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Fib-Notes Slide PDF
Fib-Notes Slide PDF
Design of
Structural
Connections
Björn Engström
Chalmers University of Technology
Göteborg, Sweden
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Content
• Design philosophy
– Structural purpose
– Force paths at different levels
– Mechanical behaviour – design aspects
• Basic force transfer mechanisms
– Compression
– Shear
– Tension
– Bending - torsion
• fib Bulletin on –Structural connections
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Design aspects:
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Manufacture
• Production of precast elements
• Handling, storage and transportation of
precast elements
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Tolerances
Accessibility
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Modular co-ordination
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Demountability
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Diaphragm action
Fixed end
columns
Shear panels
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Shear
Shear
Tension
Tension
Shear
Shear
Core
Core
Tension
Tension
Compression
Compression
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Force paths –
structural subsystems
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Force paths –
structural subsystems
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Alternative
designs –
force paths
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Flow of forces
through the
connection and
further away
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Mechanical behaviour
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Mechanical response
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Unintended restraint
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Preferred
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Alternative solutions
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Compression
w
N N
Tension
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Transfer of compression
local compression,
compressive strength
in confined concrete
tension
stress dispersion
splitting effects
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Design of bearings
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Design examples
Wall connection
with mortar joint Beam support
with soft bearing
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Design examples
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Bolted connections
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Q Q
x0
High High
bending compression
stress
VR = φ 2 f cc ⋅ f sy
Bending failure in bolt VR
x0 =
crushing of concrete 3 f cc ⋅ φ
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Effect of eccentricity
eccentricity factor ke
Q 11 1
e fck/fyk
0.8
0,8
x0
k e1( e ) 0.6
0.6 20/500
k e2( e )
0.4
0,4
0.2
50/320
0,2
0.18322 0
VR = ke φ 2
f cc ⋅ f sy 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0 0,5 1,0 ζ 1,5 2,0 2,5
2.5
VR e/φ
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Slip VR
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
fcc
x0
2e
x0
fcc
Slip
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Different conditions
V1 = φ 2 f cc ,min ⋅ f sy V1 = φ 2 f cc ,min ⋅ f sy
VR VR
x 0 ,1 = x 0 ,1 =
3 f cc.min ⋅ φ 3 f cc.min ⋅ φ
fcc,min fcc,min
x0,1 x0,1
2e 2e
x0,2
fcc,max fcc,max
VR = φ 2 f cc ,max ⋅ f sy
VR
x0, 2 =
3 f cc ,max ⋅ φ
Failure
mechanism
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Response in shear
Shear force
V1 = φ 2 f cc ,min ⋅ f sy
VR
x 0 ,1 =
3 f cc.min ⋅ φ
fcc,min
Second plastic hinge ⇒ plastic mechanism
fcc,max
Shear slip
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Effect of restraint
VR = k r ⋅ φ 2 f cc ⋅ f sy
fcc
VR
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
1 ≤ kr ≤ 2
x0
My,red
fcc
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
VR
x0 =
3 f cc ⋅ φ
fcc
2
ke ,r = k r + ε 2 − ε
x0
e
fcc
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Effect of anchorage
VR = µ ⋅ (σ s As ) + φ 2 f cc ⋅ f s ,red
fcc f r ,red = f s − σ s
x0
x0
fcc
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
I II III
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Shear in joints
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Shear friction
Crack width
Crack
width
Shear slip Shear slip
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Self-generated friction
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
deformed bars
strain localisation
high steel stress
yields for
small slip,
friction dominates
Fv
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
plain bars
induced
uniform strain
tension
low steel stress
yields for
large slip,
friction + dowel
Fv
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
s VR = µ ⋅ (σ s As ) + φ 2 f cc ⋅ f s ,red
fcc f r ,red = f s − σ s
x0
x0
fcc
Fv
Different responses
s Depends on:
joint roughness
bond resistance of
transverse bar
Fv
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Force in bar
6
52
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
shear stress
plain joints
slip
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Design examples
Fv
High
High
compression
bending
stress
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
plain
monolithic plain with
shear-keys
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Uncracked joint
Cracked joints
Vertical shear
capacity
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
beff
7
Applications
6
3
4
1
reinforcement
in concrete 5
filled sleeves
transversal ties 2
cast in-situ
concrete
beff
joint fill
2 3 4
1
transversal ties
longitudinal tie
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Transfer of tension
2φ
τpl
Fsu
τy
l ty l t,pl
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Headed bar
Concrete capacity
design approach
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Tensile capacity is
needed for:
diaphragm action
in floor
shear friction
resistance of joints
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
α τb . tanα
τb
α
α
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Splitting cracks
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Anchorage failures
N Nmax
Splitting
N Nmax
Pull-out
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Bond stress
Force [MPa]
50
45
40
. . .
. . . . .
. 35
30
Bond, τb
HSC
. . 25
40 . .
.
. .
. 20
NSC
. . 15
mm . . . . 10
. 5
0
Slip 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Passive end-slip [mm]
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
End slip
Reference point
Slip
F
Steel bar Steel bar in tension
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Elastic response
Crack width [mm]
2,0
1.58184
2
φ32
w6 σs
w 10 σ s
φ20
w 16 σ s φ16
1,0
w 20 σ s
1
φ12
w 25 σ s
φ10
0,5 φ8
w 32 σ s 0.5
φ6
0 0
0 0
0
0
100
1 10
8
200
2 10
8
σs
300
3 10
8
400
4 10
8
500
5 10
8
5 .10
8
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Yield penetration
2φ
τpl
Fsu
τy
lty lt,pl
Plastic zone
Elastic zone
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Response of connections
N Rupture
Fsu
of bar
Fsy
N N
wy 0,5 wu wu w
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
s
When will the
transverse bars
yield?
Depends on:
joint roughness
bond resistance of
transverse bar
Fv
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Force in bar
Examples
N [kN]
109
101
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Examples
Design of anchorage allowing
for full yield penetration
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Examples
Estimation of tie bar stiffness
N N
Design of loop
connection
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Prevention of progressive
collapse
• Withstand accidental
loading
• Reducing the risk of
accidental loading
• Increase redundancy and
prevent propagation of
initial damage
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
3,0
4,5
3,0
6,0
5,0 5,0
[m]
N Tie force
Fsu
Fsy
d
A B
wy 0,5 wu wu w
Crack width l
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Beam column
connections
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Floor connections:
no restraint, unintended restraint, full restraint, partial
continuity in the service state
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Example
2 rebars d=12
L = 5300
Rebars d 10 50
c/c 300, 40
L = 200+300 100 ϕ
Thin plastic w
30
Plywood board 60 70 sheet
Fs
30x50x60 100 100 d
under webs, 200
2 pc./slab end
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
Torsional restraint
at beam support
Simply supported Firmly connected
Björn Engström
Division of Structural Engineering
fib Bulletin on
Structural Connections
• Encourage good practice in design of
structural connections
• Design philosophy
• Connections ⇔ Structural system
• Understanding of basic force transfer
mechanisms
Björn Engström