Anatomy of Nervous System Notes

10/4/2023
Anatomy of The Nervous

System
By: DR.Ndukui James G, Ph.D.

For: BSc. Nursing
The Nervous System

“The right half of the brain controls the left
half of the body. This means that only left
handed people are in their right mind.”
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Objectives
• Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and
functional
• Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and
white matter structures
• Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity
• List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the
nervous system, along with their function(s)
• Categorize the major neurotransmitters by chemical type and effect
• Identify the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system
• List the basic functions of the nervous system
• Describe the basic structure of a neuron
• Identify the different types of neurons on the basis of polarity
• List the glial cells of the CNS and describe their function
• Name the major regions of the adult nervous system
• Locate regions of the cerebral cortex on the basis of anatomical landmarks
common to all human brains
• Describe the regions of the spinal cord in cross-section

• List the cranial nerves in order of anatomical location and provide the central and
peripheral connections
• List the spinal nerves by vertebral region and by which nerve plexus each supplies
the glial cells of the PNS and describe their function
• Describe the components of the somatic nervous system
• Name the modalities and sub-modalities of the sensory systems
• Distinguish between general and special senses
• Describe regions of the central nervous system that contribute to somatic functions
• Explain the stimulus-response motor pathway
• Describe the components of the autonomic nervous system
• Differentiate between the structures of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
in the autonomic nervous system
• Name the components of a visceral reflex specific to the autonomic division to
which it belongs
• Predict the response of a target effector to autonomic input on the basis of the
released signaling molecule
• Describe how the central nervous system coordinates and contributes to autonomic
functions
• Describe the major sections of a neurological exam!
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Functions of the Nervous System

1. Sensory input – gathering information
 To monitor changes occurring inside and
outside the body (changes = stimuli)
2. Integration –
 to process and interpret sensory input
and decide if action is needed.
3. Motor output
 A response to integrated stimuli
 The response activates muscles or glands
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.1a
The Nervous System

• What Two Organ Systems Control
All the Other Organ Systems?
– Nervous system characteristics
• Rapid response
• Brief duration
– Endocrine system characteristics
• Slower response
• Long duration
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Structural Classification of the

Nervous System
 Central nervous system (CNS)

 Brain
 Spinal cord
 Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
 Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.2
Functional Classification of the

Peripheral Nervous System
 Sensory (afferent) division
 Nerve fibers that carry information to the
central nervous system
Figure 7.1
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 Motor (efferent) division
 Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from
the central nervous system
Figure 7.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.3b

 Motor (efferent) division
 Two subdivisions
 Somatic nervous system = voluntary
 Autonomic nervous system = involuntary
Figure 7.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.3c
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Organization of the Nervous

System
Figure 7.2
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

(Neuroglia or Glia)
 Astrocytes
 Abundant, star-shaped cells
 Brace neurons
 Form barrier
between capillaries
and neurons
 Control the chemical
environment of
the brain (CNS)
Figure 7.3a
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 Microglia (CNS)
 Spider-like phagocytes
 Dispose of debris
 Ependymal cells
(CNS)
 Line cavities of the
brain and spinal cord
 Circulate
cerebrospinal
fluid
Figure 7.3b, c
 Oligodendrocytes
(CNS)
 Produce myelin
sheath around
nerve fibers in the
central nervous
system Figure 7.3d
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Neuroglia vs. Neurons

• Neuroglia divide.
• Neurons do not.
• Most brain tumors are “gliomas.”
• Most brain tumors involve the neuroglia
cells, not the neurons.
• Consider the role of cell division in cancer!
Support Cells of the PNS

 Satellite cells
 Protect neuron cell bodies
 Schwann cells
 Form myelin sheath in the peripheral
nervous system
Figure 7.3e
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Nervous Tissue: Neurons
 Neurons = nerve cells

 Cells specialized to transmit messages
 Major regions of neurons
 Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center
of the cell
 Processes – fibers that extend from the
cell body (dendrites and axons)
Neuron Anatomy
 Cell body
 Nucleus
 Large
nucleolus
Figure 7.4a
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Neuron Anatomy
 Extensions
outside the cell
body
 Dendrites –
conduct
impulses toward
the cell body
 Axons – conduct
impulses away
from the cell
body (only 1!)
Figure 7.4a
Axons and Nerve Impulses
 Axons end in axonal terminals

