Tan Delta Test Procedure

NFPA No.
Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted.
15
WATER
S P R A Y FIXED
SYSTEMS
FOR FIRE PROTECTION
1969
O f f i c i a l N F P A Definitions
Adopted Jan. 23, 1964. Where variances to these definitions are found, efforts to
eliminate such conflicts are in process.
S~ALL is i n t e n d e d to i n d i c a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s .
SHOULD is i n t e n d e d to i n d i c a t e r e c o n l m e n d a t i o n s or t h a t w h i c h is a d v i s e d
but not required.
, APPROVED m e a n s a c c e p t a b l e to t h e a u t h o r i t y h a v i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n . T h e N a t i o n a l
F i r e P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n d o e s n o t a p p r o v e , i n s p e c t or c e r t i f y a n y i n s t a l l a t i o n s ,
p r o c e d u r e s , e q u i p m e n t or m a t e r i a l s n o r d o e s it a p p r o v e or e v a l u a t e t e s t i n g l a b o r a -
tories. I n d e t e r m i n i n g *~he a c c e p t a b i l i t y of i n s t a l l a t i o n s or p r o c e d u r e s , e q u i p m e n t
or m a t e r i a l s , t h e a u t h o r i t y h a v i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n m a y b a s e a c c e p t a n c e o n c o m p l i a n c e
w i t h N F P A or o t h e r a p p r o p r i a t e s t a n d a r d s . I n t h e a b s e n c e of s u c h s t a n d a r d s ,
s a i d a u t h o r i t y m a y r e q u i r e e v i d e n c e of p r o p e r i n s t a l l a t i o n , p r o c e d u r e or use. T h e
a u t h o r i t y h a v i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n m a y also r e f e r to t h e l i s t i n g s or l a b e l i n g p r a c t i c e s of
n a t i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r i e s , * i.e., l a b o r a t o r i e s qualified a n d e q u i p p e d
to c o n d u c t t h e n e c e s s a r y tests, in a p o s i t i o n to d e t e r m i n e c o m p l i a n c e w i t h a p -
p r o p r i a t e s t a n d a r d s for t h e c u r r e n t p r o d u c t i o n of listed i t e m s , a n d t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y
p e r f o r m a n c e of s u c h e q u i p m e n t or m a t e r i a l s in a c t u a l u s a g e .
*Among the laboratories nationally recognized b y the authorities having jurisdiction in
the United States and Canada are the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., the Factory Mutual
Engineering Division, the American Gas Association Laboratories, tile Underwriters' Labora-
tories of Canada, the Canadian Standards Association Testing Laboratories, and the Canadian
Gas Association Approvals Division.
LISTED: E q u i p m e n t or m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e d in a list p u b l i s h e d b y a n a t i o n a l l y
r e c o g n i z e d t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r y t h a t m a i n t a i n s p e r i o d i c i n s p e c t i o n of p r o d u c t i o n of
listed e q u i p m e n t or m a t e r i a l s , a n d w h o s e l i s t i n g s t a t e s e i t h e r t h a t t h e e q u i p m e n t
or m a t e r i a l m e e t s n a t i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d s t a n d a r d s or h a s b e e n t e s t e d a n d f o u n d
s u i t a b l e for u s e in a specified m a n n e r .
LABELED: E q u i p m e n t or m a t e r i a l s to w h i c h h a s b e e n a t t a c h e d a label of a
n a t i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d t e s t i n g l a b o r a t o r y t h a t m a i n t a i n s p e r i o d i c i n s p e c t i o n of
p r o d u c t i o n of l a b e l e d e q u i p m e n t or m a t e r i a l s , a n d b y w h o s e l a b e l i n g is i n d i c a t e d
c o m p l i a n c e w i t h n a t i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d s t a n d a r d s or t h e c o n d u c t of t e s t s to d e t e r m i n e
s u i t a b l e u s a g e in a specified m a n n e r .
AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION: T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , office or i n d i v i d u a l r e -

s p o n s i b l e for " a p p r o v i n g " e q u i p m e n t , aIl i n s t a l l a t i o n , or a p r o c e d u r e .
S t a t e m e n t o n N F P A Procedures
This material has been developed in the interest of safety to life and property under the
published procedures of the National Fire Protection Association. These procedures are de-
si~ned to assure the appointment of technically competent Committees having balanced
representation from those vitally interested and active in the areas with which the Committees
are concerned. These procedures provide t h a t all Committee recommendations shall be pub-
lished prior to action on them by the Association itself and that following this publication these
recommendations shall be presented for adoption to the Annual Meeting of the Association
where anyone in attendance, member or not, m a y present his views. While these procedures
assure the highest degree of care, neither the National Fire Protection Association, its members,
nor those participating in its activities accepts a n y liability resulting from compliance or non-
compliance with the provisions given herein, for a n y restrictions imposed on materials or
processes, or for the completeness of the text,
Copyright and R e p u b l i s h i n g R i g h t s
T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n is c o p y r i g h t e d © b y t h e N a t i o n a l F i r e P r o t e c t i o n A s s o -
c i a t i o n . P e r m i s s i o n is g r a n t e d to r e p u b l i s h in full t h e m a t e r i a l h e r e i n in laws,
o r d i n a n c e s , r e g u l a t i o n s , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o r d e r s or s i m i l a r d o c u m e n t s issued b y
p u b l i c a u t h o r i t i e s . All o t h e r s d e s i r i n g p e r m i s s i o n to r e p r o d u c e t h i s m a t e r i a l in
w h o l e o r in p a r t sh~ll c o n s u l t t h e N a t i o n a l F i r e P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n .
$69032 8
Standard for / ~ , ~'. ( " :" ~''

~J~}~_ 9 196~/Vater Spray Fixed S y ~ ; ~ o 2" /
for F,re Protect, on . . . . . -, / '
This 1969 edition of N F P A No. 15 was p r e p a r e d by the Committee on W a t e r

Spray Fixed Systems and was adopted by the National Fire Protection Associa-
tion at its 1969 Annual Meeting in N e w York, N.Y., M a y 12-16. It supersedes
the edition of 1962.
Origin and Development of No. 15

Standards for Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection, formerly " W a t e r
Spray Nozzles and Extinguishing Systems," first prepared by the Committee
on M a n u f a c t u r i n g Hazards, were tentatively adopted in 1939, with final
adoption in 1940. Subsequently, these standards were placed u n d e r the jurisdic-
tion of the Committee on Special Extinguishing Systems and a new edition
was adopted in 1947. I n 1959 the committee organization was further c h a n g e d
to place p r i m a r y responsibility in the hands of the Committee on Water Spray,
u n d e r the general supervision of the General Committee on Special Extinguish-
ing Methods. I n 1966 the General Committee on Special Extinguishing M e t h o d s
was discontinued and the Committee on W a t e r Spray was constituted as an
independent committee.
Committee on Water Spray Fixed Systems

W. M. Horn, Chairman,
Kentucky Inspection Bureau, 940 Starks Bldg., Louisville, Ky. 40202
Joe D. S m i t h , Secretary,
Kentucky Inspection Bureau, 940 Starks Bldg., Louisville, Ky. 40202
(Alternate to W. M. Horn.)
S. E. Auck, Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. N. R, Lockwood, American Petroleum In-

W a y n e E. Ault, National Automatic Sprin- stitute.
kler & Fire Control Assn. H. S. Robinson, Oil Insurance Assn.
George G. Blair, Edison Electric Institute. R. M. L. Russell, Factory Insurance Assn.
J. C. Chapman, Factory Mutual Engineer- Win. P. Underwood, Pacific Fire Rating
ing Assn. Bureau.
N o r m a n E. Gatsch, Jr., Ohio Inspection J. J. Walker, Union Carbide Corp.
Bureau. Jack A. Wood, National Automatic Sprin-
Halk R. Kazarian, National Automatic kler & Fire Control Assn.
Sprinkler and Fire Control Assn. Clairmont Zook, Jr., Improved Risk Mu-
B e n j a m i n E. Lingo, Department of the tuals.
Navy.
Alternates.
R. E. Sherwood, Oil Insurance Assn. W . J . Swingler, Factory Insurance Assn.
(Alternate to H. S. Robinson.) (Alternate to R. M. L. Russell.)
SCOPE: To develop m i n i m u m standards for the design, construction, installation, mainte-

nance, and test of fixed water spray systems for fire protection purposes.
15-2 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4
Chapter 1. General Provisions

1010. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5
1020. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5
1030. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6
1040. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7
1050. Plans and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-10
1060. Approval of Water Spray Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-10
Chapter 2. System Components

2010. Devices and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11
2020. Component Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11
2030. Corrosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11
2040. Spray Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11
2050. Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11
2060. Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-12
2070. Hangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-13
2080. Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-13
2090. Control Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-13
2100. Pressure Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-13
2110. Strainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-13
2120, Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-14
2130. Fire Department Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-14
2140. Flushing Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-14
Chapter 3. Water Supplies

3000. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-15
3010. V o l u m e a n d Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-15
3020. Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-15
Chapter 4. System Design and Installation

4000. Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-17
4010. Plans, Specifications, and Hydraulic Calculations . . . . . 15-17
4020. Design Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-17
4030. Design Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-17
4040. Density and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-18
4050. Size o f S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-25
4060. Separation of Fire Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-25
4070. Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-26
4080. Spray Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-26
4090. Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-27
CONTENTS 15--3
Page
4100. Hangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-28
4110. Strainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-28
4120. Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-29
Chapter 5. Acceptance Tests

5000. Flushing of Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-30
5010. Hydrostatic Pressure Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-30
5020. Water Discharge Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-30
5030. Operating Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-31
5040. Acceptance Test Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-31
Chapter 6. Periodic Testing and Maintenance

6000. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-32
6010. Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-32
Chapter 7. Plans, Specifications and Hydraulic Calculations

7000. Plans and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-34
7010. Hydraulic Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-34
7020. Summary Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-36
7030. Detailed Work Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-36
7040. Graph Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-37
7050. Abbreviations and Symbols . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-37
7060. Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-39
7070. Velocity Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-39
7080. Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings . . . . . . 15-41
7090. Calculating Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-41
Chapter 8. Automatic Detection Equipment

8000. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-44
8010. Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-44
8020. Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-44
8030. Location and Spacing of Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . 15-44
8040. Arrangement and Supervision of Systems . . . . . . . . . 15-46
8050. Response Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-46
Appendix
A-1033 Design Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-48
A-1044 Clearance to Live Electrical Apparatus . . . . . . . . . 15-48
A - 4 0 4 3 ( b ) E x p o s u r e P r o t e c t i o n - - Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . 15-50
A-4060 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-50
A-7090 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-56
15--4 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS
Standard for
Water Spray Fixed Systems
for Fire Protection
NFPA No. 15 -- 1969
FOREWORD
The term water spray refers to the use of water in a form having a
predetermined pattern, particle size, velocity, and density discharged
from specially designed nozzles or devices. Water spray fixed sys-
tems are usually applied to special fire protection problems, since
the protection can be specifically designed to provide for effective
fire control, extinguishment, prevention, or exposure protection.
Water spray systems may be independent of, or supplementary to,
other forms of protection.
This Standard deals with water spray protection from fixed
nozzle systems only. It does not cover water spray protection from
portable nozzles, sprinkler systems, monitor nozzles, or other means
of application covered by other standards of the National Fire
Protection Association.
Water spray fixed systems are most commonly used to protect
processing structures and equipment, flammable liquid and gas
vessels, piping, and equipment such as transformers, oil switches,
and motors. Such protection has also been shown to be effective
on m a n y combustible solids.
The design of specific systems may vary considerably, depending
on the nature of the hazard and the basic purposes of protection.
Because of these variations and the wide choice in the character-
istics of spray nozzles, these systems must be competently designed,
installed, and maintained. Although water spray has a wide ap-
plication, it is essential that its limitations be understood by the
designer.
1V[uch informative material was included in earlier editions of
this publication, in view of the limited knowledge about this form of
protection. Over the years, however, additional test work has been
done, and considerable additional field experience has become
available. T h e present edition has been prepared as a standard
rather than as a compilation of informative material.
There are several methods of hydraulic calculation which will
produce satisfactory results. There is a need, however, for a uni-
form method of hydraulic calculations for the sake of simplicity
and consistency. For this reason a recommended method has been
included in this Standard.
GENERAL PROVISIONS 15-5
CHAPTER 1. G E N E R A L PROVISIONS
1010. S c o p e .
1011. This S t a n d a r d is a m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d for the design,
installation, m a i n t e n a n c e , a n d test of w a t e r spray fixed systems, [
for fire protection service. I
1020. D e f i n i t i o n s .
AUTOMATIC DETECTION EQUIPMENT - - E q u i p m e n t w h i c h will
a u t o m a t i c a l l y detect heat, flame, smoke, c o m b u s t i b l e v a p o r , or
other c o n d i t i o n likely to p r o d u c e fire or explosion, a n d cause a u t o -
m a t i c a c t u a t i o n of a l a r m a n d protection e q u i p m e n t .
CONTROL OF BURNING - - A p p l i c a t i o n of w a t e r spray to e q u i p -
m e n t or areas where a fire m a y occur to control the rate of b u r n i n g
a n d t h e r e b y limit the h e a t release from a fire until the fuel can be
e l i m i n a t e d or extinguishment effected.
DENSITY - - T h e unit rate of w a t e r a p p l i c a t i o n to an a r e a or
surface expressed in gallons per m i n u t e p e r square foot.
EXPOSURE PROTECTION - - A p p l i c a t i o n of w a t e r spray to structures
or e q u i p m e n t to limit a b s o r p t i o n of h e a t to a level which will
m i n i m i z e d a m a g e a n d p r e v e n t failure, w h e t h e r source of h e a t is
external or internal.
IMPINGEMENT - - T h e striking of a p r o t e c t e d surface by w a t e r
d r o p l e t s issuing directly from a w a t e r s p r a y nozzle.
INSULATED EQUIPMENT, STRUCTURES, OR V E S S E L S - E q u i p m e n t ,
structures, or vessels p r o v i d e d with insulation, which, for t h e ex-
pected d u r a t i o n of exposure, will p r o t e c t steel from exceeding a
t e m p e r a t u r e of 850 ° F. for structural m e m b e r s , or 650 ° F. for
vessels; a n d w h e r e the insulation system is:
(a) N o n c o m b u s t i b l e a n d fire r e t a r d a n t ,
(b) M i l d e w a n d w e a t h e r resistant,
(c) Resistant to the force of hose streams, a n d
(d) Secured by fire a n d corrosion resistant fastenings.
NOTE 1: Noncombustible materials affording two-hour ratings under the
Standard Method of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,
NFPA No. 251, will usually satisfy these requirements when properly
fastened and weather protected.
NOTE 2: For equipment, structures and vessels of nonferrous metals,
somewhat lower temperature limits may be required.
NONABSORBINO GROUND - - E a r t h or fill which is not r e a d i l y
p e r m e a b l e or a b s o r b e n t to large q u a n t i t i e s of f l a m m a b l e or c o m -
bustible liquid a n d / o r water. M o s t soils are not considered suf-
ficiently p e r m e a b l e or a b s o r b e n t to be considered absorbing g r o u n d .
P a r i n g s , such as concrete or asphalt, are considered n o n a b s o r b i n g .
RuN-DowN - - The downward travel of water along a surface,

