The Nervous

AP Biology System2003-2004
 Let’s go to the Video!

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 Overview
 The Nervous System controls and
coordinates all the functions of the body.
 The Nervous System consists of two main
sub-divisions:
 Central Nervous System (CNS)
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• The Peripheral Nervous System is divided
into two sub-divisions:
 Somatic- voluntary
 Autonomic- involuntary

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 http://inside.salve.edu/walsh/cns_pns.jpg
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 Structure and Function of the Neuron
 Neuron is the scientific name for a Nerve Cell.
 Neurons consist of 3 basic structures:
 Cyton, or cell body.
 Dendrites- receive messages, impulses, and send
them to the cell body.
 Axons- send messages away from the cell body.
• Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another
across synapses, or spaces in between the cells.
• The “jumping across” the synapse is facilitated
(helped) by chemicals called Neurotransmitters.

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 Parts of the Neuron
 Dendrites – Branched  A Neuron
parts of a neuron that
receive impulses from
other neurons.
 Cyton- Contains
cytoplasm and the
nucleus. Impulses pass
through here to the
axon.
 Axon- Single long fiber
that carries impulses
away from the cell body.
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 Myelin Sheath
signal
direction  Axon coated with insulation
made of myelin cells (Fatty,
protein substance)
 speeds signal
 330 mph vs. 11 mph

myelin coating

Multiple Sclerosis
 immune system (T cells) attacks myelin coating
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 loss of signal
 Synapse
Junction between nerve cells
 1st cell releases chemical to trigger
next cell
 where drugs affect nervous system

synapse

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 Types of Neurons
Neurons can also be classified by the direction that
they send information:
･ Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from
sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue,
ears) TOWARD the central nervous system.
･ Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY
from the central nervous system to muscles or
glands.
･ Interneurons: send information BETWEEN sensory
neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are
located in the central nervous system.

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 Reflexes
 Stimulus- a change in
the environment.
 Response/Reaction-
how the body reacts to
a stimulus.
 Reflex Arc- the
pathway that an
impulse follows to illicit
a response to a
stimulus.
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Parts of the Central Nervous System

 Brain
 Spinal cord

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 What Protects the CNS?
1. Skull and Vertebrae
2. 3 protective layers called meninges
3. Dura Mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues,
blood vessels, and nerves.
4. Arachnoid Layer (middle layer): elastic and weblike
5. Pia Mater (inner layer): contains nerves and blood vessels.
6. Cerebrospinal fluid
 a clear watery liquid
 separates the middle and inner layers
 Acts as shock absorber
 exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system

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 The Brain

 Coordinates body activities

 Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons
 Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and energy
 Divided into three major parts-
 the Cerebrum
 the Cerebellum
 the Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons)

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 Cerebrum
 Largest part of the brain
 Thinking
 Memory is stored
 Movements are controlled
 Impulses from the senses are
interpreted.

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 Gray Matter vs. White Matter

 Gray Matter – Absence of myelin in

masses of neurons accounts for the gray
matter of the brain – Cerebral Cortex
 White Matter - Myelinated neurons gives
neurons a white appearance – inner layer
of cerebrum

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 Cerebrum specialization
 Regions specialized for different functions
 Lobes
 frontal frontal parietal
 speech,
control of emotions
 temporal
 smell, hearing
 occipital
 vision
 parietal
 speech, taste
reading
occipital
temporal
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 Craniotomy

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 Brain Tumor Surgery

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 Sub-Arachnoid Cyst Removal

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 Cerebral Hemhorrage

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 Subdural Hematoma

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 Brain Worms!