 Axonal terminals contain vesicles with
neurotransmitters
 Axonal terminals are separated from the
next neuron by a gap
 Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent
neurons
 Synapse – junction between nerves
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Nerve Fiber Coverings
 Schwann cells –
produce myelin
sheaths in jelly-roll
like fashion
 Nodes of Ranvier –
gaps in myelin
sheath along the
axon
Figure 7.5
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Application
• In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is
destroyed.
• The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called
the scleroses.
• This is considered an autoimmune disease.
• Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
Neuron Cell Body Location
 Most are found in the central nervous

system
 Gray matter – cell bodies and unmylenated
fibers
 Nuclei – clusters of cell bodies within the
white matter of the central nervous system
 Ganglia – collections of cell bodies
outside the central nervous system
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Functional Classification of
Neurons
 Sensory (afferent) neurons
 Carry impulses from the sensory receptors
 Cutaneous sense organs
 Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension
 Motor (efferent) neurons
 Carry impulses from the central nervous
system
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
7.14a
Functional Classification of
Neurons
 Interneurons (association neurons)

 Found in neural pathways in the central
nervous system
 Connect sensory and motor neurons

7.14b
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Neuron Classification
Figure 7.6
Structural Classification of Neurons

 Multipolar neurons – many extensions
from the cell body
Figure 7.8a

7.16a
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 Bipolar neurons – one axon and one
dendrite
Figure 7.8b

7.16b
 Unipolar neurons – have a short single

process leaving the cell body
Figure 7.8c

7.16c
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How Neurons Function

(Physiology)
 Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli
 Conductivity – ability to transmit an
impulse
 The plasma membrane at rest is
polarized
 Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than
outside the cell
Starting a Nerve Impulse
 Depolarization – a
stimulus depolarizes the
neuron’s membrane
 A deploarized
membrane allows
sodium (Na+) to flow
inside the membrane
 The exchange of ions
initiates an action
potential in the neuron
Figure 7.9a–c
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The Action Potential

 If the action potential (nerve impulse)
starts, it is propagated over the entire
axon
 Potassium ions rush out of the neuron
after sodium ions rush in, which
repolarizes the membrane
 The sodium-potassium pump restores
the original configuration
 This action requires ATP
Nerve Impulse Propagation
 The impulse
continues to move
toward the cell body
 Impulses travel
faster when fibers
have a myelin
sheath
Figure 7.9c–e
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Continuation of the Nerve Impulse

between Neurons
 Impulses are able to cross the synapse
to another nerve
 Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s
axon terminal
 The dendrite of the next neuron has
receptors that are stimulated by the
neurotransmitter
 An action potential is started in the dendrite
How Neurons Communicate at

Synapses
Figure 7.10
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The Reflex Arc

 Reflex – rapid, predictable, and
involuntary responses to stimuli
 Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory
neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector
Figure 7.11a
Simple Reflex Arc
Figure 7.11b, c
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Types of Reflexes and Regulation

 Autonomic reflexes
Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulation
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation
 Somatic reflexes
Activation of skeletal muscles
Central Nervous System (CNS)
 CNS develops from the embryonic

neural tube
 The neural tube becomes the brain and
spinal cord
 The opening of the neural tube becomes
the ventricles
 Four chambers within the brain
 Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Regions of the Brain
 Cerebral
hemispheres
 Diencephalon
 Brain stem
 Cerebellum Figure 7.12
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
 Paired (left
and right)
superior parts
of the brain
 Include more
than half of
the brain
mass
Figure 7.13a

7.28a
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Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
 The surface
is made of
ridges (gyri)
and grooves
(sulci)
Figure 7.13a

7.28b
Lobes of the Cerebrum
 Fissures (deep grooves) divide the

cerebrum into lobes
 Surface lobes of the cerebrum
 Frontal lobe
 Parietal lobe
 Occipital lobe
 Temporal lobe
7.29a
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
Figure 7.15a

7.29b
Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
 Somatic sensory area – receives

impulses from the body’s sensory
receptors
 Primary motor area – sends impulses to
skeletal muscles
 Broca’s area – involved in our ability to
speak
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Sensory and Motor Areas of the

Cerebral Cortex
Figure 7.14
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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
 Cerebral areas involved in special

senses
 Gustatory area (taste)
 Visual area
 Auditory area
 Olfactory area

7.32a
 Interpretation areas of the cerebrum

 Speech/language region
 Language comprehension region
 General interpretation area

7.32b
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Figure 7.13c

7.32c
Layers of the Cerebrum
 Gray matter
 Outer layer
 Composed
mostly of neuron
cell bodies
Figure 7.13a

7.33a
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 White matter
 Fiber tracts
inside the gray
matter
 Example:
corpus callosum
connects
hemispheres
Figure 7.13a

7.33b

 Basal nuclei – internal
islands of gray matter
 Regulates voluntary
motor activities by
modifying info sent to
the motor cortex
 Problems = ie unable
to control muscles,
spastic, jerky
 Involved in
Huntington’s and
Parkinson’s Disease
Figure 7.13a