caused by the momentum of the water or by gravity.
SLIPPAGE - - The horizontal component of the travel of water
along a surface beyond the point of impact, caused by the mo-
mentum of the water.
WATER SPRAY NOZZLE - - A water discharge device which,
when supplied with water under pressure, will distribute the water
in a special, directional pattern peculiar to the particular device.
WATER SPRAY SYSTEM- - A water spray system is a special fixed
pipe system connected to a reliable source of fire protection water
supply, and equipped with water spray nozzles for specific water
discharge and distribution over the surface or area to be protected.
The piping system is connected to the water supply through an
automatically or manually actuated valve which initiates the flow
of water. An automatic valve is actuated by operation of automatic
detection equipment installed in the same areas as the water spray
nozzles. (In special cases the automatic detection equipment may
also be located in another area.)
WET WATER - - Wet water is any water to which a compatible
wetting agent has been added in quantities specified by the manu-
facturer.
NOTE: For definitions of combustible and flammable liquids, see N F P A
No. 321, Standard for Basic Classifications of Flammable and Combustible
Liquids.
1030. Applicability.
1031. Water spray is applicable for protection of specific haz-
ards and equipment and may be installed independently of or
supplementary to other forms of fire protection systems or equip-
ment.
1032. H a z a r d s - - Water spray protection is, in general, ac-

ceptable for the protection of hazards involving:
(a) Gaseous and liquid flammable materials.
(b) Electrical hazards such as transformers, oil switches, and
motors.
(e) Ordinary combustibles such as paper, wood, and textiles.
(d) Certain hazardous solids.
1033. PURPOSES - - In general, water spray may be used ef-

fectively for any one or a combination of the following purposes:
(See Appendix A 1033)
(a) Extinguishment of fire.
GENERAL PROVISIONS 15--7
(b) Control of burning.

(c) Exposure protection.
(d) Preven:ion of fire.
1040. Limitations.
1041. There are limitations to the use of water spray whichshall
be recognized. Such limitations involve the nature of the equip-
ment to be protected, the physical and chemical properties of the
materials involved and the environment of the hazard.
NOTE: Other standards also consider lirrfitations to the application of
water (slop-over, frothing, electrical clearances, etc.). See Hazardous Chem-
icals Data (NFPA No. 49) and Properties of Flammable Liquids (NFPA
No. 325M).
1042. Materials Involved.

(a) A careful study should be made of the physical and chemical
properties of the materials for which water spray protection is being
considered, in order to determine the advisability of its use. The
flash point, specific gravity, viscosity, miscibility and solubility of
the material, temperature of the water spray and the normal
temperature of the hazard to be protected are among the factors
which must be given consideration.
(b) The slop-over or frothing hazard should be considered where
water spray may encounter confined materials at a high tempera-
ture or having a wide distillation range.
(c) Water soluble materials, such as alcohol, require special
consideration. Fires involving spills of such materials may usually
be controlled, until extinguished by dilution, and in some cases
the surface fire may be extinguished by an adequate application
rate and coverage. Each water soluble material should be tested
under the conditions of use to determine the applicability of a
water spray system.
(d) Water spray is generally not suitable for direct application
to materials which react with water, such as metallic sodium or
calcium carbide, producing violent reactions or increased hazard-
ous products as a result of heated vapor emission. Liquefied gases
at cryogenic temperatures, such as liquefied natural gas, also boil
violently when heated by water. In special cases, where adequate
safeguards have been provided, water spray systems for the pro-
tection of structures, equipment, or personnel in the presence of
such materials may be acceptable to the authority having juris-
diction.
|5--8 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS
200'
180,
/
160,
/
u~
i,I
I 120.
U
140.
/
Z
I
w
0 100
Z
/
nr
ill
-I
80, j
U
60. /
40 /
20, j
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400
BASIC INSULATION LEVEL-KILOVOLTS
Fig. ~1044(b). Clearance from Water Spray Equipment to Live U n i n s u l a t e d

Electrical C o m p o n e n t s .
1043. Equipment Involved.

(a) Consideration should be given to the possibility of damage,
distortion, or failure of equipment operating at high surface tem-
peratures.
GENERAL PROVISIONS 15-9
1044. C l e a r a n c e to L i v e Electrical Apparatus. (See Appendix

A-1044.)
( a ) G E N E R A L - - The clearances given are for altitudes of 3,300
feet or less. At altitudes in excess of 3,300 feet, the clearance shall
be increased at the rate of one percent for each 330-foot increase
in altitude above 3,300 feet.
(b) CLEARANCE
(1) Clearance between any portion of water spray equipment
and unenclosed or uninsulated live electrical components, at other
than ground potential, shall not be less than that given in Table
1044(b) or Figure 1044(b).
(2) The clearances are based upon minimum general prac-
tices related to design BIL (Basic Insulation Level) values. To
coordinate the required clearance with the electrical design, the
design BIL of the equipment being water spray protected should
be used as a basis. Where the design BIL is not available, the voltage
m a y be used as a basis. However, in either event, the clearance
between uninsulated energized parts of the electrical system equip-
ment and any portion of the water spray system shall not be less
TABLE 1044(b)
Clearance from Water Spray Equipment
to Live Uninsulated Electrical Components
Nominal No minal Design Mini rnu m
Line Voltage BIL Clearance
Voltage (KV) To Ground (KV) (KV) (Inches)
To 15 To 9 110 6
23 13 150 8
34.5 20 200 12
46 27 250 15
69 40 350 23
115 66 550 37
138 80 650 44
161 93 750 52
/ 900 63
196-230 114-132 ~,1050 76
[1175 87
1300 98
287-380 166-220 1 1425 109
(1550 120
1"1675 131
500 290 ~1800 142
f1925 153
500-700 290-400 ~2100 168
(2300 184
NOTE: When nominal voltage to ground is used for the design criteria, the highest
minimum clearance listed for this group should be used.
15-10 WATER SPRAY F I X E D SYSTEMS
than the minimum clearances provided elsewhere for electrical

system insulation on any individual component (the minimum
unshielded straight line distance from the exposed electrical parts
to nearby grounded objects).
NOTE: BIL values are expressed as K V (kilovolts), the n u m b e r being
the crest value of the full wave impulse t e s t .
1050. Plans and Specifications.

1051. Water spray system design should be entrusted only to
responsible persons fully experienced in this field.
1052. Prior to determining the purpose of the water spray
system under consideration, the authority having jurisdiction shall
be consulted. (See Chapter 4.) All plans and specifications perti-
nent to the installation and all devices and material shall be found
acceptable by the authority having jurisdiction prior to installa-
tion. (See Section 7001.)
1060. Approval of Water Spray Systems.

1061. Before asking final approval of the water spray system by
the authority having jurisdiction, the applicable parts of the
Sprinkler Contractor's Certificate Covering Materials and Tests
(see NFPA 13) should be completed and submitted, certifying that
the work has been completed and tested in accordance with ap-
proved plans and specifications.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS 15--11
CHAPTER 2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
2010. Devices and Materials.

2011. The authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted as to
the acceptability of devices and materials.
2020. Component Parts. -~

2021. All component parts shall be coordinated to provide
complete systems and should he operable by automatic means with
supplementary auxiliary manual tripping means. Under certain
conditions, (such as certain fire control, exposure protection, or
fire prevention applications) manual operation only may be per-
mitted, subject to approval by the authority having jurisdiction.
2022. Only listed new materials and devices shall be employed
in the installation of systems except, when special conditions war-
rant, listed devices such as special system water control valves and
their accessories, circuit closers, water motor alarm devices, non-
automatic pattern spray nozzles, etc., may be reused, but if reused
they shall be reconditioned by the original manufacturer. On re-
quest of the authority having jurisdiction, the original manufac-
turer shall furnish a certificate, stating that such specified devices
have been reconditioned and tested and are considered satisfactory
for reuse.
2030. Corrosion Protection.

2031. System components installed out of doors, or in the
presence of a corrosive atmosphere, shall be protected from cor-
rosion by the use of suitable materials of construction, or by pro-
tective coatings. The threaded ends of galvanized pipe, after
installation, shall be suitably protected against corrosion.
2040. Spray Nozzles.

2041. Spray nozzles shall be of approved makes and types.
2042. Care shall be taken in the selection of strainers, particu-
larly where nozzle waterways are less than 1/~-inch in least di-
mension. (See 2110 and 4110.)
2050. Piping.
2051. Pipe used in water spray systems shall be wrought steel
or wrought iron. The chemical and physical properties of this pipe
should be at least equal to those manufactured in accordance with
the Specifications of the American Society for Testing and Ma-
terials for Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded
and Seamless Steel Pipe for Ordinary Uses, A S T M Designation

A-120-65 (USAS B36.20 - - 1966) or for Welded Wrought Iron Pipe,
A S T M Designation A-72-64T (USAS B36.20 - - 1966). Dimen-
sions for all pipe should be in accordance with the American
Standard for Wrought Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe, USAS
B36.10 - - 1959. Pipe should be designed to withstand a working
pressure of not less than 175 psi. It is intended that this Standard
permit the use of "standard wall" pipe as described in USAS
B-36.10 - - 1959 for pressures up to 300 psi. Schedule 40 pipe is
considered "standard wall" pipe. Schedule 30 pipe is, however,
acceptable in sizes 8 inches and larger.
I 2052. Galvanized pipe shall be used except that; where cor-
rosion of galvanized pipe may be caused by corrosive atmospheres
or the water, or by additives to the water, other suitable coatings
shall be provided.
2053. The galvanizing of galvanized pipe shall be in accordance
with Specifications A120-65 of the American Society for Testing
and Materials (USAS B36.20 - - 1966).
2054. Other pipe or tubing which has been investigated and
listed for this service by a nationally recognized testing and in-
[ spection agency may be used where acceptable to the authority
having jurisdiction. The use of such tubing should involve espe-
cially careful consideration of the following factors:
1. Pressure rating.
2. Beam strength (hangers and spacing).
3. Corrosion (chemical and electrolytic).
4. Methods of joining (strength, permanence, fire endurance).
5. Availability of fittings (for water spray nozzle outlets and
proper routing).
6. Resistance to limited exposure time without water and
resistance to rapid temperature change and steam pressure
generated upon the admittance of water.
2060. Fittings.
2061. All fittings shall be of a type specifically approved for
fire protection systems and of a design suitable for the working
pressures involved, but not less than 175 psi cold water pressures.
Ferrous fittings shall be of steel, malleable iron or ductile iron in
dry sections of the piping exposed to possible fire or in self-sup-
porting systems. Galvanized fittings shall be used where galvanized
pipe is required.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS 15-13
2062. Rubber gasketed fittings subject to direct fire exposure

are generally not suitable. Where necessary for piping flexibility,
or for locations subject to earthquake, explosion, or similar haz-
ards, such installations may be acceptable to the authority have
jurisdictiqn. In such cases special hanging or bracing m a y be
necessary.
2070. Hangers.
2071. Hangers shall be of a type approved for use with the
piping involved. (See 4100.)
2080. Valves.
2081. All valves shall be of a type approved for the purpose.
2090. Control Equipment.

2091. Automatic valves shall be special system water control
valves approved for the use intended.
2092. Control of automatic valves shall be by means of approved
accessories for special systems.
2093. Manual devices may actuate the automatic control valves
by mechanical, hydraulic pneumatic, electrical, or other approved
means. The manual device shall be amply strong to prevent
breakage. Manual controls shall not require a pull of more than
40 pounds (force) nor a movement of more than 14 inches to se-
cure operation.
2094. Automatic detection equipment shall be of a type listed
by a nationally recognized testing laboratory for use with special
system water control valves.
2100. Pressure Gages.

2101. Required pressure gages shall be of approved type and
shall have a m a x i m u m limit not less than twice the normal work-
ing pressure when installed. They shall be so installed as to permit
easy removal, and shall be located where they will not be subject
to freezing.
2110. Strainers.
2111. Pipe line strainers shall be specifically approved for use in
water supply connections. Strainers shall be capable of removing
from the water all solids of sufficient size to obstruct the spray
nozzles. In addition, the strainers shall be capable of continued
operation without serious increase in head loss, for a period esti-
mated to be ample when considering the type of protection pro-
vided, the condition of the water, and similar local circumstances.
2112. Pipe line strainer designs shall incorporate a flushout

connection.
2113. Individual strainers for spray nozzles, where required,
shall be of approved type capable of removing from the water all
solids of sufficient size to obstruct the spray nozzle they serve.
2120. Alarms.
2121. The authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted re-
garding the alarm service to be provided and regarding the need
for electrical fittings designed for use in hazardous locations in
electric-alarm installations (see National Electrical Code, NFPA
No. 70, Article 500 and other Articles in Chapter 5 thereof).
2122. A local alarm, actuated independently of water flow, to
indicate operation of the heat-responsive system should be pro-
vided on each system.
2123. Outdoor water-motor or electric-alarm gongs, respon-
sive to system water flow, may be required by the inspection au-
thority having jurisdiction.
2124. Central station or proprietary station water-flow alarm
service is desirable, but where not available, it may be advisable
to connect electrical alarm units to the public fire department
alarm headquarters, or other suitable place where aid may be
readily secured.
2125. A suitable alarm shall be provided for each system to
indicate failure of automatic detection equipment (including elec-
tric supervisory circuits) or other such devices or equipment upon
which system actuation is dependent. If system operation will
result from such failure, the trouble alarm, in some cases, may be
waived by the authority having jurisdiction.
2130 . Fire Department Connections.

2131. Fire department connections may be required by the au-
thority having jurisdiction (see 3025).
2140. Flushing Connections.

2141. A suitable flushing connection shall be incorporated in
the design of the system to facilitate routine flushing as required
by 6019. This connection may be incorporated in the design of
the strainer or provided below the automatic special system con-
trol valve.
WATER SUPPLIES 15-15
C H A P T E R 3. W A T E R SUPPLIES
3000. General.
3001. T h e authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted con-
cerning water supplies. It is of vital importance that water supplies
be selected which provide water as free as possible from foreign ma-
te1 ials.
3010. V o l u m e and Pressure.

