Brain

S.Nawazish-i-Husain

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 1

 Brain
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
Right Thalamus
3. Diencephalon Relay and processing centers
Left Thalamus for sensory information

Infundibulum
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland

Centers for emotions, autonomic function and hormone production

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 2

Cerebrum
(Telencephalon)

•Conscious thought
processes
•Intellectual function
•Memory storage and
processing
•Conscious and
subconscious control
of skeletal muscle
contractions

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 3

Cerebellum
(Metencephalon)

•Coordinates
complex somatic
motor patterns

•Adjusts output of Cerebellum

other somatic
motor centers

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 4

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 5
Brain stem
•The diencephalon is a
structural and
functional link
between the cerebral
hemisphere and brain
stem
1. Mesencephalon
2. Pons
3. Medulla
oblongata

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 6

 Mesencephalon or Mid brain
Sensory nuclei

– visual and auditory information

– control reflexes (loud noise)
– centers to maintain consciousness

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 7

 Pons
• Latin for bridge

• Connects the cerebellum to the brain stem

• Tracts and relay centers

• Nuclei involved with somatic and visceral

motor control

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 8

Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord connects
to the brain at
Medulla

1. Relay sensory to the

thalamus
2. Regulate autonomic
function

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 9

 Protection and Support of the Brain
• Bones of cranium
• Cranial meninges
• CSF
• Blood Brain Barrier, the neural tissue is
biochemically isolated from the general
circulation

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 10

 The Cranial Meninges
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid
• Pia mater

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 11

 CSF
• Cushioning the brain
– Transporting
– nutrients
– chemical messengers
– and waste products

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 12

 CSF
• The Choroid plexus (Choroid, vascular coat,
plexus, network) specialized ependymal
cells and permeable capillaries
• Ependymal cells: secrete CSF into ventricles,
remove waste products, adjust its composition
• 500ml/day
• Total volume, 150 ml
• Every 8 hours CSF is replaced
5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 13
 Blood Brain Barrier
• Neural tissue is isolated from general
circulation
• Barrier exists because the endothelial cells
that line the capillaries of the CNS are
extensively interconnected by tight junctions
• CO2,O2, NH4, lipids (steroids, PG)

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 14

 The Cerebrum
• Largest region of the brain

• Conscious thoughts

• Intellectual functions

• Somatic sensory and motor functions

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 15

 The Cerebral Cortex

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 16

 The Cerebral Cortex
Region/Nucleus Function

Frontal lobe (Primary motor cortex) Voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Parietal lobe (Primary sensory cortex) Conscious perception of touch, pressure,

vibration, pain, temperature and taste

Occipital lobe (Visual cortex) Conscious perception of visual stimuli

Temporal lobe (Auditory cortex and Conscious perception of auditory and

olfactory cortex) olfactory stimuli

All lobes (Association areas) Integration and processing of sensory

data; processing and initiation of motor
activities
5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 17
 The Cerebral nuclei
• Cerebral cortex, conscious directives (complex
movement or solving a puzzle)
• Other centers of cerebrum (diencephalon,
brain stem) passing motor directives out of
conscious control
• Subconscious level, many activities are
controlled by cerebral nuclei

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 18

 The cerebral nuclei
• Components of the extrapyramidal system
• Extrapyramidal system: a motor system,
subconscious control of
– Skeletal muscle tone
– Coordinates learned movement patterns
– Other somatic motor activities

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 19

 The limbic system
• Limbus, border, includes nuclei and tracts
along the border between the cerebrum and
diencephalon
• Functional components include:
– Cerebrum
– Diencephalon
– Mesencephalon

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 20

 The limbic system
• Emotional states
• Behavioral drives
• Link, conscious and intellectual functions with
unconscious and anatomical functions of brain
stem
• Memory storage and retrieval

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 21

The limbic
system
System contains
thalamus,
hypothalamus,
amygdala
and
hippocampus

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 22

 The limbic system
Function Processing of memories, creation of
emotional states, drives and associated
behaviors

Cerebral components Cortical areas, Nuclei (amygdaloid body)

and Tracts

Diencephalon components Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Other components Reticular formation

5/21/2019 Pharm-D 1st Year_CNS 23