7.33c
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Diencephalon
 Sits on top of the brain stem

 Enclosed by the cerebral heispheres
 Made of three parts
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
 Epithalamus

7.34a
Diencephalon
Figure 7.15

7.34b
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Thalamus
 Surrounds the third ventricle

 The relay station for sensory impulses
 Transfers impulses to the correct part of
the cortex for localization and
interpretation
Hypothalamus
 Under the thalamus

 Important autonomic nervous system
center
 Helps regulate body temperature
 Controls water balance
 Regulates metabolism

7.36a
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Hypothalamus
 An important part of the limbic system

(emotions)
 The pituitary gland is attached to the
hypothalamus

7.36b
Epithalamus
 Forms the roof of the third ventricle

 Houses the pineal body (an endocrine
gland)
 Includes the choroid plexus – forms
cerebrospinal fluid
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Brain Stem
 Attaches to the spinal cord

 Parts of the brain stem
 Midbrain
 Pons
 Medulla oblongata

7.38a
Brain Stem
Figure 7.15a

7.38b
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Midbrain
 Mostly composed of tracts of nerve

fibers
 Reflex centers for vision and hearing
 Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd-4th ventricles
Pons
 The bulging center part of the brain

stem
 Mostly composed of fiber tracts
 Includes nuclei involved in the control of
breathing
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Medulla Oblongata
 The lowest part of the brain stem
 Merges into the spinal cord
 Includes important fiber tracts
 Contains important control centers
 Heart rate control
 Blood pressure regulation
 Breathing
 Swallowing
 Vomiting
Cerebellum
 Two hemispheres with convoluted

surfaces
 Provides involuntary coordination of
body movements

7.43a
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Cerebellum
Figure 7.15a

7.43b
Protection of the Central Nervous

System
 Scalp and skin
 Skull and vertebral column
 Meninges
Figure 7.16a

7.44a
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Protection of the Central Nervous

System
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Blood brain barrier
Figure 7.16a

7.44b
Meninges
 Dura mater
 Double-layered external covering
 Periosteum – attached to surface of the
skull
 Meningeal layer – outer covering of the
brain
Folds inward in several areas

7.45a
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Meninges
 Arachnoid layer
 Middle layer
 Web-like
 Pia mater
 Internal layer
 Clings to the surface of the brain

7.45b
Cerebrospinal Fluid
 Similar to blood plasma composition

 Formed by the choroid plexus
 Forms a watery cushion to protect the
brain
 Circulated in arachnoid space,
ventricles, and central canal of the
spinal cord
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Ventricles and Location of the

Cerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 7.17a

7.47a
Ventricles and Location of the

Cerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 7.17b

7.47b
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Blood Brain Barrier

 Includes the least permeable capillaries
of the body
 Excludes many potentially harmful
substances
 Useless against some substances
 Fats and fat soluble molecules
 Respiratory gases
 Alcohol
 Nicotine
 Anesthesia
Traumatic Brain Injuries

 Concussion
 Slight brain injury
 No permanent brain damage
 Contusion
 Nervous tissue destruction occurs
 Nervous tissue does not regenerate
 Cerebral edema
 Swelling from the inflammatory response
 May compress and kill brain tissue
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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
 Commonly called a stroke

 The result of a ruptured blood vessel
supplying a region of the brain
 Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from
that blood source dies
 Loss of some functions or death may
result
Spinal Cord
 Extends from the
medulla oblongata to
the region of T12
 Below T12 is the cauda
equina (a collection of
spinal nerves)
 Enlargements occur in
the cervical and lumbar
regions
Figure 7.18
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Alzheimer’s Disease
 Progressive degenerative brain disease
 Mostly seen in the elderly, but may
begin in middle age
 Structural changes in the brain include
abnormal protein deposits and twisted
fibers within neurons
 Victims experience memory loss,
irritability, confusion and ultimately,
hallucinations and death
Spinal Cord Anatomy

 Exterior white mater – conduction tracts
Figure 7.19

7.53a
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Spinal Cord Anatomy

 Internal gray matter - mostly cell bodies
 Dorsal (posterior) horns
 Anterior (ventral) horns
Figure 7.19

7.53b
Spinal Cord Anatomy

 Central canal filled with cerebrospinal
fluid
Figure 7.19

7.53c
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
 Meninges cover the spinal cord

 Nerves leave at the level of each
vertebrae
 Dorsal root
 Associated with the dorsal root ganglia –
collections of cell bodies outside the central
nervous system
Ventral root
 Nerves and ganglia outside the central

nervous system
 Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers
 Neuron fibers are bundled by
connective tissue
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The Peripheral Nervous System