3011. The water supply flow rate and pressure shall be capable
of maintaining water discharge at the design rate for the required
period of discharge for all systems designed to operate simul-
taneously.
3012. The authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted as to
the water flow rate required for hydrant systems for hose stream
protection. Unless water supplies and distribution systems for
water spray systems are separate from hydrant systems, thus in-
suring adequate hose protection in the event of the disruption of
water spray equipment by explosion or otherwise, supplies should
contemplate additional water for hose streams. Where the distri-
bution system is not separate, sectional control shutoff valves shall
be located with particular care so that they will be accessible
during an emergency.
3013. When only a limited water source is available, it is con-
sidered good practice to provide sufficient water for a second oper-
ation of the system so that the protection can be re-established
without waiting for the supply to be replenished. In estimating the
period of time sufficient for duration of operation of water spray
systems for a particular hazard, an ample factor of safety should be
included. (See Chapter 4.)
3020. Sources.
3021. The water supply for water spray systems shall be from
reliable fire protection water supplies, such as:
(a) Connections to waterworks systems,
(b) Gravity tanks (in special cases pressure tanks, see 3023),
and/or
(c) Fire pumps and suction supply.
3022. Cycle Systems. Where the quantity of water supply is
extremely limited, a cycle water system may be acceptable in some
instances. For such an arrangement water could be collected by
means of a fire drainage trench and interceptor system. Suction
would then be taken from the last pass in the interceptor (or sep-
arator). However, caution should be observed when designing
such a system and full consideration should be given to such items
as type of flammables involved, foreign materials which may be
present in the drainage system, and valving arrangements.
3023. Pressure Tanks. Pressure tanks generally are of in-
adequate volume to serve as a water supply for water spray systems.
In special cases, however, such as remotely located transformers,
where pressure tanks can furnish an adequate volume and pressure,
they may be acceptable.
3024. Auxiliary Supplies. Readily available sources of water
supply should be made accessible as auxiliary supplies for water
spray systems. Cross connections from service water systems in
industrial plants should, where permissible, be made to fire main
systems. Where connections are made from public waterworks
systems it is necessary to guard against possible contamination
of the public supply. The requirements of the public health au-
thority should be determined and followed. The effect of reducing
water pressures when large quantities of water are drawn for fire
fighting must be carefully studied to prevent potentially dangerous
operating situations. Manual operation of auxiliary sources m a y
be acceptable.
3025. Fire D e p a r t m e n t Connections. To provide an auxiliary
supply, one or more fire department connections shall be provided
when required by the authority having jurisdiction. Careful con-
sideration should be given to such factors as the purpose of the
system, reliability, and capacity and pressure of the water system.
The possibility of serious exposure fires and similar local conditions
m a y also be important factors. A pipe line strainer in the fire
department connection m a y be required.
SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION 15-17
CHAPTER 4. S Y S T E M D E S I G N A N D I N S T A L L A T I O N
4000. W o r k m a n s h i p .
4001. W a t e r spray system design, layout, and installation should
be entrusted to none but fully experienced and responsible parties.
Water spray system installation is a specialized field of sprinkler
system installation which is a trade in itself.
4010. Plans, Specifications, and Hydraulic Calculations.

4011. Before a water spray system is installed or existing equip-
ment remodeled, complete working plans, specifications a n d hy-
draulic calculations shall be submitted to the authority having
jurisdiction. For details concerning plans, specifications a n d hy-
draulic calculations, see C h a p t e r 7.
4020. Design Guides.

4021. W a t e r spray system designs shall conform to the ap-
plicable requirements of the following Standards of the National
Fire Protection Association, except where otherwise specified herein :
NFPA Standard
Number Title
13 Sprinkler Systems
14 Standpipe and Hose Systems
18 Wetting Agents
2O Centrifugal Fire Pumps
22 Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
24 Outside Protection
26 Supervision and Care of Valves Controlling Water
Supplies for Fire Protection
70 National Electrical Code
71 Central Station Protective Signaling Systems
72A Local Protective Signaling Systems
72B Auxiliary Protective Signaling Systems
72C Remote Station Protective Signaling Systems
72D Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems
NOTE: Components of the electrical portions of these protective systems,
where installed in locations subject to hazardous vapors or dusts, shall be
of types approved for use therein.
4030. Design Purpose.

4031. T h e authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted as to
the purpose of the water spray system u n d e r consideration. (See
Section 1033.)
15-18 W A T E R S P R A Y F I X E D SYSTEMS
4040. Density and Application.

4041. Extinguishment.
(a) Extinguishment of fires by water spray may be accomplished
by surface cooling, by smothering from steam produced, by emulsi-
fication, by dilution, or by various combinations thereof. Systems
shall be designed so that, within a reasonable period of time, ex-
tinguishment shall be accomplished and all surfaces shall be cooled
sufficiently to prevent "flashback" occurring after the system is
shut off.
(b) Where systems are designed for extinguishment of fires in-
volving solids, consideration should be given to such factors as
penetrating ability of the water, and the configuration and state
of the material.
(c) Where extinguishment of flammable or combustible liquids
is contemplated the rate of water application necessary will de-
pend on such characteristics of the fuel as vapor pressure, flash
point, viscosity, water solubility, and specific gravity. Care must be
observed with very viscous heated materials, such as asphalt, be-
cause of the potential slop-over or froth-over hazard. When water
spray extinguishment systems are designed for material of this type,
the use of nonfoaming agents, special containment capacity, drains,
or extensions of the spray system beyond the immediate area of
the initial containment, should be contemplated. Care must also
be observed with materials having a hazardous chemical reaction
with water.
(d) In all cases, the positioning of nozzles with respect to burning
surfaces to be extinguished shall be guided by the particular nozzle
design, the water pressure available, and the character of water
spray produced. The effect of wind and fire draft on very small
drop sizes or on larger drop sizes with little initial nozzle velocity
will limit the distance between nozzle and surface.
(e) The design density for extinguishment shall be based upon
test data or knowledge concerning conditions similar to those that
will: apply in the actual installation. A general range of water
spray application rates that will apply to most ordinary com-
bustible solids or flammable liquids is from 0.2 gpm per sq. ft. to
0.5 g p m per sq. ft. of protected surface.
NOTE: There are some data available on water application rates needed
for e x t i n g u i s h m e n t of c e r t a i n c o m b u s t i b l e s or f l a m m a b l e s ; h o w e v e r , m u c h
a d d i t i o n a l test w o r k is n e e d e d b e f o r e m i n i m u m rates can be established.
(f) Each of the following methods or a combination of them

should be considered when designing a water spray system for
extinguishment purposes:

1. SURFACE COOLING - - Where extinguishment by surface
cooling is contemplated, the design shall provide complete water
spray coverage over the entire surface. Surface cooling is not
effective on gaseous products or flammable liquids having a flash
point below the temperature of the applied water and is not gen-
erally satisfactory for flammable liquids having flash points below ]
140 ° F. I
2. SMOTHERING BY STEAM PRODUCED - - W h e r e this e f f e c t is
contemplated the intensity of the expected fire shall be sufficient
to generate adequate steam from t h e applied water spray and
conditions shall be otherwise favorable for the smothering effect.
The water spray shall be applied to essentially all the areas of ex-
pected fire. This effect shall not be contemplated where the ma-
terial protected may generate oxygen when heated.
3. EMULSIFICATION- - This effect shall be contemplated only
for liquids not miscible with water. The water spray shall be ap-
plied over the entire area of flammable liquids. For those having
low viscosities the coverage shall be uniform and the minimum
rate required shall be applied and the nozzle pressure shall not be
less than the minimum on which approval is based. For more viscous
materials the coverage should be complete but need not be so
uniform and the unit rate of application may be lower. Wet water
may be considered where the effect of emulsification is contem- ]
plated. I
4. DILUTION - - The material shall be miscible with water
where this effect is contemplated. The application rate shall be
adequate to effect extinguishment within the required period of
time based upon the expected volume of material and the per-
centage of dilution necessary to make it nonflammable, but not
less than that required for control and cooling.
5. OTHER FACTORS - - The system design may contemplate
other extinguishing factors, in some cases, such as a continuous
film of water over the surface where the material is not miscible
with water and has a density much greater than 1.0 (such as asphalt,
tar, carbon disulfide, and some nitrocellulose solutions). Water
spray may also be used on some materials to produce extinguish-
ment as a result of rapid cooling below the temperature at which
the material will decompose chemically at a self-sustaining rate.
NOTE: For the effect of droplet size, see N.B.F.U. Research Report No. 10,
" T h e Mechanism of Extinguishment of Fire by Finely Divided Water",
published by the American Insurance Association.
4042. Control of Burning.

(a) A system for the control of burning shall function at full
effectiveness until there has been time for the flammable materials to
be consumed, for steps to be taken to shut off the flow of leaking
material, for the assembly of repair forces, etc. System operation
for hours may be required.
(b) Nozzles shall be installed to impinge on the areas of the source
of fire, and where spills may travel or accumulate. The water ap-
plication rate on the probable surface of the spill should be at the
rate of not less than 0.50 g p m per sq. ft.
(c) Pumps or other devices which handle flammable liquids or
gases shall have the shafts, packing glands, connections, and other
critical parts enveloped in directed water spray at a density of not
less than 0.50 gpm per square foot of projected surface area.
4043. Exposure Protection.
(a) GENERAL:
(I) The system shall be able to function effectively for the
duration of the exposure fire which is estimated from a knowledge
of the nature and quantities of the combustibles and the probable
effect of fire-fighting equipment and materials. System operation
for hours m a y be required.
(2) Automatic water spray systems for exposure protection
should be designed to operate before the formation of carbon de-
posits on the surfaces to be protected and before the possible failure
of any containers of flammable liquids or gases because of the tem-
perature rise. The system and water supplies should, therefore, be
designed to discharge effective water spray from all nozzles within
30 seconds following operation of the detection system.
(3) The densities specified for exposure protection contem-
plate minimal wastage of 0.05 gpm per square foot. In some cases
additional wastage should be contemplated to insure proper appli-
cation on the surfaces. (See 4080.)
(4) Generally, the upper portions of equipment and the upper
levels of supporting structures are less severely exposed by fire than
are tthe lower portions or levels due to the accumulation at grade
level of fuel from spillage or equipment rupture. Consideration
may thus be given to reducing the degree of (or eliminating)
water spray protection for the upper portions of high equipment or
levels of structures, provided a serious accumulation of fuel, or
torch action from broken process piping or equipment, cannot
occur at these elevations, and serious exposure does not exist.
Examples are some steel columns, above the 30- or 40- foot level,
and above the third or fourth level of muhi-level open structures.
(5) Where equipment, structures, or vessels are provided with
insulation systems which are considered of some value, but which do
not fully meet the requirements for the definition of "Insulated"

(see 1020), consideration may be given to the reduction of water
application rates specified for exposure protection.
(b) VESSELS:
(1) These rules for exposure protection contemplate adequate
emergency relieving capacity for vessels, based upon a maximum
allowable heat input of 6,000 Btu per hour per square foot of ex-
posed surface area. The density shall be increased to limit the heat
absorption to a safe level in the event adequate emergency relieving
capacity is not provided. (See Appendix A-4043(b).)
(2) Where the temperature of a vessel or its contents must be
limited, higher densities than called for under (4) or (7) will be
required.
(3) Internally insulated or lined vessels require special con-
sideration to determine necessary water spray requirements.
(4) Water shall be applied to vertical or inclined vessel sur-
faces at a net rate of not less than 0.25 gallons per minute per square
foot of exposed uninsulated surface. Individual nozzle water ap-
plication rates shall be increased to provide for any run-down or
slippage allowances. Where rundown is contemplated, the vertical
distance between nozzles shall not exceed twelve feet. The hori-
zontal extremities of spray patterns shall at least meet.
(5) In most cases spherical or horizontal cylindrical surfaces
below the vessel equator cannot be considered wettable from
rundown.
(6) Where projections (manhole flanges, pipe flanges, support
brackets, etc.) will obstruct water spray coverage, including run-
down or slippage on vertical surfaces, additional nozzles shall be
installed around the projections to maintain the wetting pattern
which otherwise would be seriously interrupted.
(7) Bottom and top surfaces of vertical vessels shall be com-
pletely covered by directed water spray at an average rate of not
less than 0.25 gallons per minute per square foot of exposed unin-
sulated surface. Consideration may be given to slippage but on
the bottom surfaces the horizontal extremities of spray patterns
shall at least meet.
(8) Special attention shall be given to distribution of water
spray around relief valves and around supply piping and valve
connection projections.
(9) Uninsulated skirts shall have water spray applied on one I
exposed (uninsulated) side, either inside or outside, at a net rate
of not less than 0.10 gpm per square foot.
1~-22 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS
~ WETTED
SURFACE
Fig. 4 0 4 3 ( c ) . The w e t t e d surface of structural m e m b e r q b e a m or column is

defined as one side of the w e b and the inside surface of one side of t h e
flanges as s h o w n a b o v e .
6" ~ 8~DIA,PP
I ES
000000
NOZZLES SHOULD BE SELECTED
AND POSITIONED SO A S TO
SPRAY AT LEAST ONE SIDE NOTE:
OF T H E P I P I N G AT A TOTAL ADDITIONAL NOZZLES
DISCHARGE R A T E OF 1.47 G P M M A Y BE R E Q U I R E D F O R
REQUIRED PER F~ LENGTH OF P R O T E C T I O N OF V E R T I C A L
PIPE RACK COLUMNS
/////////// ///////////////////*/.////,I/ r/////*//*
Fig. 4 0 4 3 ( c - 4 - 1 ) . Calculation of w a t e r spray density r e q u i r e m e n t for t y p i c a l

pipe rack.
The sum (~) of the total number (N) of pipes multiplied by ~ times the diameter
(d) of the pipe in feet multiplied by a unit length (L) of pipe of I foot, times the
density rate (q) equals total gpm required per ft. length of pipe rack.
~N~dLq = 71r ( 8 / 1 2 ) (1) (0.1) = 1.47 g pm required per ft. length of pipe rack.
To determine density in gprn per square foot, divide the total discharge per foot
of length of pipe rack by the width of the pipe rack in feet: 1.47 ÷ 6 = 0 . 2 4 5
g p m / f t 2 of projected grade area.
00000 I0~ DIA. P I Pt:'$

