WEEK 9 UNIT TASK

Critical Thinking:
Provide References to your answer for each question. No cheating/ copying/ plagiarism. 
1. Enumerate the different parts of neuron and their specific functions. 2pts
Answer:
● Dendrites- these structures are branch-like that are extended away from the
cell’s body. Its function is to receive messages coming from different neurons
and allows the travel of information to the cell body.
● Cell body- Cell body or soma, has nucleus, rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi body and other cellular contents.
● Axon- Axons are structures that has a tube-like appearance. These carry
electric impulses coming from the cell body up to the axon terminal, that allows
the passing of impulse from one neuron to another neuron. It has an axon
hillock, a specialized structure that functions as the junction between an axon
and a cell body.
● Synapse- This part of a neuron is a chemical junction that is in between of a
dendrite and axon terminals of a neuron. It is a gap wherein specialized
chemical interactions happen.
● Other structures:
● Myelin sheath- an external coving that serves as an insulator that minimizes the
expenditure of electrical signals when it goes down to the axon.
● Glial cells- in cns, glial cells makes the myelin sheath, termed as
oligodendrocytres. While in Pns, it is termed as the schwann cells. Glial cells
keeps the neurons remain at its place, eliminates pathogens and dead neurons,
and provides nutrients.

Reference: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/neurons/

2. What are the different neuroglial cells? give their functions. 6pts
Answer:
NEUROGLIA IN PNS
● Schwann cells- they are vital in the development and function of the peripheral
nerves. They are also responsible for the maintenance and as well as the
regeneration of the nerves in the Peripheral nervous system.
● Satellite cells- satellite cells are the ones responsible for the regulation of the
neurotransmitter levels that is around the neurons in the ganglia. Aside from
that, they also maintain and provide nutrients.

NEUROGLIA IN CNS:
● Astrocytes- star-shaped cells that contains the most number of glial cells. It is
responsible for maintaining the balance in the extracellular fluid. It also
connects neurons to capillaries up to the pia mater.
 ● Oligodendrocytes- It is the one that is responsible for the myelin synthesis of
the CNS. It is also the one that maintains and givges overall structure.
● Ependymal cells- it is a layer of either a columnar or a cuboidal cell that is lining
the brain’s ventricles and the spinal cord’s central canal. It is also connected
with the production of csf.
● Microglial cells- it is the phagocyte of the cns that removes and eliminates all
foreign and waste materials.

Reference:
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-a-neurobiology-and/a1-neural-development/
types-of-neuroglia.html

3. explain the embryonic origin of the CNS and PNS? 2pts

Answer: CNS came from the ectoderm which is considered as the embryo’s outermost
tissue layer. During human embryonic development’s third week, the neuroectoderm
rises and creates the neural plate on the dorsal side of the embryo. Neural tube is
where the spinal cord and brain came from. While pns came from the neural crest
precursors. From there, migration of mouse embryonic development on E8 starts.
After that, it will come through many processes up to E17 and then PNS is established.

Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans
https://discovery.lifemapsc.com/in-vivo-development/peripheral-nervous-system

Draw the following to your sketch pad. 10 pts. 

1. Parts of a Neuron. label its parts. 2 pts. 

2. Neuroroglial cells:

a. Olidodendrocytes 2pts. 

b. Astrocytes 2pts. 
c. Schwann Cells 2pts. 

d. Ependymal Cells 2pts.