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Chapter 8
Nervous System Part 1
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology
Tenth Edition
Nervous System
Figure 8.1
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Figure 8.2
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Glial cells
• supportive cells of the CNS and PNS, meaning these
cells do not conduct action potentials. Instead, glial
cells carry out different functions that enhance
neuron function and maintain normal conditions
within nervous tissue.
Typical Neuron
Figure 8.3
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Types of Neurons
Figure 8.4
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Neurons
A neuron (nerve cell) has a:
• Cell body – which contains a single nucleus
• Dendrite – which is a cytoplasmic extension from
the cell body, that usually receives information from
other neurons and transmits the information to the
cell body
• Axon – which is a single long cell process that leaves
the cell body at the axon hillock and conducts
sensory signals to the CNS and motor signals away
from the CNS
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Neurotransmitter Type
Glial Cells
Figure 8.5
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Glial Cells 1
Glial Cells 2
Figure 8.6
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Myelin Sheath 1
Myelin Sheath 2
Unmyelinated Neurons
Unmyelinated axons lack the myelin sheaths.
These axons rest in indentations of the
oligodendrocytes in the CNS and the Schwann
cells in the PNS.
A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of
multiple neurons, usually contains more
unmyelinated axons than myelinated axons.
Action Potential 1
Action Potential 2
Action Potential 3
Action Potential 4
Action Potentials
Action potentials are conducted slowly in
unmyelinated axons and more rapidly in
myelinated axons.
Action potentials along unmyelinated axons
occur along the entire membrane.
Action potentials on myelinated axons occur in
a jumping pattern at the nodes of Ranvier.
This type of action potential conduction is called
saltatory conduction.
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Figure 8.10
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Figure 8.11
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The Synapse
1. Action potentials arriving at the presynaptic
terminal cause voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
to open.
Figure 8.12
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Synapse 1
Synapse 2
Synapse 3
Synapse 4
Synapse 5
Reflex
A reflex is an involuntary reaction in response to a
stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted
to the CNS.
Reflexes allow a person to react to stimuli more
quickly than is possible if conscious thought is
involved.
Most reflexes occur in the spinal cord or
brainstem rather than in the higher brain centers.
A reflex arc is the neuronal pathway by which a
reflex occurs and has five basic components.
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Reflex Arc
Figure 8.13
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Neuronal Pathways
Figure 8.14
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Summation 1
Summation 2