/
0000000
12" DIA. P I P E S
/
000000 NOTE:
N O Z Z L E S S H O U L D BE S E L E C T E D ADDITIONAL NOZZLES
A N O P O S I T I O N E D SO AS TO S P R A Y M A Y BE R E Q U I R E D FOR
A T L E A S T ONE S I D E O F A L L ( E A C R P R O T E C T I O N OF V E R T I C A L
LEVEL) THE PIPING AT A TOTAL COLUMNS
D I S C H A R G E R A T E OF 5 5 4 G P M
R E Q U I R E D P E R F T L E N G T H OF
PIPE RACK
//////////// //'///////////////.f///////////////////////
Fig. 4 0 4 3 ( c - 4 - 2 ) . Calculation of water spray density requirement for typical

pipe rack.
The ( ~ ) of the total number (N) of pipes multiplied by lr times the diameter (d)
of the pipe in feet multiplied by a unit length (L) of pipe of 1 foot, times the density
rate (q) equals total gpm required per ft. length of pipe rack.
~N~rdLq ± 14~r ( 1 0 / 1 2 ) ( 1 ) (0.1) + 6 ~ ' ( 1 2 / 1 2 ) (1) (0.1) = 3.66 + 1.88
= 5 . 5 4 gpm required per ft. length of pipe rack.
To determine density in gpm per square foot, divide the total discharge per foot
of length of pipe rack by the width of the pipe rack in feet: 5 . 5 4 - 10 = 0 . 5 5
gpm/ft ~ of projected grade area. Reduce to not more than 0.,50 gpm/ft 2 of pro-
jected grade area. [See 4043 (c) (4)]
(C) STRUCTURES AND MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT:

(1) Horizontal, stressed (primary) structural steel members
shall be protected by nozzles spaced not greater than ten feet on
centers (preferably on alternate sides) and of such size and ar-
rangement as to discharge not less than 0.10 gpm per square foot
over the wetted area. See Figure 4043(c).
(2) Vertical structural steel members shall be protected by
nozzles spaced not greater than ten feet on centers (preferably on
alternate sides) and of such size and arrangement as to discharge
not less than 0.25 gpm per square foot over the wetted area. See
Figure 4043(c).
(3) Pipe, tubing, conduit, and cable runs shall be protected
by water spray at a basic rate of 0.10 gpm per square foot of the
aggregate pipe wall area. In the interest of conserving water, this
rate should be limited to maintain a cumulative projected grade
area rate of not more than 0.50 gpm per square foot. Factors
to be considered when designing water spray protection for pipe
racks include the number of levels of pipe, the spacing between
pipes, and the general configurations of the pipe rack. See Figures
4043(c-4-1) and 4043(c-4-2) for typical water spray application
rate calculations. Nozzle arrangement will depend upon char-
acteristics of nozzles chosen and the design selected to meet the
requirements.
(d) TRANSFORMERS.
(1) Transformer protection shall contemplate essentially com-
plete impingement on all exterior surfaces, except underneath
surfaces which in lieu thereof may be protected by horizontal
projection. The water shall be applied at a rate not less than 0.25
gpm per square foot of projected area of rectangular prism en-
velope for the transformer and its appurtenances and not less
than 0.15 gpm per square foot on the expected nonabsorbing
ground surface area of exposure. Additional application may be
needed for special configurations, conservator tanks, pumps, etc.
Spaces greater than twelve inches in width between radiators, etc.,
should be individually protected.
(2) Water spray piping should not be carried across the top
of the transformer tank.
(3) In order to prevent damage to energized bushings or
lightning arrestors, water spray should not envelop this equipment
by direct impingement. If it is desired to envelop this equipment,
the manufacturer, or his literature, and the owner should be
consulted.
4044. Fire Prevention.

(a) The system shall be able to function effectively for a suf-
ficient time to dissolve, dilute, disperse, or cool flammable or haz-
ardous materials. The possible duration of release of the materials
shall be considered in the selection of duration times.
(b) The rate of application for fire prevention shall be based
upon experience with the product or upon test. The authority
having jurisdiction shall be consulted concerning rates of ap-
plication.
4050. Size of System.

4051. Separate fire areas should be protected by separate sys-
tems. Single systems should be kept as small as practicable, giving
consideration to the water supplies and other factors affecting re-
liability of the protection. A design discharge rate of 3,000 gpm
should not be exceeded for a single system. (See Chapter 3.)
4060. Separation of Fire Areas.

4061. Fire areas may be properly subdivided by space, fire
barriers, diking, special drainage, or by combination of these. In
the separation of fire areas consideration must be given to the pos-
sible flow of burning liquids before or during operation of the
water spray systems.
4062. Area Drainage.

(a) Adequate provisions shall be made to promptly and ef-
fectively dispose of all liquids from the fire area during operation
of all systems in the fire area. Such provisions shall be adequate for:
(1) Water discharged from fixed fire protection systems at
maximum flow conditions.
(2) Water likely to be discharged by hose streams.
(3) Surface water.
(4) Cooling water normally discharged to the system.
(b) There are four methods of disposal or containment:
(1) Grading.
(2) Diking.
(3) Trenching.
(4) Underground or enclosed drains.
The method used shall be determined by:
(1) The extent of the hazard.
(2) The clear space available.
(3) The protection required.
Where the hazard is low, the clear space is adequate, and the
degree of protection required is not great, grading should be ac-
ceptable. Where these conditions are not present consideration
shall be given to dikes, trenching, or underground or enclosed
drains.
(c) For the methods of drainage or diking, see Standard for Flam-
mable and Combustible Liquids (NFPA No. 30) and Appendix
A-4060.
4070. Valves.
4071. Shutoff Valves - - Each system shall be provided with
a shutoff valve so located as to be readily accessible during a fire
in the area the system protects or adjacent areas, or, for systems
installed for fire prevention, during the existence of the contingency
for which the system is installed.
4072. Automatically Controlled Valves.
(a) Automatically controlled valves shall be as close to the haz-
ard protected as accessibility during the emergency will permit, so
that a minimum of piping is required between the automatic valve
and the spray nozzles.
(b) Remote manual tripping devices, where required, shall be
conspicuously located where readily accessible during the emer-
gency and adequately identified as to the system controlled.
4073. D r a i n Valves.
(a) Readily accessible drains shall be provided for low points
in underground and aboveground piping.
(b) Where feasible automatic drain may be acceptable.
4080. Spray Nozzles.

4081. Selection - - The selection of the type of spray nozzles
shall be made with proper consideration given to such factors as
physical character of the hazard involved, draft or wind conditions,
material likely to be burning, and the general purpose of the
system.
4082. Size - - A test of the water supply is recommended before
the size of spray nozzle orifices is selected, unless full information
concerning the water supply is readily available. It is required
that piping be hydraulically calculated and sized, and, if necessary,
that spray nozzle orifices be varied in size in order to obtain desired
water distribution and to allow for loss of head in water supply
piping. Where nozzle waterways are less than l~-inch in least
dimension, particular care shall be taken in the selection of strainers.
(See 2110 and 4110.)
4083. P o s i t i o n - Spray nozzles may be placed in any position

necessary to obtain proper coverage of the protected area. Po-
sitioning of nozzles with respect to surfaces to be protected, or to
fires to be controlled or extinguished shall be guided by the par-
ticular nozzle design and the character of water spray produced.
The effect of wind and fire draft on very small drop sizes or on larger [
drop sizes with little initial nozzle velocity shall be considered,
since these factors will limit the distance between nozzle and sugface.
Care should be exercised in placement of spray nozzles protecting
pipe lines handling flammable liquids under pressure, where such
protection is intended to extinguish or control fires resulting from
leaks or ruptures.
4090. Piping.
4091. Size - - As effective protection is dependent on having
adequate pressure and quantity of water available at all spray
nozzles, each system requires individual consideration as to the size
of the piping. This requires that the size of the piping be based upon
hydraulic computations (see Chapter 7). However, piping in gen-
eral should not be less than one-inch nominal diameter.
4092. Installation.
(a) The installation standards for water spray system piping
shall be applicable sections of the Standard for the Installation of
Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13), except as herein modified.
(b) Welding is permissible. The authority having jurisdiction
should be consulted to assure safe welding or cutting practices.
Welding should preferably be done in the shop. When done in
the field, the fire hazard of the process shall be suitably safeguarded.
Welding shall be conducted in accordance with the USA Standard
Code for Pressure Piping, USAS B31.1 where applicable. This m a y
require galvanizing of sections involving welded parts after fabri-
cation. Special care shall be taken to insure that the openings are
fully cut out and that no obstructions remain in the waterway.
(c) All underground supply piping after the automatic control
valve shall be pitched ~ inch in ten feet to drain in the same manner
as the above mentioned Standards specify for aboveground piping.
Provision shall be made to drain underground and overhead piping.
(d) Main headers should be installed underground or at least
as near as possible to ground level as protection against the effects
of possible fire, explosion, or mechanical injury. Where overhead
piping is necessary, it should not pass over another hazard. Piping
m a y be looped if desired.
(e) Gage connections shall be provided for test gages near

the highest or most remote nozzle on each major separate section
of the system or where indicated by the authority having jurisdic-
tion. In any event, one gage connection shall be provided near
the nozzle calculated as having the least pressure under normal
flow conditions.
(f) Unions, flanges, or other approved couplings may be used
to assemble closed loops of piping or to assemble prefabricated
piping. (See 2062.)
4100. Hangers.
4101. System piping shall be adequately supported. All sup-
ports in the fire area should be protected by the system. In any
area where possibility of explosion m a y be recognized, special
care shall be taken to support the piping from portions of the struc-
ture least liable to disruption.
4102. Tapping or drilling of load bearing structural members

generally is not permitted. Attachments may be made to existing
steel or concrete structures and in some cases to equipment and its
supports. Where welding of supports directly to vessels or equip-
ment is necessary, it shall be done in a safe manner in conformance
with the provisions of all safety, structural, and fire codes and
standards.
4103. Where the usual methods of supporting piping for fire

protection purposes cannot be used, the piping shall be supported
in such a manner as to produce the strength equivalent to that
afforded by such usual means of support. In such cases, piping ar-
rangements which are essentially self-supporting may be employed
together with such hangers as are necessary.
4110. Strainers.
41Jl. Main pipeline strainers shall be provided for all systems
utilizing nozzles with waterways less than ~ inch and for any
system where the water is likely to contain obstructive material.
4112. Pipeline strainers should be installed so as to be accessible

for cleaning during the emergency. Dual type strainers or equivalent
may be necessary if water supplies are badly contaminated.
I 4113. Individual strainers shall be provided for nozzles having

water passageways smaller than ~ inch.
4120. Gages.
4121. Gages shall be installed as follows:
(a) Below the seat of the automatic valve and arranged so as
to indicate the residual pressure in the riser with the test pipe valve
wide open.
(b) At each independent pipe from an air supply to an auto- [
matic valve.
(c) On the water supply connection to hydraulically controlled [
automatic valves.
(d) At the air pump supplying an air receiver. [
v
(e) At an air receiver. J

C H A P T E R 5. A C C E P T A N C E TESTS
5000. Flushing of Piping.

5001. S u p p l y Piping. - - Underground mains and lead-in
connections to system risers shall be flushed thoroughly before con-
nection is made to system piping, in order to remove foreign ma-
terials which may have entered the underground during the course
of the installation or which may have been present in existing piping.
The minimum rate of flow should be not less than the water demand
rate of the system which is determined by the system design; in
any case, it should not be less than that necessary to provide a
velocity of ten feet per second. For all systems the flushing op-
erations should be continued for a sufficient time to insure thor-
ough cleaning. When planning the flushing operations considera-
tion shall be given to disposal of the water issuing from the test
outlets.
F l o w Required to Produce a V e l o c i t y
of Ten Feet per Second in Pipes
Pipe Size Flow
(Inches) (Gallons per Minute)
4 390
6 880
8 1560
10 2440
12 3520
5002. System P i p i n g - - All system piping shall be flushed where

practicable; otherwise, cleanliness shall be determined by visual
examination.
5010. Hydrostatic Pressure Tests.

5011. Hydrostatic Tests - - All new system piping shall be
hydr"ostatically tested in accordance with the provisions of the
Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA No. 13).
5020. Water Discharge Test.

5021. When practicable, full flow tests with water should be
made of system piping as a means of checking the nozzle layout,
discharge pattern, any obstructions and determination of relation
between design criteria and actual performance, and to insure
against clogging of the smaller piping and the discharge devices
by foreign matter carried by the water.
ACCEPTANCE TESTS 15-31
5022. The m a x i m u m number of systems that may be expected

to operate in case of fire should be in full operation simultaneously
in order to check as to adequacy and condition of the water supply.
5023. T h e discharge pressure at the highest, most remote nozzle,
shall be at least that for which the system was designed.
5030. Operating Tests.

5031. All operating parts of the system shall be fully tested to
assure they are in operating condition.
5032. T h e operating tests shall include a test of automatic de-
tection equipment.
5040. Acceptance Test Suggestions.

5041. All tests should be made by the contractor in the presence
of the inspector for the authority having jurisdiction. When an
inspector is not available, and permission is granted by the au-
thority having jurisdiction, tests may be witnessed by, and the
test certificate signed by the owner or his representative.
5042. Before asking for final approval of the protective equip-
ment by the authority having jurisdiction, installing companies
should furnish a written statement to the effect that the work cov-
ered by its contract has been completed and all specified flushing
of underground, lead-in, and system piping has been successfully
completed, together with specified hydrostatic pressure tests.
5043. The applicable parts of the Sprinkler Contractor's Cer-
tificate Covering Materials and Tests (see NFPA 13) should be
completed and submitted, certifying that the work has been com-
pleted and tested in accordance with approved plans and speci-
fications.
CHAPTER 6. PERIODIC TESTING AND MAINTENANCE
6000. G e n e r a l .
6001. Water spray systems require competent and effective care
and maintenance to assure that they will perform their purpose ef-
fectively at the time of fire. Systems should be serviced and tested
periodically by men experienced in this work. An inspection con-
tract with a qualified agency acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction for service, test, and operation at regular intervals is
recommended and may be required.
6002. Operating and maintenance instructions and layouts
shall be posted at control equipment and at the plant fire head-
quarters. Selected plant personnel should be trained and assigned
to the task of operating and maintaining the equipment.
6003. At weekly, or other frequent routine plant inspections,
equipment should be checked visually for obvious defects, such as
broken or missing parts, nozzle loading, or other evidence of im-
paired protection.
6010. M a i n t e n a n c e .
6011. W a t e r S u p p l i e s - - Proper precautions should be taken
to insure that water supplies are kept turned on and are in full op-
erating condition at all times.
6012. Strainers - - Strainers, except individual nozzle strainers
(see 6018), shall be thoroughly inspected after each operation or
flow test and cleaned if necessary. Routine inspection and cleaning
should be performed at intervals of not more than six months and
shall be performed annually.
6013. P i p i n g - - All piping shall be examined at regular in-
tervals to determine condition. Frequency of inspections will be de-
pendent upon local conditions and should be at intervals of not
more:than one year. This should include tests to determine that
proper drainage is maintained for piping.
6014. Flow tests of open head spray systems shall be made at
such intervals as are deemed necessary by the authority having juris-
diction, wherever such tests are practicable.
6015. Control V a l v e s a n d D e v i c e s - - Control valves and auto-
matic detection equipment shall be tested at least annually and
more often if conditions warrant, by qualified inspectors acceptable
to the authority having jurisdiction.
PERIODIC TESTING 15-33
6016. Manual tripping devices and valves, including O. S. & Y.

