Nervous system

ZARKA WAHID BUX

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 nervous system
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The nervous system is the master controlling and

communicating system of the body. Every thought,
action, and emotion reflects its activity. Its signaling
device, or means of communicating with body cells,
is electrical impulses, which are rapid and specific
and cause almost immediate responses.

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 Classification of nervous system
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Central nervous system consist of brain and spinal

cord
Peripheral nervous system consist of
Cranial nerves 12 pairs
Spinal nerves 31 pair
Autonomic nerves .(sympathetic nerves and
parasympathetic nerves

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 Nervous tissue
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It consists of three kind of matter

Grey matter it forms the nerve cell
White matter it forms the nerve fibre
Neurologia matter. It is a special kind of support
cell and found only in nervous system which holds
together in support nerve cells and their fibres .
Each nerve cell with its process is called neuron

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 Classification of neuron according to function
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Afferent nerves(sensory nerves) these nerves carry

impulses from peripheral to spinal cord and brain.
Efferent nerves(motor nerves) these nerves carry
impulses from brain and spinal cord to periphery
Mixed nerves these nerves carry impulses in both
direction

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 Classification of neuron according to structure
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Unipolar nerves: these have only as ingle process

as an “axon”
It performs one function
Bipolar nerve: these have only one “dendrite "and
one “axon”
Multipolar nerve: these have several “dendrite”
but one “axon”

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Protecting covering of brain and spinal cord
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Cranial cavity and vertebral column

These are the protective covers for brain and spinal
cord

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 meninges
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the meninges are protective coverings of the brain

(cranial meninges) and spinal cord (spinal
meninges). They consist of three layers of
membranous connective tissue
the pia mater is the innermost meninx layer. It
tightly covers the brain and spinal cord and carries
blood vessels that provide nourishment to these
nervous tissues.

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 Layers of maningies
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The arachnoid (arachnoid mater) is the middle

meninx. Projections from the arachnoid, called
arachnoid villi, protrude through one layer of the
dura mater into the dural sinuses. The arachnoid villi
transport the CSF from the subarachnoid space to
the dural sinuses. Two cavities border the arachnoid
It separates the pia mater from dura matter

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 Dura matter
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It is the outer most covering and it dip into the

tissues of brain and spinal cord

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 Cerebrospinal fluid
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It is clear colorless liquid which is present between

meninges
Function of cerebrospinal fluid
 providing basic mechanical and immunological
protection to the brain inside the skull. CSF also
serves a vital function in the cerebral auto regulation
of cerebral blood flow.

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 Central nervous system
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The central nervous system is composed of two major

interconnected organs
– The brain
– The spinal cord.
These organs work together to integrate and coordinate
sensory and motor information for the purpose of
controlling the various tissues, organs, and organ
systems of the body.
 The central nervous system is responsible for higher
neural functions, such as memory, learning, and emotion

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 Brain
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Brain Weighs about 3 pounds in adults

 75% water
20% of oxygen
 Contains over 100 billion neurons
 Controls bodily functions and interactions with the outside
world
 Four Parts:
Cerebrum
 Diencephalons
 Brain stem
 Cerebellum

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 Cerebrum
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Cerebrum Located above the cerebellum. Contains two hemispheres with an

outer portion called the cerebral cortex.
 The two hemispheres are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers that relay
information between the two hemispheres called the corpus callosum.
The left and right lobes are each divided into four lobes or parts parietal lobe
 Frontal lobe
 Temporal lobe
 Occipital lobe
Diencephalon: The deep portion of the brain containing:•
Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
 Epithalamus
 Ventral thalamus

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 Brain steem
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Made up of the midbrain; Pons and the medulla oblongata.

Midbrain : Involved with visual reflexes
 Pons: Located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
 Controls certain respiratory functions Medulla Oblongata
Contains centers that regulate heart and lung functioning,
swallowing, coughing, vomiting and sneezing
Cerebellum
Area that coordinates musculoskeletal movement to maintain
posture, balance, and muscle tone.
Inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum .
Posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata

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 Spinal cord
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Extends from the medulla oblongata of the brain to

the area around the first lumbar vertebra in the
lower back.
Nerves from the peripheral nervous system extend
out from the spinal cord.
Protected by:
Vertebral column
Cerebrospinal fluid
meninges

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 Peripheral nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system consist of

Cranial nerves 12 pairs
Spinal nerves 31 pair
Autonomic nerves .(sympathetic nerves and
parasympathetic nerves

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 Thirty one pair of spinal nerves
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Spinal nerve have no special name like cranial nerves

but these are numbered according to the level of
spinal column .
Eight 8 pairs of cervical nerves
Twelve pairs of thoracic nerves
Five pairs of lumber nerves
Five pair of sacral nerves
One pair of coccygeal nerves

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 Autonomic nerves
involuntary nerves
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These nerves consist of autonomic gangalia and its

fibers
Sympathetic nerves ;it increases the heart rate,
respiration, blood pressure ,blood sugar, blood
clotting and dilate the eye pupils
Parasympathetic nerves, it control the activities of
viscera and size of blood vessels

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