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 Cerebellum
 Responsible for the
coordination of
muscles and is the
center of balance

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 Medulla
 Center of heart beat,
respiration, and
other involuntary
actions

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 Other Structures inside the Brain
 Thalamus – receives messages from
sensory receptors; relays information to
proper regions of cerebrum
 Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst,
fatigue, anger, etc…
 Control of pituitary for endocrine function

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 Section 35-3

Cerebrum

Thalamus
Pineal
gland

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland Cerebellum

Pons

Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

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 The Spinal Cord
 Extension of the brain stem
 Bundles of neurons that carry impulses
from all parts of the body to the brain
and from the brain to all parts of your
body

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 The
Peripheral
Nervous
System
Your brain
Somatic
and spinal
and
cord are
Autonomic
connected
Systems

 
to the rest
The
of your
peripheral
body by
nervous
the
system
peripheral
has two
nervous
major
system.
divisions.
The PNS is
The
made up of
somatic
12 pairs of
system
nerves
controls
from your
voluntary
brain called
actions. It
cranial
is made up
nerves,
of the
and 31
cranial and
pairs from
spinal
your spinal
nerves that
cord called
go from the
                 
spinal
central
                 
nerves.
nervous
                 
Spinal
system to
                 
nerves are
your
                 
made up of
skeletal
                 
bundles of
muscles.
                 
sensory
The
                 
and motor
autonomic
                 
neurons
system
                 
bound
controls
                 
together by
involuntary
                 
connective
actions-
                 
tissue. For
those not
                 
this
under
                 
reason, a
conscious
           
single
control-
Research
spinal
such as
Visit the
nerve can
your heart
Glencoe
have
rate,
Science
impulses
breathing,
Web
goingsiteto at
digestion,
tx.science.
and from
and
glencoe.co
the brain at
glandular
m
the same
functions.
for more
time. Some
These two
information
nerves
divisions,
about the
contain
along
nervous with
only
the central
system.
sensory
nervous
Make a
neurons,
system,
brochure
and some
make
outliningup
contain
your
recent body's
only motor
nervous
medical
neurons,
system.
advances.
but most
nerves
contain
both types
of neurons.

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 Peripheral Nervous System
 Connects body to brain & spinal cord
 12 pairs of nerves from your brain (cranial
nerves)
 31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal
nerves)
 Bundles of sensory and motor neurons
held together by connective tissue
 Two divisions
 Somatic
 Autonomic

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 Divisions of the PNS:
Somatic Nervous System
 Controls voluntary actions
 Made up of the cranial and spinal
nerves that go from the central nervous
system to your skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
 Controls involuntary actions-those not
under conscious control-such as your
heart rate, breathing, digestion, and
glandular functions
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Animals rely on two systems for regulation:

Nervous System is a system of nerve cells called neurons. It

consists of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
and peripheral nerves. Typical responses are fast and short
lasting.

Endocrine System is a system of ductless glands that secrete

hormone into the blood. Hormones travel to target tissues.
Typical responses are slow and long lasting.

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Progesterone Estradiol
Human Endocrine
Glands

Ductless glands
transport hormones in
the blood

Duct glands are

exocrine glands that
use tubes to carry the
secretion
(salivary, tears)

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Pituitary gland and Hypothalamus serve to link the nervous
system other glands and metabolic functions.

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 Thyroid and Parathyroid help regulate calcium metabolism

Feedback!

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 Goiter: Iodine deficiency and feedback causes the thyroid to
enlarge

This people have a goiter, a condition

that is easily preventable with iodized
salt

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 Thyroid regulates metabolism

Graves disease: hyperthyroid

feedback

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 Pancreas helps regulate blood glucose

feedback

Insulin from Beta cells reduce blood sugar

Glucagon
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 THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT MECHANISM
•Large amount of adrenaline pumped into the body to put
us in a state of increased alertness
•Blood is redirected away from the extremities to the large
muscles of the body
•The heart starts working harder to move the blood to the
large muscle groups as quickly as it can
•Increase in Respiratory Rate
•Release of red blood cells
•Release of sugar by liver
•Increase in metabolic rate

alektorophobia
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Gonads: Testes and Ovaries produce hormones that
regulate secondary sex traits Male sex traits include
those changes that
occur during puberty

Androgens include
testosterone

feedback
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 feedback
Female sex traits
include the
menstrual cycle and
the changes seen
during puberty

LH and FSH from

the pituitary

Estrogen and
progesterone from
the ovary

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Identify the Glands

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