gate and post indicator valves, shall be operated at least annually.
6017. Where normally opened valves are closed following sys-
tem operation or test, suitable procedures should be instituted to
insure that they are reopened and that the system is promptly
and properly restored to full normal operating condition. Main
drain flow tests should be made after valves are reopene d (see
NFPA No. 13A - - Flow Tests).
6018. S p r a y Nozzles - - All spray nozzles shall be inspected
for proper positioning, external loading, a n d corrosion, and cleaned
if necessary at intervals of not more than six months. Local con-
ditions may require such inspection and cleaning more frequently
and may require internal inspection. After each operation open
spray nozzles equipped with individual screens shall be removed
and the spray nozzle and screen cleaned, unless observation under
flow conditions indicates this is not necessary.
6019. Flushing - - Underground lead-in connections to system
risers shall be flushed at least annually, in accordance with 5001.
This may be accomplished by:
(a) A flow test of the system, or
(b) Flowing water from a suitable flushing connection of ade-
quate size.
15-34 WATEI~ SPR&Y FIXED SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 7. PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS,

AND H Y D R A U L I C C A L C U L A T I O N S
7000. Plans and Specifications.
7001. Working plans, including elevations, shall be drawn to
an indicated scale, show all essential details, and the following data:
Date.
Name of owner and occupant.
Location, including street address.
Point of compass.
Structural features.
Relative elevations of nozzles, junction points and supply or
reference points.
Full information concerning water supplies, including pumps,
underground mains, etc., and flow test results.
Make, type, size, location, position, and direction of spray nozzles.
Make, type, model, and size of special system valve.
Types of alarms to be provided.
Number of each size and type of spray nozzles on each system.
Lengths of pipe and whether center to center or cutting lengths
are shown.
Size of all pipe and fittings.
Heat responsive equipment, including type, arrangement and
location.
Hydraulic reference points.
Design purpose of system.
Make and type of hangers and inserts.
All control and check valves, strainers, drain pipes, and test pipes.
Small hand hose and hose equipment.
The weight or class, lining and size of underground pipe and the
depth that the top of the pipe is to be laid below grade.
Provisions for flushing underground pipe.
Accurate and complete layout of the hazard being protected.
When the equipment to be installed is an addition or change,
enough of the old system should be indicated on the plans to
make all conditions clear.
Name and address of contractor.
7010. Hydraulic Calculations.
7011. G e n e r a l - - Hydraulic calculations should be prepared
on forms that include a summary sheet, detailed work sheets, and
a graph sheet. (See Figures 7020, A-7090b. and A-7090d. for typical
forms.)
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS 15-35
-- SUMMARY SHEET -- HYDRAULIC CALCULATION --
NAME AND ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR ................................................................................
CONTRACT N O ................................................. C A L C U L A T O R ........................ D A T E ....................
NAME OF OWNER AND OCCUPANT ............................................................................................
ADDRESS ................................................................................................................................................
BUILDING OR PLANT UNIT NUMBER .......................................................................................
DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD ............................................................................................................
AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION .......................................................................................
-- SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS --
DESIGN PURPOSE: EXTINGUISHMENT ................ E X P O S U R E PROTECTION ............
CONTROL ................................... FIRE PROTECTION ............................
TYPE SYSTEM: AUTOMATIC ....................................... MANUAL ............................................
DENSITY (G.P.M. PER S Q . F T . ) ............ T O T A L NOZZLE FLOW REQUIRED ........ G . P . M .
A L L O ' W A N C E F O R INSIDE H O S E STATIONS .............................................................. G.P.M.
ALLOWANCE FOR OUTSIDE HYDRANTS ................................................................ G . P . M .
TOTAL WATER REQUIRED .................................... G.P.M. A T .................................... P . S . I .
REMARKS: .........................................................................................................................................
--WATER SUPPLY INFORMATION-
T Y P E OF W A T E R SUPPLY: PUBLIC ............................. PRIVATE ....................................
STATIC PRESSURE IN P.S.I ........................................................................................
RESIDUAL PRESSURE:
G.P.M. FLOWING ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A T ...................................................................... P.S.I.
ELEVATION ............................ LOCATION ..............................................................
PUMP DATA:
RATED CAPACITY ...................... G . P . M . AT ................................................................. P.S.I.
ELEVATION .................................... L O C A T I O N .............................................................
TANK DATA:
CAPACITY .................................... GALS.-ELEVATION ........................................................
LOCATION ..........................................................................................................................
REMARKS: .....................................................................................................................................
Fig. 7020. Sample Summary Sheet

7020. Summary Sheet.

The summary sheet (for sample summary sheet see Figure 7020)
should contain the following information:
(a) Date.
(b) Location.
(c) Name of owner and occupant.
(d) Building or plant unit number.
(e) Description of hazard.
(f) Name and address of contractor.
(g) Authority having jurisdiction.
(h) Design purpose.
(i) Minimum rate of water application (density) . . . gpm per
square foot.
(j) Total water requirements as calculated including allowance
for inside hose and outside hydrants.
(k) Water supply information.
7030. Detailed Work Sheets.

Detailed work sheets or computer print-out sheets (for sample
work sheet, see Fig. A-7090b.) should contain the following in-
formation:
(a) Sheet number, date, job number, and identification of cal-
culations covered.
(b) Description and discharge constant (K) (or provide the
discharge curve or tabulation) for each nozzle type.
(c) Hydraulic reference points.
(d) Flow in gpm.
(e) Pipe size.
(f) Pipe lengths, center to center of fittings.
(g) Equivalent pipe lengths for fittings and devices.
(h) Friction loss in psi per foot of pipe.
(i) Total friction loss in psi between reference points.
(j) Elevation head in psi between reference points.
(k) Required pressure in psi at each reference point.
(1) Velocity pressure and normal pressure if included in calcu-
lations.
(m) Notes to indicate starting points, reference to other sheets
or to clarify data shown.
(n) When extending existing equipment hydraulic calculations
are to be furnished indicating the previous design, volume, and
pressure at points of connection, and adequate additional calcula-

tions to indicate effect on existing systems.
7040. Graph Sheets.
7041. The graph sheet should be made to n TM. Water supply
curves and system requirements plus hose demand should be plotted
so as to present a graphic summary of the complete hydraulic
calculation. (For sample graph sheet, see Fig. A-7090d.)
7050. Abbreviations and Symbols.
7051. The following standard abbreviations and symbols should
be used.
Symbol or Abbreviation /gem
P Pressure in psig.
gpm Flow rate in U. S. Gallons per minute.
q Flow increment in gpm to be added at a
specific location.
O Summation of flow in gpm at a specific lo-
cation.
Pt Total pressure at a point in a pipe.
PI Pressure loss due to friction between points
indicated in location column.
P, Pressure due to elevation difference between
indicated points. This can be a plus value or
a minus value. Where minus, the symbol (--)
shall be used; where plus, no sign need be
indicated.
Pv Velocity pressure at a point in a pipe.
P, Normal pressure at a point in a pipe.
E 90 ° Elbow
EE 45 ° Elbow
Lt E Long Turn Elbow.
Cr Cross.
T Tee, flow turned 90 ° .
GV Gate Valve.
Del V Deluge Valve.
DPV Dry-Pipe Valve.
AL V Alarm Valve.
CV Swing Check Valve.
St Strainer.
psig Pounds per square inch gage.
V Velocity of water in pipe in feet per second.
g Acceleration due to gravity in feet per second
per second (generally 32. or 32.16 is used).
K A constant.
C Hazen and Williams friction loss coefficient.
P Frictional resistance per foot of pipe in psi per ft.
d Actual internal diameter of pipe used, in inches.
,00
O0
O0
O0
O0
~0
~0
~0 =~
~0 O_
~0 '0
)0 Z
~o ~
©
0 -J
tl_
0
I
)
)
)
)
o ~l~ ~ ~1" r,1 al -- ~)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0

; • . . . . . ooo. o. o. o. o
LOSS IN PSIG PER FT.
Fig. 7 0 6 0 . a . Friction loss in schedule 4 0 steel pipe. Hazen & Williams C - 1 2 0 .

7060. Formulae.
a. Pipe friction losses should be d e t e r m i n e d on the basis of
H a z e n a n d W i l l i a m s formula. (See Fig. 7060a.)
4.52 Q1.85
p=
C 1.85 d 4.87
b. T h e velocity pressure should be d e t e r m i n e d on the basis of

/)2'
P~ = 0 . 4 3 3 - - -
2g
W h e r e v is the u p s t r e a m velocity.
c. N o r m a l pressure should be d e t e r m i n e d on the basis of

P, ~ Pt--Pv
d. H y d r a u l i c j u n c t i o n p o i n t calculations except for loops should

be b a l a n c e d to the higher pressure by the formula*
_~_ Q' - P ~p P ~ (corrected for

Q = KV'-P- or K = % / or Q,2 elevations)
e. T h e discharge of a nozzle m a y be c a l c u l a t e d by the f o r m u l a *

q = ~c%/g--
*NOTE: (|) P may be the total or normal pressure according to whether or

not the velocity pressure is being included.
(2) Piping may be looped to divide the total water flowing to the
design area.
7070. V e l o c i t y P r e s s u r e .
a. T h e velocity pressure Pv m a y or m a y not be included in the
calculations a t the discretion of the designer.
NOTE: The omission of the velocity pressure from the calculations in-
troduces an error that is generally on the safe side. However, under some
conditions with high velocity, the velocity pressures should be considered.
b. T h e velocity pressure Pv is a m e a s u r e of the e n e r g y r e q u i r e d

to keep the w a t e r in a pipe in motion. A t the end of the nozzle or
end section of system (when considering j u n c t i o n of sections of sys-
tems) the total pressure a v a i l a b l e in the pipe at t h a t point should
o
m
0.
Ld
m
m
bJ
a:
0.(
F- C
Uq
0
,d(
bl
(
I0 20 30 40 50 I00 200:300 600 I000 2000 5000

FLOW- GPM
Fig. 7 0 7 0 . b . Graph for the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of velocity pressure.
be considered as causing flow. However, at other nozzles or junc-

tion points the pressure causing flow will be the normal pressure
which is the total pressure minus the velocity pressure. Figure
7070.b. may be used for determining velocity pressures, or velocity
pressure may be determined by dividing the flow in gpm squared
by the proper constant from Table 7070.b.
'TABLE 7070.b.
Pipe Constant
Schedule Pipe Size Based on A c t u a l h D.
40 I 1,080
40 11/4 3,230
40 1 I/2 5,980
40 2 16,200
40 21/2 33,100
40 3 78,800
40 31/2 141,000
40 4 234,000
40 5 577,000
40 6 1,204,000
30 8 3,780,000
40 8 3,620,000
c. T h e following assumptions a r e to be used in a p p l y i n g velocity

pressure to the calculations.
1. At a n y nozzle along a pipe, except the end nozzle, only
the n o r m a l pressure can act on the nozzle. A t the end nozzle,
the total pressure c a n act.
2. A t a n y nozzle along a pipe, except the end nozzle, the pres-
sure a c t i n g to cause flow from the nozzle is equal to the total pres-
sure minus t h e velocity pressure on the u p s t r e a m side.
3. T o find the n o r m a l pressure at a n y nozzle except the end
nozzle, assume a flow from the nozzle in question, a n d d e t e r m i n e
the velocity pressure for the total flow on the u p s t r e a m side. Be-
cause n o r m a l pressure = total pressure - - velocity pressure, the
value of the n o r m a l pressure so found should result in a nozzle flow
a p p r o x i m a t e l y equal to the assumed flow. If not, a new v a l u e
should be assumed a n d the calculation r e p e a t e d .
7080. Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings.

a. T a b l e 7080 should be used to d e t e r m i n e equivalent lengths of
pipe for fittings.
b. Specific friction loss values or e q u i v a l e n t pipe lengths for
deluge valves, strainers, a n d o t h e r devices shall be m a d e a v a i l a b l e
to the a u t h o r i t y having jurisdiction.
7090. Calculating Procedure.

7090. I n o r d e r to m a i n t a i n consistency in h y d r a u l i c calculations,
w h e t h e r done by h a n d or by c o m p u t e r , the following rules should I
be followed. Experience has shown t h a t good results are o b t a i n e d
if the calculations are m a d e in a c c o r d a n c e with these rules. I t is
recognized t h a t satisfactory results m a y be o b t a i n e d by using other
m e t h o d s . H o w e v e r , in o r d e r to simplify the checking of c a l c u l a -
tions a n d to o b t a i n more consistent correlation between c a l c u l a t e d
system characteristics a n d a c t u a l system characteristics it is de-
sirable to use a s t a n d a r d m e t h o d .
a. T h e first work sheet should start at a remote nozzle a n d pro-
ceed directly to a point of k n o w n or proposed water supply. B r a n c h
calculations should be m a d e on subsequent sheets.
b. I n c l u d e the friction loss on all pipe a n d devices such as valves,
meters, a n d strainers.
c. I n c l u d e all fittings where a c h a n g e in direction of the flow
occurs, as follows:
1. C a l c u l a t e the loss for a tee or a cross where flow direction
c h a n g e occurs, based on the e q u i v a l e n t pipe length for the smaller
size of the tee or cross in the p a t h of the turn. Do not include a n y
loss for that p o r t i o n of the flow which passes straight t h r o u g h the
r u n of a tee or a cross.
TABLE 7 0 8 0
EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTH C H A R T
Fittings and V a l v e s Fittings and V a l v e s Expressed in Equivalent Feet of Pipe.

3/~ in. I in. 11~in. 1~2in. 2 in. 2Y2in. 3 in. 3V2in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 8 in. lOin. 12in.
4,5 ° Elbow 1 1 I 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 7 9 11 13
90 ° Standard Elbow 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 18 22 27
90 ° Long Turn Elbow 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 13 16 18
Tee or Cross 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 17 20 25 30 35 50 60
(Flow Turned 90 ° )
Gate Valve - - - - I I I I 2 2 3 4 5 6
L~
Swing Check* 4 .5 7 9 11 14 16 19 22 27 32 45 55 65
Use with Hazen and Williams C = 120 only. For other values of C, the figures in Table 7080 should be multiplied~by the factors indicated below:
Value of C 100 120 130 140
Multiplying factor 0.7 13 1.00 1.16 1.32
(This is based upon the friction loss through the fitting being independent of the C factor applicable to the piping.)
Specific friction loss values or equivalent pipe lengths for alarm valves, dry-pipe valves, deluge valves, strainers and other devices shall
be made available to the authority having jurisdiction.
~'Due to the variations in design of swing check valves, the pipe equivalents indicated in the above chart to be considered average.
2. Calculate the loss of reducing elbows based on the equivalent

feet value of the smallest outlet. Use the equivalent feet value for
the "standard elbow" on any abrupt ninety degree turn, such as
the screw type pattern. Use the equivalent feet value for the "long
turn elbow" on any sweeping ninety degree turn, such as a flanged,
welded, or mechanical joint type elbow.
3. Friction loss should be excluded for tapered reducers and
for the fitting directly supplying the spray nozzle.
d. Include all elevation changes affecting the discharge a n d / o r
the total required pressure where it occurs.
e. Piping may be looped to divide the total water flowing
to the design area.
f. T h e water allowance for outside hydrants when served from
the same underground mains m a y be added to the system require-
ment at the system connection to the underground main. The total
water requirement should then be calculated through the under-
ground main to the point of supply.
g. Orifice plates should not be used for balancing the system.
h. Calculate pipe friction loss in accordance with the Hazen
and Williams formula using " C " value of 120 for black or galvanized
steel pipe, C-140 for cement lined cast iron pipe or copper tubing,
and C-100 for unlined cast iron pipe. The authority having juris-
diction may recommend other C values. These coefficients con-
template the use of the actual pipe internal diameter in the formula.
NOTE: See Appendix for sample calculatiom.

