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neuron
Neurons
“cells that receive and
transmit signals”
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How does the function of nerve
cell keep the organism alive?
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1.
Functions
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Functions of Neuron
Receive
Process
Interpret
React
“
How neurons carry messages ?
Important ions
✘ Sodium
✘ Potassium
✘ Calcium
✘ Chloride
Types of Nerve Cells
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✘ Bipolar
○ have two processes extending
✘ Pseudounipolar
○ have 2 axons rather than an
✘ Multipolar neurons
○ have many processes that extend
● Nucleus
○ Nucleolus - produces ribosomes
○ Chromatin- DNA + histone protein
● VESICLE
○ Lysosome
■ Digest food molecules
■ Break down unused
organelles
■ Destroy virus
○ Vacuole
■ Vesicle with food inside
■ Merge with lysosome
for digest
● Mitochondria
○ produce energy ATP
Nerve cell parts and functions
Mitochondria
● Neurons demand lots supplies of
energy ( due to their extend
structure, Axon and Dendrites)
● Store calcium and signaling
molecules
● Cytoskeleton
○ Microfilaments
■ Main structural support
■ Made up of actin protein
○ Microtubule/Neurotubules
■ Help moving organelles
■ Support cell structure
■ NOT USE FOR HELPING CELL DIVISION
■ Made up of tubulin protein
○ Intermediate filament
■ neurofilaments (a class of intermediate filament in neurons)
● transport materials from the soma to axon terminals
at the synapse
Neurons can’t undergo cell division.
✘ Why ? ✘ Benefits
○ They lack of centrioles
○ avoid messing up connections
○ If they do, the function will mess up
and affect our memory
○ Brain can’t afford setting memory
each time after cell division
axon
“
Axon or nerve fibre
where electrical impulses travel to
other neurons.
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Axon Hillock
○ contain some Nissl substance and ribosomes
○ funnel-shaped region
○ Connect soma with axon
Myelin sheath
○ made up of fatty substances and protein
○ allows impulses to transmit quickly
○ insulate individual axons
sending appropriate electrical signals
Node of ranvier
○ gap between myelin sheath
○ Speed up the transmission of nerve impulses
Schwann Cell
○ Produce myelin sheath
○ maintaining the peripheral nervous system
DENDRITES
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● Extended structure from the soma
● receives and determine signals from other
neurons and transmits to soma
● contain many ribosomes, SER, Golgi
apparatus and cytoskeletal
○ there is a lot of protein synthesizing
activity during signal transmission
● can release neurotransmitters into
synapse too
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Presynaptic
Terminals
Synapse / neuronal junction
● the site of transmission of electrical impulses
○ between 2 neurons
○ between neuron and a gland or muscle cell
Neurotransmitters
(the body’s chemical messengers)
● transmit messages between neurons,
or from neurons to muscles
● Communication between two neurons
happens in the synaptic cleft
(the gap between the synapses of neurons)
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Diagnosis
✘ MRI
○ can find plaques or scarring caused by MS
✘ Evoked potentials
○ show if you have a slowing of messages in the different
parts of the brain
✘ Cerebrospinal spinal fluid analysis
○ checks for cellular and chemical abnormalities
✘ Blood tests
○ rule out other causes for various neurological symptoms
Treatment
“ no cure yet ”
can do things to help change the course of the disease
✘ Medicines
✘ Equipment such as canes, braces, or walkers
✘ Rehabilitation activities
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Diseases that are related to the nerve cell
Multiple sclerosis
● a long-lasting disease of the
central nervous system
● caused by damage that occurs to
the immature, developing brain,
● most often before birth
v
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Diagnosis
★ Brain scans
○ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
produce detailed 3-D or cross-sectional
images of your child's brain
○ Cranial ultrasound
high-frequency sound waves to obtain images
of the brain
★ Electroencephalogram (EEG)
records the electrical activity of a brain
Treatment
★ Pediatric neurologist
A doctor trained to diagnose and treat children with
brain and nervous system (neurological) disorders may be
involved in your child's care.
★ Physical therapist
A physical therapist may help your child improve
strength and walking skills, and stretch muscles.
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References
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Nerve Cells. (n.d.). Retrieve from
https://www.dkfindout.com/uk/human-body/brain-and-nerves/nerve-cells/
Nerve cell (neuron). (n.d.). Retrieve from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/nerve-cell-neuron/img-20007830
Khanacademymedicine. (2013). Introduction to neural cell types | Organ Systems | MCAT | Khan . Retrieve from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L82bDTBMGUU
SCooke. ( 2016). Why is the nervous system important?. Retrieve from
https://socratic.org/questions/why-is-the-nervous-system-important
การเรียนรูอยางชาญฉลาดสําหรับทุกคน. (2015). Structure of a Neuron. Retrieve from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta_vWUsrjho
Ka Xiong, C. (n.d.). Nerve Cell. Retrieve from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/nervecell.html
WHAT ARE SCHWANN CELLS. (n.d.). Retrieve from
https://www.themiamiproject.org/research/research-participation/what-are-schwann-cells/
Takamori, S. (2009). Synaptic Vesicles. Retrieve from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/synaptic-vesicle
Vesicles influence function of nerve cells. (n.d.). Retrieve from ……….
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141006174214.htm
What Is Your Nervous System?. (n.d.). Retrieve from
https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-nervous-system#2
Why can't neurons undergo cell division?. (n.d.). Retrieve from
https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/21825/why-cant-neurons-undergo-cell-division
Why nerve cells can't reproduce?. (n.d.). Retrieve from
https://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=1710
Charand, X. (n.d.). Nerve Cell. Retrieve from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/nervecell.html
Nervous System. (n.d.). Retrieve from
https://www.britannica.com/science/nervous-system/The-nerve-cell
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thanks!
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