• What are the Twelve Pairs Of
Cranial Nerves?
– Olfactory (CN I)
• Sense of smell
– Optic (CN II)
• Sense of vision
– Oculomotor (CN III)
• Eye movement
BRIEF summary of the 12 cranial nerves

Number Sensory,
(Roman Name of nerve Motor, or Type of information
numeral) Both?
1 (I)
2 (II)
3 (III)
4 (IV)
5 (V)
6 (VI)
7 (VII)
8 (VIII)
9 (IX)
10 (X)
11 (XI)
12 (XII)
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Cranial nerve mnemonic #1:nerve names

Number Saying Nerve Name
1 Oh
2 Oh
3 Oh --
4 To
5 Touch
6 And
7 Feel
8 Very
9 Good
10 Velvet --
11 Ah,
12 Heaven!
Cranial nerve mnemonic #2: sensory, motor, or both?
Number Saying Sensory, Motor, Both?

1 Some
2 Say
3 “Money
4 Matters”
5 But
6 My
7 Brother
8 Says
9 “Big
10 Brains
11 Matter
12 More!”
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Cranial Nerve Mnemonic #3: functions

http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/7dc90d51c8730d5c36f51d18aa774fbf5b844ac9
Nerves correspond to notes 1 (lowest) to 12 (highest). Nerves 7 & 9 are grouped together; so are nerves 3, 4, & 6.
Processing sensory info

• Recall earlier slides about synapses between
neurons, tracts connecting parts of the brain
with each other, cranial nerves coming into
and out of the brain….
• Examples of the brain processing sensory

info:
– Responding to bright light
– Localizing sounds in space
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Processing sensory info: responding to bright light

• Background info on the eye (10th Martini, Figures 17-5 & 17-6)
Processing of sensory info: responding to bright light
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Processing sensory info: localizing sounds in space

• Background info on the ear (10th Martini, Figure 17-21)
Processing sensory info: localizing sounds in space
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• What are the Cranial Nerves? (continued)
– Trochlear (CN IV)
• Eye movement
– Trigeminal (CN V)
• Eye, jaws sensation/movement
– Abducens (CN VI)
• Eye movement
– Facial (CN VII)
• Face, scalp, tongue sensation/movement
– Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
• Hearing, balance

• What are the Cranial Nerves? (continued)
– Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
• Taste, swallowing
– Vagus (CN X)
• Autonomic control of viscera
– Accessory (CN XI)
• Swallowing, pectoral girdle movement
– Hypoglossal (CN XII)
• Tongue movement
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• The Cranial Nerves
Figure 8-25(a)

• The Cranial Nerves
Figure 8-25(b)
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•Key Note
•The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are responsible
for the special senses of smell, sight, and
hearing/balance, and control movement of the
eye, jaw, face, tongue, and muscles of the
neck, back, and shoulders. They also provide
sensation from the face, neck, and upper chest
and autonomic innervation to thoracic and
abdominopelvic organs.

• Nerve Plexus—A complex, interwoven
network of nerves
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•Peripheral
Nerves and
Nerve Plexuses
Figure 8-26

• Reflex—An automatic involuntary motor
response to a specific stimulus
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Dorsal Sensation
Arrival of Activation of a root relayed to
stimulus and sensory neuron the brain by
activation of collateral
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Effector Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Response Activation of a
by effector motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 of 6
Arrival of
stimulus and
activation of
receptor
Stimulus
Figure 8-27
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Dorsal
Arrival of Activation of a root
stimulus and sensory neuron
activation of
receptor
Receptor
Stimulus
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
Dorsal Sensation
receptor
Receptor
Stimulus
Information
processing
in CNS
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Figure 8-27
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Dorsal Sensation
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Activation of a
motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
Dorsal Sensation
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Effector Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Response Activation of a
by effector motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
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Stretching of muscle tendon

stimulates muscle spindles
Muscle spindle
(stretch receptor)
Stretch
Spinal
cord
REFLEX
ARC
Contraction
Activation of motor
neuron produces reflex
muscle contraction
Figure 8-29

Muscle spindle
(stretch receptor)
Stretch
Spinal
cord
Figure 8-29
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Muscle spindle
(stretch receptor)
Stretch
Spinal
cord
REFLEX
ARC
Contraction
Activation of motor
neuron produces reflex
muscle contraction
Figure 8-29

• The Flexor Reflex, a Type of Withdrawal
Reflex
Figure 8-30
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•Key Note
•Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to
stimuli that “buy time” for the planning and
execution of more complex responses that are
often consciously directed.