15-44 WATER SPRAY F I X E D SYSTEMS
C H A P T E R 8. A U T O M A T I C D E T E C T I O N E Q U I P M E N T
8000. General.
8001. The arrangements of automatic detection equipment for
water spray systems requires careful engineering, and a different
arrangement from that required for other types of systems. T h e
provisions of this Chapter are based upon the type of equipment
presently available for use with special systems. Other types shall
give at least equivalent performance.
8010. Selection.
8011. Care should be exercised in the selection and adjustment
of detection equipment to assure proper operation and to guard
against premature operation of the system from normally fluctu-
ating conditions. For example, particular care should be taken to
compensate for normal temperature fluctuations in installations
such as transformer protection involving heat exchangers having
automatic fans, and installations involving industrial ovens and
furnaces.
8020. Protection.
8021. Corrosion Protection. Detection equipment installed
out of doors or in the presence of possible corrosive vapors or at-
mospheres shall be protected from corrosion by suitable materials
of construction or by suitable protective coatings applied by the
equipment manufacturer.
8022. Protective Canopy, Detection equipment requiring pro-
tection from the weather shall be provided with a canopy, hood,
or other suitable protection.
8023. Mechanical Damage. Detection equipment shall be lo-
cated so as to be protected from mechanical damage.
8024. Mounting. Detectors shall, in all cases, be supported
independently of their attachment to wires or tubing.
8030. Location and Spacing of Detectors.

8031. Automatic detection equipment shall be so located and
adjusted as to operate reliably. The location of detectors should
be based upon data obtained from field experience, tests, engineer-
ing surveys, the manufacturer's recommendations, and recognized
laboratory listings, insofar as these are applicable. In addition,
location should take into consideration such factors as the nature
of the hazard being protected, air velocity, temperature variations,
AUTOMATIC DETECTION EQUIPMENT 15-45
number and height of structural levels, shielding, indoors or out-

doors, open or closed structures, and other variable conditions
where the exercise of judgment based upon experience with such
detection equipment in actual tests and service, is needed.
8032. Location and spacing of detectors may be in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations where such recom-
mendations are based upon tests satisfactory to the authority having
jurisdiction. In the absence of such recommendations the follow-
ing rules apply.
8033. Outdoor Installations.
(a) Detectors used outdoors should be installed with a markedly
reduced spacing from that shown by tests to be satisfactory for
indoor installation.
NOTE: Presently, fire detectors for special systems have been investigated
and identified by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Underwriters' Labora-
tories of Canada, and the Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation; how-
ever, the spacing limitations specified are for indoor installations, prin-
cipally under smooth ceilings.
(b) Detectors should be located around the perimeter of the I

hazard and within the area enclosed by the perimeter detectors. The !
uppermost complement, vertically, of detectors, should be a mini-
mum of one foot above the general level of the top of the equipment.
8034. U n e n c l o s e d Structures.
(a) Detectors should be located in a manner similar to those
for outdoor installations.
(b) Beneath solid floors or ceilings the detectors, except for the
perimeter, may be installed under the rules for indoor installations.
(c) Installations beneath floors or ceilings which are not solid
should be considered as outdoor installations.
8035. Indoor Installations.

(a) CEILING HEIGHTS. The ceiling height and nature of the ex-
pected fire shall be given consideration in the selection and spacing
of detectors. Where ceiling heights exceed 35 feet detectors should
be so spaced that the area covered by each detector will not exceed
75 percent of the area normally covered.
(b) SPACING. Detector spacings shall not exceed the linear
maximums indicated by tests of Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.,
Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada, or Factory Mutual Engi-
neering Corporation for the particular device used. Closer spacing

may be required due to structural characteristics of the protected
area, possible drafts, or other conditions affecting detector op-
eration.
(C) DISTANCE BETWEEN DETECTORS AND WALLS.
(1.) Where ceilings are level, the distance between the wall
and the nearest detector shall not exceed one-half the distance
allowed between detectors.
(2) With sloping ceilings, (slope more than 1~'~ inches per
foot) the distance to the lowest detector shall not exceed two-thirds
the distance allowed between detectors. Distance may be measured
horizontally for both level and sloping ceilings.
(3) In areas requiring only a single row of detectors the dis-
tance between the end detector and the end wall shall not exceed
one-third the distance allowed between detectors.
8036. T w o or More Systems, Where there are two or more
systems in one area controlled by separate systems of fire detectors,
those on each system shall be spaced at least up to the dividing
line between systems, as to a wall or partition or draft stop.
8040. Arrangement and Supervision of Systems.

8041. Supervision. Central station, remote station, or pro-
prietary supervision of detection equipment may be required by
the authority having jurisdiction.
NOTE: For the applicable standards, see N F P A 71, 72C and 72D.
8042. Electric Systems. Water spray systems which depend

for operation on electric thermostats, relay circuits, or other similar
equipment shall be so arranged that such equipment is normally
energized, or completely supervised in a manner that will result
in positive notifications of an abnormal condition unless failure
of the detection system results in the operation of the water spray
system .
8043. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems. Pneumatically and
hydraulically operated systems shall be supervised in a manner
such that failure will result in positive notification of the abnormal
condition, unless the failure shall result in operation of the water
spray system.
8050. Response Time.

8051. The heat detection system should be designed to cause
actuation of the special system water control valve within 20
AUTOMATIC DETECTION EQUIPMENT 15--47
seconds under expected fire conditions. Under test conditions when

exposed to a standard heat source, the system should operate within
40 seconds.
NOTE: (1) Some detection circuits m a y be deliberately desensitized in

order to override u n u s u a l a m b i e n t conditions, I n such cases the above
response m a y be exceeded subject to the a u t h o r i t y h a v i n g jurisdiction.
(2) T e s t i n g of integrating t u b i n g systems m a y be related to this test
by m e a n s of a s t a n d a r d pressure impulse test specified by the listing lab-
oratory.
(3) O n e m e t h o d of testing h e a t detection uses a r a d i a n t h e a t surface at a
t e m p e r a t u r e of 300 ° F. a n d a capacity of 350 watts at a distance of one
b u t not m o r e t h a n two inches from t h e nearest part of the detector. T h i s
m e t h o d of testing with electric test set should not be used in h a z a r d o u s
locations. O t h e r test m e t h o d s m a y be e m p l o y e d b u t the results shall be
related to t h e results obtained u n d e r these conditions. [See 4043 (a) (2).]
15-48 W A T E R SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS
APPENDIX
A-1033. Design Purposes.

(a) E x t i n g u i s h m e n t of fire by water spray is accomFlished by cooling,
s m o t h e r i n g f r o m s t e a m produced, emulsification of s o m e liquids, dilution in
s o m e cases, or a c o m b i n a t i o n of these factors.
(b) Control of fires is accomplished by a n application of water spray to t h e
b u r n i n g materials p r o d u c i n g controlled b u r n i n g . T h e principle of control m a y
be applied w h e r e combustible materials are not susceptible to complete ex-
t i n g u i s h m e n t by water spray, or where complete e x t i n g u i s h m e n t is not con-
sidered desirable.
(c) Effective exposure protection is accomplished by application of water
s p r a y directly to the exposed structures or e q u i p m e n t to r e m o v e or r e d u c e
t h e h e a t transferred to t h e m f r o m the exposing fire. W a t e r s p r a y curtains are
less effective t h a n direct application b u t may, u n d e r favorable conditions, pro-
vide s o m e protection against fire exposure t h r o u g h subdivision of fire areas.
U n f a v o r a b l e conditions m a y include such factors as windage, t h e r m a l updrafts,
a n d i n a d e q u a t e drainage.
(d) Start of fire is prevented by the use of water sprays to dissolve, dilute,
disperse, or cool f l a m m a b l e materials.
A-1044. Clearance to Live Electrical Apparatus.

Possible design variations in t h e clearance required at higher voltages are
evident on T a b l e 1044(b) w h e r e a r a n g e of voltages is indicated opposite t h e
various B I L test values in the h i g h voltage portion of t h e Table.
L
/ -7 -
/
/.
./
,I
./
z I //
/
Q se I/
/
g i.,"
./
/ I t [ m~_
j J
Estlrnate~ time [or volatile liquid contents of at-
/ mospheric storage tanks to reach I00 degrees Fahren-
heit w h e n absorbing heat at 20,O0O Btu per sq. ft. pe~
/ ;3our from a starting temperature of 70 u F. for tank
/ contents and 60" F. for tank steel.
/ All ItOXl~A'r=
o tP ii Ro mt ' ao )s ~ 4~ mo
Fig. A - 4 0 4 3 ( b - 1 )
APPENDIX 15-49
TIME e IN M I N U T [ S
IP
\ G~.L
\
" ~ T'llO 12)00< GLI.
Iv r _~
o. ~ ~. _
.~ ~ ~.-~
~ = "'~'~
~.~ ~ ~ -
z~,.ac~ i GAl.
-t - 0 •
oc~O ~.~
\
:o='~ \
~.~o
--------~ m
I I I
- - \
o ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I o~
TIME e IN M I N U T E S
Fig. A - 4 Q 4 3 (b-2)
15--50 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS
U p to system voltages of 161 kv the design BIL kv and corresponding mini-

mum clearances, phase to ground, have been established through long usage.
At the higher voltages, the relationship between design BIL kv and the various
system voltages has not been established in practice and is dependent upon
several variables, so that the required clearance to ground should be based
upon the design BIL used, rather than on the nominal line voltage or voltage
to ground.
A-4043(b) E x p o s u r e P r o t e c t i o n - - Vessels.
It has been established that uninsulated vessels, under average plant con-
ditions, when enveloped with flame, may be expected to absorb heat at a rate
of at least 20,000 B.T.U. per square foot per hour, of exposed surface wetted
by the contents, Unwetted, uninsulated steel equipment absorbs heat rapidly,
and failure occurs from overpressure a n d / o r overheating when such equip-
ment is exposed to fire. Figure A-4043(b-1) is a time-temperature curve show-
ing the lengths of time required for vessels of different sizes containing volatile
materials to have their contents heated to 100 ° F. from a starting temperature
of 70 ° F. for tank contents and 60 ° F. for the tank steel. (See "Requirements
for Relief of Overpressure in Vesssels Exposed to Fire", J. J. Duggan, C. H.
Gilmour, P. F. Fisher; Transactions of the A.S.M.E., January, 1944, Pages
1-53; "Venting of Tanks Exposed to Fire", NFPA Quarterly, October, 1943;
and Rubber Reserve Company Memorandum 89, "Heat Input to Vessels".)
The application of water spray to a vessel enveloped by fire will reduce the
heat input rate to a value on the order of 6,000 B.T.U. per square foot per
hour of exposed surface wetted by the contents when the unit rate of water ap-
plication is 0.2 gallons per minute per square foot of exposed surface. The 6,000
B.T.U. rate was also established in Rubber Reserve Co. Memorandum 123,
"Protection of Vessels Exposed to Fire". Figure A-4043(b-2) shows the esti-
mated time for volatile liquid contents of atmospheric storage tanks to reach
the boiling point when absorbing heat at 6,000 B.T.U. per hour per square
foot. This may be compared with the figure shown in Figure A-4043(b-1)
to show the benefits derived from water spray systems.
A-4060. Drainage.
As stated, there are four methods of drainage (1) grading, (2) diking, (3)
trenching, and (4) underground or enclosed drains, the application of which
must be determined by the extent of the hazard and the degree of protection
desired.
GRADING - - Where grading is employed a slope of not less than 1 percent
should be provided. Concrete surfacing is most desirable. However, other hard
surfacing or crushed rock is acceptable.
DIKING - - Where diking is employed dikes should be in accordance with
the requirements of NFPA No. 30. Figure A-4060(1) is based on NFPA re-
quirements and will serve to illustrate the necessary features of adequate diking.
TRENCmNG - - General specifications for drainage trench and recovery
systems installation, which is a desirable drainage arrangement for storage and
equipment areas, are as follows:
A. PURPOSE OF DRAINAGE TRENCH.
(a) To remove from the area and promptly and effectively dispose of all
accidentally spilled liquids and water discharged from fixed spray systems
a n d / o r hose streams.
(b) To provide, by means of partial closure of trench top, a basin within
which ignited flammable liquids may be safely consumed by controlled burning
without seriously exposing adjacent equipment.
APPENDIX 15-51
TYPI UI
f l ~ 5 I~t<~'L~"t'l!D .5'-O*M~I W~'~ TOP I-4~COMPACTBD
wn'H ~,ODOR / ~ TO eE U~eD A~, | IND~R~,
¢lklD~ : J RO,a3DV4AY"I=OR |
dl: C
r-~-'-~T~oo~p~crED - ~ ' - ' n I "~i:[
"- (~V14EN~'-O~AT'TOF) I
SECTION "A-A"
~ ~RllklffOeCE i I r ~ , ~ l ¢ E . . ~ Ir'~'~
ilrmm mmal-~
ImL"~m I R l l BL'~
• :. ~..:.:.~ ",': .o'. ~.~: ;.. ,~ : .'. ,., ; :.4".:
,o. " .~" ~...'... :#,'.:.~'.:~:
• ;..;~... : ~...,;~:~,'..'~':
.....;~.... ,.. :~.'......,.
: ...-.
~,:.~.~
iimtnl~li~
SECTION "C-C" TABLE OF DIMENSIONS, S04L PR[SSUR[S

AND CONCRETE QUANTITIES
Fig. A - 4 0 6 0 ( ! ) . Standard dikes for field storage tanks.

