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○ MT binding domain
○ tail /stem binds cargo

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● How to figure out how dyneins move
○ Trap dyneins in pre powerstroke position and post and image both, compare.
○ EM of dynein conformaitons
■ P = phosphate = Pi
■ V = vanadate = Vi
● Trap in pre powerstroke
■ 11 nm movement, most consistent with 8 nm step size
● Movement of vesicles by dimeric dynein
○ Dynactin binds to dynein and contacts mts and vesicle.
○ Dynein is the truck and dynactin is the trailer
○ Spectrin is outside the vesicles so that the vesicle will move with the dynactin
and dynein
○ Dynactin connects dynein to the arp1-spectrin-ankrin shell

○
● Secretory pathway
● Lots of kinesins and dynein family members
○ 45 kinesin genes
○ 16 dynein genes
○ Disruption of specific motors leads to disrupted spacing of membrane bound
organelles
○ Many vesicles have both kinesins and dyneins attached
● Animals change colors
○ Melanosomes
■ Pigment dispersion = see color
■ Pigment aggregated = don't see color
■ All based on mt motor proteins

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