•The Posterior Column
Pathway
Figure 8-31
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•The Corticospinal
Pathway
Figure 8-32
Table 8-4
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Structure of a Nerve
 Endoneurium
surrounds each fiber
 Groups of fibers are
bound into fascicles
by perineurium
 Fascicles are bound
together by
epineurium
Figure 7.20
Classification of Nerves
 Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor

fibers
 Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry
impulses toward the CNS
 Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses
away from the CNS
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Spinal Nerves
 There is a pair of spinal nerves at the

level of each vertebrae for a total of 31
pairs
Spinal Nerves
Figure 7.22a
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Autonomic Nervous System
 The involuntary branch of the nervous

system
 Consists of only motor nerves
 Divided into two divisions
 Sympathetic division
 Parasympathetic division
Comparison of Somatic and

Autonomic Nervous Systems
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24 Slide 7.69
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The Autonomic Nervous System

• What Is The Autonomic Nervous
System?
• Branch of nervous system that
coordinates cardiovascular, digestive,
excretory, and reproductive functions

• What are the Two Divisions of the ANS?
– Sympathetic division
• “Fight or flight” system
– Parasympathetic division
• “Rest and digest” system
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•Key Note
•The two divisions of the ANS operate
largely without our awareness. The
sympathetic division increases alertness,
metabolic rate, and muscular abilities; the
parasympathetic division reduces metabolic
rate and promotes visceral activities such as
digestion.

•The Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous
Systems
Figure 8-33(a)
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•The Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous
Systems
PLAY The Organization of

the Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous
System Figure 8-33(b)

• The Sympathetic Division
Figure 8-34
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• What are the Effects of Sympathetic
Activation?
– Generalized response in crises
– Increased alertness
– Feeling of euphoria and energy
– Increased cardiovascular activity
– Increased respiratory activity
– Increased muscle tone

• The Parasympathetic Division
Figure 8-35
65
10/4/2023

• What are the Effects of Parasympathetic
Activation?
– Relaxation
– Food processing
– Energy absorption
– Brief effects at specific sites
Aging and the Nervous System

• What are Age-Related Changes?
– Reduction in brain size and weight
– Loss of neurons
– Decreased brain blood flow
– Changes in synaptic organization of the brain
66
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Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous

System
Figure 7.25
Autonomic Functioning
 Sympathetic – “fight-or-flight”
 Response to unusual stimulus
 Takes over to increase activities
 Remember as the “E” division = exercise,
excitement, emergency, and
embarrassment

7.74a
67
10/4/2023
Autonomic Functioning
 Parasympathetic – housekeeping
activites
 Conserves energy
 Maintains daily necessary body functions
 Remember as the “D” division - digestion,
defecation, and diuresis

7.74b
Development Aspects of the

Nervous System
 The nervous system is formed during

the first month of embryonic
development
 Any maternal infection can have
extremely harmful effects
 The hypothalamus is one of the last
areas of the brain to develop
7.75a
68
10/4/2023
Development Aspects of the

Nervous System
 No more neurons are formed after birth,

but growth and maturation continues for
several years (new evidence!)
 The brain reaches maximum weight as
a young adult
 However, we can always grow
dendrites!
7.75b
69

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10/4/2023

Anatomy of The Nervous

By: DR.Ndukui James G, Ph.D.

The Nervous System

• Describe the regions of the spinal cord in cross-section

Functions of the Nervous System

The Nervous System

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of the

 Central nervous system (CNS)

Functional Classification of the

Functional Classification of the

Functional Classification of the

Organization of the Nervous

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Neuroglia vs. Neurons

Support Cells of the PNS

Nervous Tissue: Neurons

 Neurons = nerve cells

Axons and Nerve Impulses

 Axons end in axonal terminals

Nerve Fiber Coverings

Neuron Cell Body Location

 Most are found in the central nervous

 Interneurons (association neurons)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Structural Classification of Neurons

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Structural Classification of Neurons

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Structural Classification of Neurons

 Unipolar neurons – have a short single

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

How Neurons Function

Starting a Nerve Impulse

The Action Potential

Nerve Impulse Propagation

Continuation of the Nerve Impulse

How Neurons Communicate at

The Reflex Arc

Simple Reflex Arc

Types of Reflexes and Regulation

Central Nervous System (CNS)

 CNS develops from the embryonic

Regions of the Brain

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Lobes of the Cerebrum

 Fissures (deep grooves) divide the

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum

 Somatic sensory area – receives

Sensory and Motor Areas of the

Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

 Cerebral areas involved in special

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

 Interpretation areas of the cerebrum