition/description in column A to the term in column B.
Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A B

1. It may occur in standing trees, logs, and a. Aging

undried or dried lumber.
2. These are organisms that seriously b. Chemical Treatment
reduce strength by metabolizing the
cellulose fraction of wood. c. Decay
3. They feed on substances within the cell
cavity or attached to the cell wall rather d. Exposure to Chemicals
than on the structural wall.
4. This can cause substantial degradation of e. Insect Damage
wood in the form of gamma rays or
neutrons.
5. The addition of chemicals to enhance its f. Mold and stain fungi
fire performance or decay resistance
6. This causes change in wood such as g. Moisture Content
swelling and contributes in the lowering
or losing of its properties h. Nuclear Radiation
7. The mechanical property of wood that
show little change with time i. specific Gravity
8. Static strength tests conducted at a rate
of loading or rate of deformation j. Temperature
9. It is the mechanical property of woo
which decreases when heated and k. Time Under Load
increases when cooled.
10. The property of wood which is known to
be erratic

9|P age
 Assessment

True or False
Directions: Study each statement. Write TRUE if it is correct and FALSE if it is
wrong. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Wood has 1.5 specific gravity regardless of species.

2. Wood is often treated with chemicals to enhance its fire performance or
decay resistance in service.
3. Reaction wood is an abnormal woody tissue frequently associated with
leaning boles and crooked limbs of both conifers and hardwoods.
4. Very large doses of gamma rays or neutrons can cause substantial
degradation of wood.
5. Many wood species contain removable extraneous materials that do not
degrade the cellulose–lignin structure of the wood.
6. A knot is that portion of a branch that has become incorporated in the bole
of a tree.
7. Many mechanical properties are affected by changes in moisture content
below the fiber saturation point.
8. A pitch pocket is a well-defined opening that contains free resin.
9. Juvenile wood is the wood produced near the pith of the tree.
10. Early stages of decay are virtually impossible to detect.

Reflection

I learned about _________.

Knowing about this topic helps me __________________.

This topic reminds me of _______________________.

The part that I understood the most is____________________.

I would like to know more about_______________________.

10 | P a g e
 References

ASTM. [Current edition]. Standard methods for testing small clear specimens of
timber. ASTM D143-94. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for
Testing and Materials.

Bendtsen, B.A. 1976. Rolling shear characteristics of nine structural softwoods.

Forest Products Journal. 26(11): 51–56.

Bendtsen, B.A.; Freese, F.; Ethington, R.L. 1970. Methods for sampling clear,
straight-grained wood from the forest. Forest Products Journal. 20(11): 38–
47.

Bodig, J.; Goodman, J.R. 1973. Prediction of elastic parameters for wood. Wood
Science. 5(4): 249–264.

Bodig, J.; Jayne, B.A. 1982. Mechanics of wood and wood composites. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Boller, K.H. 1954. Wood at low temperatures. Modern Packaging. 28(1): 153–157.

Chudnoff, M. 1987. Tropical timbers of the world. Agric. Handb. 607. Washington
DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Coffey, D.J. 1962. Effects of knots and holes on the fatigue strength of quarter-
scale timber bridge stringers. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin,
Department of Civil Engineering. M.S. Thesis.

Gerhards, C.C. 1968. Effects of type of testing equipment and specimen size on
toughness of wood. Res. Pap. FPL– RP–97. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

Gerhards, C.C. 1977. Effect of duration and rate of loading on strength of wood and
wood based materials. Res. Pap. FPL–RP–283. Madison, WI: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

Gerhards, C.C. 1979. Effect of high-temperature drying on tensile strength of

Douglas-fir 2 by 4’s. Forest Products Journal. 29

11 | P a g e
 12 | P a g e
Assessment: Review
1. True
2. True 1. Growth rings
3. True
4. True 2. Heartwood
5. True
6. True 3. Anisotropy
7. True
8. True 4. Moisture dynamics
9. True
10. True 5. Shortest
6. Equilibration
7. Quickly
8. Felling
9. Wood quality
10.Value recovery chain
Guided Practice 1
1.Natural Characteristics
2. Manufacturing and Service Environments
Guided Practice 2
1. Reaction Wood
2. Extractives
3. Specific Gravity
4. Bird Peck
5. Knots
6. Compression Failures
7. Slope of Grain
8. Annual Ring
9. Juvenile Wood
10. Pitch Pocket
Independent Practice
1. E Insect Damage
2. C Decay
3. F Mold and Stain Fungi
4. H Nuclear Radiation
5. B Chemical Treatment
6. D Exposure to Chemicals
7. A Aging
8. K Time Under Load
9. J Temperature
10. G Moisture Content
Key to Corrections
 Acknowledgment

The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt

gratitude to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to
the successful preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and
distribution of the Quarter 3 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all
learning areas across grade levels as a response to providing the learners with
developmentally-appropriate, contextualized and simplified learning
resources with most essential learning competencies (MELCs)-based activities
anchored on the principles of guided learning and explicit instruction:

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of the

writers and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and exhausting
their best efforts to produce these indispensable learning kits used for the
implementation of learning delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout evaluators

making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for having carefully
evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to DepEd standards;

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly

extending its financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of
these learning resources for use by learners and parents at home;

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and subject teachers, in close

coordination with the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval
of the GLAKs and for their frequent monitoring of the learners’ progress
through various means; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the
learners the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish
the tasks and for gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would

not be possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to
serving our Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TRACKS

ACADEMIC TRACK

TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL-
LIVELIHOOD (TVL) TRACK

SPORTS TRACK

ARTS AND DESIGN TRACK