(c) To act as a container for retention of accidentally spilled, unignited

high value liquids for salvage purposes.
B. CONSTRUCTIONOF DRAINAGE TRENCH.
(a) Drainage trench should be constructed of reinforced concrete, except
that expanded blast furnace slag aggregate should be used in precast trench
cover.
(b) The minimum size of any drainage trench should be 3 ft. wide and 1 ft.
6 in. deep. In no case should the depth exceed the width.
(c) Whether the closed portion of the trench top is precast or constructed
of grating and steel plate, the open section should b e equal to one-third the
width of the trench, located centrally. Distance from either edge of the open
area of the top to either inside wall should not be less than 12 inches. Open
section should be covered with 1 ~ in. steel walkway grating.
(d) Sumps should be poured monolithically with trench. Watertight bonds
should be provided for joining concrete tank pad to trench.
(e) Where piling is required in the construction of concrete pad it should
also be used for support of trench and sump.
(f) Slope of trench floor to sump should be a minimum of one per cent.
C. DRAINAGETRENCH CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS.

(a) Flowing: (Surface area served by the trench).
1. 750 gpm per 2,400 sq. ft. - - drainage from fire hose discharge, plus
2. 1,500 gpm per 2,400 sq. ft. (maximum) - - drainage where fixed water
spray systems are installed, plus
3. Normal surface drainage.
(b) Holding: (Total trench volume).
1. Should be equal to the total capacity of largest vessel in the area,
served by the trench.
2. Holding capacity may be disregarded for water insoluble liquids where
individual drains are provided to an interceptor where such insolubles may be
separated and retained.
3. Where individual drains, separators, or interceptors are not used, shut-
off valves should be provided for each trench system to prevent accidentally
spilled materials from polluting public waterways.
D. TANK PADS AND CURBS.
(a) Tank pads, ff used, should be constructed of concrete and sloped toward
trench with at least a two percent grade.
(b) Concrete curbs should be provided around the perimeter of the tank
pad or process area and between groups served by a common trench, to confine
accidental liquid spillages to their respective areas.
(c) Curbs should be formed in a concave manner to throw back sudden
wash of flammable liquid from a large spill.
E. SEPARATORSAND INTERCEPTORS.
Separators and interceptors should be designed to remove from drainage
systems water insoluble liquids which may be either reclaimed or destroyed.
In any event, these materials which are usually flammable a n d / o r toxic are
thus prevented from entering public waterways. Separators should be installed
in locations sufficiently remote from processing and storage areas to be beyond
the range of fire exposure.
APPENDIX 15-53
F. UNDERGROUNDOR ENCLOSED DRAINS.

The capacity of the system should be equivalent to required flowing ca-
pacities of the drainage trenches connected to it, plus any additional drains
on the system, plus drainage for any anticipated future developments which
may be required. All points of connection should be sealed (see detail of sump,
Figure A-4060(2), to prevent propagation of flame through the drainage
system. A skimming device is useful for removing objectionable materials from
the water surface in the sump.
G. GENERAL. (See Figs. A-4060(2) and A-4060(3).)
(a) Drainage trenches should be installed to serve to divide two rows of
tanks or equipment, one row on each side, so that run-off from any vessel will
enter directly into trench without exposing adjacent vessels.
(b) Where holding capacity is not a factor, small quantities of water may
be directed into trench continuously to keep it clean and to assure a positive
seal in the sump at all times.
(c) The installation of piping in drainage trenches should be avoided.
Where it is necessary for pipe to enter or leave a drainage trench, passage
should be through the grating; if through walls, the openings should be vapor-
tight.
(d) The drainage system and grating shall he kept clean and free of debris.
.,., .+ . ,.+
+,.,...
D R A I N A 6 1 T ~ E N C H ',WITH I w R I C A I T ¢ONCJI['TIL Oi~IAI~AGL TRENCH ~VITN & T E L l . PLATiL
A N D STSr.k 6RATINO COVER A N D a N A T I N I I COVER
r.-
¢lJal~ 3
T RAPP|O QUl4p
Fig. A - 4 0 6 0 ( 2 ) . Drainage system details for tank areas containing flammable

liquids.
I I
,,., ,, ,,
.*~PCTION A'A
9-
TRA~PeO
"SUMP C~
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WH ER.I S~PA~ATOFL
OK INTERCtPTOK
i~ NOT IN~TALLF-D.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r ~ _ _-*_, ._~_-_~_._._~_ . . . . . . . . . . . Ii
PLAN OF TANK PAD

d~
SUGS~TS~ OESt~ FO~ OR~tHA~t S ~ S T ~ FO~ T ~ a ~ ~ S com'~,tm~ m.A~M~.W-W, u Q u m s
Fig. A . 4 0 6 0 (3)
APPENDIX 15-55
N ° I
®
j
NOTE
PIPING AT E L E V IO-O'
S I M I L A R TO THAT AT
ELEV. 2 0 " 0 '
¢~.o'"
Fig. A-7O90.a. Drawing of Water Spray System Used for Sample Calculation
s h o w n in Figs. A-7090.b. and A-7090.c.
A-7090. Sample Calculations.

Figure A - 7 0 9 0 ( a ) shows a hypothetical water spray system layout. Figure
A-7090(b) shows a sample calculation for this system using pipe sizing and noz-
zles with constants such that the velocity pressures generally exceed 5 percent
of the total pressures, and the designer elected to include velocity pressures.
Figure A-7090(c) shows a sample calculation for this system, using pipe sizing
and nozzles with constants such that velocity pressures are less than 5 percent
of the total pressures, and the velocity pressures were not included in the cal-
culation.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
FOR
BY J. E Q
[N~ S,~ O~o~A~t e.O~ OAT[ ~Z " } - ~ 8
JOBNO. I~7~
Ne~tle F~w i Pipe r. P*'e Equiv. Fr,¢t.e. ] ~r'$sure Ner..l t~zl,ev. NOTES
CQcat;o~ G* P, M. Lesttk p.~~e~*4t I SummsrY Pr~ure
~.~w)0~4~. ~ ..~-~.-~LGTH 0~ PT 20.0 :T ?.10' : ~,0
(~ Q 40.Z ~ TOT. ~,S ~F I.~ 40 Z
_ _ _ _ E
® 4o.z I T~. ,o.o ,, 4.~ ,,
t-N~0 ~ ~0 b ~ c~t.. ~0 ~T ~S.e ,t ZS
(or K~ Q.l.s,S~ <~>
T:8.0 LGTN~,O ~T~O0 ~t ~O 0
43, S
_ _ ~ . s.o .SO ~ o~ ~v
__L~TK. 4.0 ~T 4 0 . Z ~t 40 ? 20,0' c1~" ~O.G "J%~-~ • 180
(~ ~ 4Ze ~i Z~/Z TOT, f.O PF ~ ~ ~N S4 ?

M-,S ClI : ~)O,~nl'~l :
- - _ _ F I G , "/.0 ,~0 P E ~ ~V 4.8 ~88
~) O gl~ G ~ TOT J~,O PF 4 B =N 3"1 "l
-- __cGtw,,O,O et't.~.~ ~x
q" _ _ F T ~ -" .40 ~E T.~ "v
SSb tO.o' % :8&.6 ~ = G40.

~r-~L~¶ ~0'0 )~IV:IO.O FTG. ~ 1 0 .0S4 ~E ~..~_~_.~PV
_ _ C G T N . _ _ PT_(L?~PT o.s'
~ ¶ ' ~ " __FTG. _ _ PE--=V
_ _ L G I N , _ _ P t _ _ PT
- - ¶ - - __FTG. _ _ PE__ P¥ Y~o ~y~uNt~
q TeT. PF ~N
_ _ L G T H . _ _ P t _ _ ~t
- - ¶ - - STG. P [ _ _ ~v
q TOT, ~r ~
_ _ LGTN.-- PT--PT
q TgT. PW
~ J ] FTG, 1 P ( J ~ V
q TOT PF ~w
- - LGTH-- PT__ ~1
~ q ~ j FT~l i P f J =V
q TOT. PF ~N
TOT, PF ~N
_ _ _ L G T H . _ _ Pt__PT
Q TOT. Pr PN
Fig. A - 7 0 9 0 . b . Calculation of S y s t e m s h o w n in Fig. A - 7 0 9 0 . a . with Velocity

Pressure Included.
APPENDIX 15-57
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIOM$
FOR ~,~,,d,.w, ~ o u ~ , , o~ ['~u. A,-'lo')0-,, ~(T#O.~O~ ~-

Au N0~,~l,~ Tvoc N~O s~ ~. E. C.
~0sNo. IS7
..... F,.. I e~,, E ~,. r,t~.

Idlest, & Im ~ I _~°J~_~ S~mwl* P•
._L:.mL I,*.~ . .o .,,.._~_ ,, z,., ,, ,o.z

~ , 6 . _...I,L .4-7 e(~-~._-- pv I(l" .6.~
f f Q 4G t I tiT. 7.S Pf 3.$ Pu
_ _ . S T N . ~ PV ~ PT
O rer_ Pr Pu
- - ,GTH*__ PT _ _ PT
T I ~ rill. ~ P( _ _ Pv
q roy. f'; Plo
140.2 - - LllrN. ~.O_ .4"~ n.plr~ Pr ~-i.e"
1 3._~.i_. ~ .ova. ~.s p'r ~ ev tt.',-

r:c,. I..0 .4-4- Pt __~__ Pv. I.O
(8") q 79.8 IY4 wr. ~ pF ~.3 e, t~.o,
LGTll. I.O Pr "/-4.7 Pr
t-N~o 1.3xL
,t. m.o .~ pt _ . . Q , ~ pv. I < • , ~14'T~'-,~: ~ . ~
q IS'~.(. Z roT. ~ pF ;.~ PN
kGTN.__ PT ~ PT tO.Q'
Pa
~,ON[$, t~tfl L t V I L - - ktTH.-- PT _ _ PT
q - - _ _ tit. _ _ p( _ _ PV
Q rOT. e le PN
;*Ta.._.L. Pv ~ pv ~.,..c.
1 ~ r l G . 15 .4"0 p| 8.0 Pv Kt w~ a: O~,O
Q ~lGh~I ~ rOT. 20 pr $G.S PN
_ _ ,GIN.__ PT ~ PT
I - - ~ ~tS. Pit ~ Pv
q rOT. Pf PN
LGTN.~ PT _ _ PT
I - - ~ riG. P[ ~ Pv
q ro'r. , pf PN
kGTN PT ~ PT
elf P~
~GTN.~ PT ~ PT
- - ¶ - - ~ riG. ~ iP( PV
q ~QT, PF PN
~GTN.~ PT ~ PT
q roT. is, ;e,,

GTN PT ~ PT
q re'r. rF Pq
.SI'N.~ PT ~ PV
- - ~ - - ~ :IL P ¢ _ _ P v
q rgv. ('r e,,
~GTN.~ PT ~ PT
- - ~ - $15 - - P( ~ Pv . .
Q ~ ' r , T " ,, Pu
Fig. A-TO90.b, Continued
Notes for Figure A-7090.b.

T h e velocity pressure Pv is determined by trial. It is necessary to estimate
the flow Q in the pipe on the u p s t r e a m side of the nozzle to determine a trial Pv
which is used to determine a trial Pn, a trial q, and a trial Q. After determining
the trial Q use this value to determine a new Pv. If the new Pv is approximately
equal to the trial Pv consider the trial Q to be the actual Q and proceed with the
calculations. I f the new Pv does not check with the trial Pv estimate Q again
and proceed with successive corrections until an actual Pv is obtained that checks
with a trial Pv.
T h e flow f r o m nozzles m a y be obtained from discharge curves rather t h a n
1~-58 WATER SPRAY F I X E D SYSTEMS
individual calculations at the preference of the calculator. Similarly, flow

characteristics of lines or sections of systems m a y be obtained by plotting results
on charts made up to nZ.S~ or n~ rather than by calculating constants (K - -
values).
Figure N o . A - 7 0 9 0 . c . shows a sample c a l c u l a t i o n for the system s h o w n in

Figure No. A-7090.a. using pipe sizing and nozzles with constants such that
velocity pressgres are less than 5 percent of the total pressures, and the velocity
pressures were not included in the calculation.
( No~l~- "~ISC6ARG~. ~ O ~ l " t b O~ DATE It - 3" 68
JOSNo 151Z.
Lo=atJo, G P.M. Le,,~th p ~1 /Fool Summmrr P,tssure Elev
I-NSO 13.4 ~ .GTH__Sg~_O_J PT 9 = 0 . ~ ] PT ?-[*0' 91=~.00N~'6~- ~

r1G ,0~ PE__Pv
PN r5.4
__ Z£ ; 4. 0 .~TH _ ~ PT 20.3 ~T
L~ I~ ¢ ] rOT IO 0 pc 0.~ PN
(~ [q Z~,.9 tl/4 r0T ~ 0 or 0,S P. S~>fo. K~ C * i , s

13.G
~ i _ _ rTG ~ .0~ P E p P y
q ~_ _ IVz ro'r IO.O pr o,~ ~'.
.GTH. S,O Pt 29_ 0 PT
TOT, IO 0 PF 0G PN
- -
:TG -- ,~7 P E P P Y
(~ q L~].l ZI/z rot ~ - P; 0.3 P~ K~,It~.
~E:10 .GTH_ <~ 0 pT 9-~3 PT 9 1 : I1.'/td-~E.~ : s~,. S
~ 5 5f$$ _ _ FTG, 30 .0~ P E p P y
(~ O t93~, ~ tOT ~ P~ 0,~ P.
-- - - LGTB [0 0 PT ~L3.~ PT
_ _ F T G ~ .OS pE 43Pv
q {~3.G ~ xe% t~ 0 P~ O S PN
~4~ N ~ 0 9 ~ll.0 D~I Y : 100 FTG ~ .007 pE ~1 pv

('~ Q 4044 G ~v.:3.o tot {,00 P~ 04- ,~N K9 CAle.-~
- - LGT~ - - PT ~ L ~ P T O,S'
9 - - Fr~ P( i ~v
~J Cl 404 G / - - ~o~ - - P~ 'N
- - LGZH_ PT _ _ PT Note. %~t F i l , ~,-7090"d
- - ~ - - FTG ' PE _ _ PV (at Wite.t ~VP PlY
q TOt Pr ~
- - LGTH - - PT _ _ =t
q TOT Pr DN
- - LGTH _ _ PT - - ~T
- - 9 - - rt¢ P( _ _ ~v
q TOT PF ='w
- - LGTH,__ PT _ _ Pt
q TOT PF )N
- - LQTH - - P T - PT
_ _ rTG, - - Pi _ _ =v
q TOt PF ;~N
- - LGTH _ _ PT - - ~T
q TOT, )F :~N
~ FTG, P[ Pv
TOt Pr P.
Fig, A - 7 0 9 0 . ¢ . Cnlculution of S y s t e m s h o w n in Fig. A - 7 0 9 0 . o . wifh Velo,'ity

P r e s s u r e not I n c l u d e d .
APPENDIX 15--59
SHEET N0. ~ . . ~ 0 F z-
OAE {Z - 3 - &8
J O e NO, I $ 7 ~-
Noxzle Flow Pipe F; Pipe Equiv. Fr;¢t;*. Pressure Normel Nezzle NOTES
EI,v
.Lecafion
. . . . . . . . G, P. M, ,,,, g;:':." L :'41h p.|,i./feot
.... S v m m l ry Peesture
~ 15.4- E=z.0 L~T. 6,5 PT f-O.I 'T K-- ~/~ - z.es
- - LGTH _ _ PT ~ )T
- - - - _ _ FTG _ _ ~E - - )V
TaT =r ~U
- - LGTH.__ PT _ ~t
T q - - FTG. Pz _ _ 'v
q TOT PF ~N
LGTH ~-0 PT ~ ~T
_L~_ 1134 _ _ F T ~ . --- ,0(~ PIE ~ Pv
Q4 ~ 4 - I TOT, Z.0 Pr 0 z ,.
~ "
2(~.e [J/4
- - FTG /o ,0
TQT. , ~ - -"]- ~ - -
. O(P PE
p~"
~"
O,S
)V
:*:~
LGTN I,O pt ~__L~t
~(. S~.8 , 11.7
- ~,~,~
q S'~ S Z TO* II o Pr OJ ~.
_ _ ;£GTH _ _ PT ~.1 . ~ PT
- - I ' - - :FTG, Pt -- F~V
g TOT. PF PH
L~m~K PiPe L~VgL LGTH,__ PT _ _ Px
- ~ 1 , - - _ _ FTG _ _ P£ - - Pv
_ q 'ro~. PF PN
I¢- N 50 'I ~ L~,T. S 0 Pt ~ PT K9 = ~ = 30L$
- - - - - - E r r ; , IS.O .OS P[ -'- Pv
q 193.(p ~ roT, 2.0.0 pr 1.0 PN
- - . G T M , _ _ PT ~ PT
- - 1 - - - - :t6, - - PiE - - Pv
q rOT. Pr PN
rOT. Or PN
_ _ ,GTH _ _ PT - - PT
- - I - - _ _ :TG, _ _ p~ _ _ Pv
q rOT. pr PN
- - - - p ~ _ _
q rOT Pr P~
- - .GTH,_ PT PT
- - I - - _ _ :TO - - P~ _ Pv
q rot Pe P.
- - . G T H . - - PT _ _ PT
- - q - - _ _ :T6. _ _ P[ _ _ PV
rOT. PF PN
- - .GTH _ _ _ P~ _ _ PT
- - q - - _ _ :r; _ _ P( _ _ Pv
q rOT. Pr PN
- - .GTH,__ PT _ _ _ P1
- - q - - _ _ :t~, _ _ P[ _ _ Pv
q rOT. Pr P.
Fig. A-7090.c. Continued
N o t e for F i g u r e A-7090.e.
T h e flow f r o m nozzles m a y be obtained f r o m discharge curves r a t h e r t h a n
individual calculations at t h e preference of t h e calculator. Similarly, flow
characteristics of lines or sections of systems m a y be obtained by plotting results
o n charts m a d e u p to nt.s5 or ns r a t h e r t h a n by calculating constants ( K - -
values).
15--~0 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS
12o
41o
IOO
t.9
90
¢/)
80- ,0
I TO-
W
60-
50-
40-
W
30-
10-
0
Q 1.85 F LOW - C, P M
Fig. A - 7 0 9 0 . d . Sample Graph Sheet
Graphic summary of hydraulic calculations shown in Figure A-7090.c., and

assuming 250 gpm outside hydrant flow requirements and 4.0 psi underground
friction loss.
System requirements = 404.6 gpm at 33.21 psi
Hose Stream requirements = 250 gpm; additional
4.0 psi required
T O T A L W A T E R R E Q U I R E M E N T S = 654.6 gpm at 37.21 psi
Pe = 8.8 psi
National Fire Protection Association

International
60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110
The National Fire Protection Association was organized in 1896 to

promote the science and improve the methods of fire protection. Anyone
interested may become an Associate Member; the annual dues are 830.00.
National and regional societies and associations are eligible to be Organiza-
tion Members; annual dues are $225. Full nlembership information is
available on request.
This is one of a large number of publications on fire safety issued by

the Association. All NFPA codes, standards, and reeolnmended practices
are prepared by XFPA Technical Committees and adopted at an Annual
Meeting of the Association. They are intended to prescribe reasonable
measures for minimizing losses of life and property by fire.
This and other NFPA codes, standards, and recommended practices

are published in the N a t i o n a l Fire Codes, a ten-volume compilation of
NFPA's official technical material. Following are the titles of the ten-
volume set:
Vol. 1 Flammable Liquids
Vol. 2 Gases, Ovens and Boiler-Furnaces
Vol. 3 Combustible Solids, Dusts and Explosives
Vol. 4 Building Construction and Facilities
Vol. 5 Electrical
Vol. 6 Sprinklers, Fire Pumps and Water Tanks
Vol. 7 Alarm and Special Extinguishing Systems
Voh S Portable and Manual Fire Control Equipment
Vol. 9 Occupancy Standards and Process Hazards
Vol. 10 Transportation
Write the Association for full information.
D i s c o u n t Prices on this P a m p h l e t
The following schedule of discount prices for multiple copies of this
pamphlet have been established:
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TYPICAL POCKET EDITIONS OF NFPA STANDARDS
List revised as of June. i969. Most of these standards also appear, with identical text, in the National
Fire Codes, republished annually. Titles are abbreviated. For complete list of publications w r i t e NFPA.
2M Model Legislation '57 . . . . 50 491M Chem. Reactions ' 6 8 . . . 2.50 96 VaPor Removal Cooking Equip-
4h Fire Dept. Organization '69 . .75 492 Ammon. Nitrate, Sep. Dist. '68 30 ment "69 . . . . . . . 50
48 Fire Dept. Management '68 . 2.50 493 Process ControY Equip. '69 . .75 97M Glossary, Heating Terms '68 .50
6 Industrial Loss Prevent. '67 . .50 494L State Fireworks Law '64 . ,40
7 Controlling Fire Emerg. ' 6 7 . . .50 4 9 5 Explosives, Stge., Use ~69 . 1.25 101 Life Safety Code ' 6 7 . 1.50
8 Gen. Management Responsibility 4 9 6 Purged Enclosures '67 . . . . 50 102 Tents, Grandstands, Air-
'67 . . . . . . . . . . SO Supported Structures t 6 7 . . .60
5OA Gaseous Hydrogen Syst. '69 . .50
t0 Extinguishers, Instal. '69 . . 1.00 51 Welding and Cutting '69 . . .75 204 Smoke, Heat Venting '68 .50
iDA Extinguishers, Maint. '69 . . 1.00 5OB LH-Syst,, Consumer Sites '68 ,SO 206M Building A r e a s . / 6 5 . . . .40
IOL Model Enabling Act '69 . . .SO S] 8 Welding Processes ' 6 2 . . . . 40 211 Chimneys, Venting SysL~ " 6 9 . ] . 0 0
11 Foam Ext. Systems '69 . . . 1.75 2 ] 4 Water Cooling Towers '68 . .75
54 Gas Appliances, Piping ' 6 9 . . 1.25
12 Carbon Dioxide Systems '68 . 1.50 2 2 0 Std, Types Bldg. Const. '61 .40
5dA Indus*=. Gas Piping '69 . . 1.00
13 Sprinkler Systems '69 . . . 2.00 224 Homes Forest Areas '69 .75
56 Flare. Anesthetics Code '68 : 1.25
13A Sprinkler Maintenance '69 . .75 231 indoor General Storage ' 6 5 . .50
56B Inhalation Therapy '68 . .75
13E S o r i n k l e r e d Pron. F.D. 231A Outdoor Gen'l. Storage '65 . ,40
56C ffosoital Laboratories '69 . . .75
Ooerations at '66 . . . . 60 5 6 5 Nonffam. Med. Gases ~67 . . .50 23] B Cellular Rubber, Storage "68 .75
14 Standpipe, Hose Systems '69 . .75 232 Protection of Records '67 1.00
566 Bulk Oxygen Systems ' 6 5 . . 50
15 Water Spray Fixed Systems 24! Bldg. Constr. Operation ~d8 . .50
5 7 Fumigation '68 . . . . . 75
'69 . . . . . . . . 1.25 58 LP-Gas Storage, Use '69 . . 1.25 251 Fire Tests Bldg. Matl. ' 6 9 .75
16 Foam-Water Systems '68 . . 1.00 252 Fire Tests Door Assem. '69 .50
5 9 LP-Gas, U t i l i t y Plants '68 . 1.25
17 Dry Chem. Ext. Systems '69 . .75 2 5 5 Flamespread Tests '69 . .50
59A LN-Gas, U t i l i t y Plants ' 6 7 .60
18 Wetting Agencs '66 . . . . . 50 2 5 6 Tests Roof Coverings ~64 . . .50
182M Vaporizing Liouid '65 . . .40
19 Fire Apparatus Soecs. ' 6 9 . . 1.50 60 Pulverizod Fuel Systs. "61 .60
61A Starch Factories "62 . .50 302 Motor Craft '68 . . . ." . 1.25
]91 Portable Pump. Units ~59 . . .35
61B Terminal Elevators "59 .SO 303 Marinas and Boatyards ' 6 9 . 1.00
193 Ladders. Ground-Aerial '59 . .50
194 Hose Coupling Threads '68 . .75 61C Flour and Feed Mills '62 .60 306 Gas Hazards on Vessels ' 6 9 . .75
196 Fire Hose "69 . . . . . 50 62 Sugar anu Cocoa '67 . . .50 307 Marine Terminals ' 6 7 . . .60
197 Initial Fire Attack '66 . . .50 63 Explosions Indus. Plants "64 .50 312 Vessels, Constr.-Repair ' 6 8 . .SO
198 Fire Rose, Care of '69 . . . 1.00 64 Country Grain Elevators '59 .40
6 5 Aluminum Processing '63 . .50 402 Aircraft Rescue Proced. "69 2.00
20 Centrifugal Fire Pumps ' 6 9 . 2.00 651 Aluminum Powder '67 . . .50 403 Aircraft Rescue Services ' 6 9 . 1.25
21 Steam Fire Pump Ma[nt. '63 . .60 652 Magnesium Powder '68 . .50 4 0 6 M Handling Crash Fires ' 6 8 . 1.00
22 Water Tanks ' 6 7 . . . . . 1.50 653 Coal Preparation Plants ' 5 9 .50 407 Aircraft Fuel Servicing '68 330
24 Outside Protection '69 . . . 1.00 6 5 4 Plastics, Expl. Prevent. '63 .75 dO0 Aircraft Extinguishers '65 30
25 Rural Water Systems ' 6 9 . . .75 6 5 5 Sulfur Fires '68 " .75 409 Aircraft Hangars ' 6 9 . . . 1.25
26 Suoervision Valves '58 . . . . 40 6 5 6 Spice Grinding Plants "59 . . .40 410A Elec. Syst. Mainf. '68 . . 30
27 Private Fire Brigades '67 . . .50 6 5 7 Confectionery Plants '67 . . .50 4108 Oxygen Syst. Maiot. "66 . .50
292M Water Charges, Private '61 . .40 66 Pneumatic Conveying '64 . . .60 410C Fuel Syst. Maint. '68 . 1.00
295 Forest Fire Control "65 . . .75 6 6 4 Woodworking, Wood Flour '62 .60 410D A i r c r a f t Painting "66 . . .50
68 Explosion Venting '54 . . . . 75 410E Aircraft Welding '64 . . .40
6 9 Inerting for Fire Prey. ' 5 6 . . .50 41OF Aircraft Cabin Clean. '64 . .40
30 Flare, Liquids Code "69 . 1,00
31 Oil Burning Equipment '68 . 1.25 411 Aircraft Ramp Hazard ' 6 5 ,50
32 Dry Cleaning Plants '64 . . .60 70 Natq Electrlcal Code "68 . . 2.00 412 Testing, Foam Vehicles ~69 . .75
321 Class. Flam. Liquids '69 . . .50 70A Dwelling Electrical Code '69 1.75 414 Rescue Vehicles ' 6 9 , . 2.00
325A Flashooint Index of Trade 71 Central Station Sig. ' 6 9 . . 1.00 415 Fueling Ramp Drainage '66 . .50
~/ame Liouids '68 . . . 2.50 72A Local Protective Syst. ~67 . .60 416 Airport Terminals '67 . . . . . 50
325M Prop. Flare. Liquids ' 6 9 . 3.00 72B Auxiliary SIg. Syst. '67 . .60 417 Loading Walkways '68 . . . . 50
326 Warning Labels "Sf . . . . 25 72C Remote Station System ' 6 7 . .60 418 Roof-Top Heliports ' 6 8 . . .50
327 Cleaning Small Tanks '64 . . .50 72D Proprietary 5ig. Syst. '67 . .60 419 Airport Water Systems ~69 . .75
328 Manholes, Sewers, Flare 73 MuniciPal Alarm Syst. '67 .60
Liquids and Gases in '64 . . ,50 74 Household Warning Syst. ' 6 7 ~ .50 50]A Trailer Courts '64 , . . 30
329 Leakage, Underground 75 Electronic Computer Syst, '68 . .75 501B Mobile Homes '68 . . . 2.00
F l a m . Liquid Tanks "65 , .50 76 Hosoital Elec. Systems ' 6 7 . .50 5 0 5 Power Industrial Trucks '69 . ,75
33 Spray Finishing '69 . . . 1.25 77 Static Electricity ' 6 6 . . . I.O0 512 Truck Fire Protection "55 , .25
34 DIp Tanks ' 6 6 . . . . . . . 50 78 Lightning Prot. Code '68 . . 1.25 513 Motor Freight Terminals ~59 : ~40
35 Mfg. Organic Coatings '64 . . . . 60 79 Electrical Metalworking
36 Solvent Extraction '67 . . . . 60 Machine Tools '69 . . . . 1 . 0 0
601 Guard Service '68 . . . . . 50
37 Combustion Engines '67 . . .50
80 Fire Doors~ Windows '60 . . 1.50 601A Guard Operations "68 . . 30
385 Tank Vehicles %6 . . .60
81 Fur Storagej Cleaning ' 6 9 . . . . 75
602 Community Dumps '64 . , , " .50
393 Gasoline 8low Torches '69 .50 604 Salvaging Operations ' 6 4 . . . . 50
395 Farm Storage Flare. Lio, '65 .40 82 Incinerators, Rubbish ' 6 9 . . .75
85 Watertuhe Boiler-Furnaces '67 .75
40 Motion Picture Film '67 . .60 85B Gas Fired Multi ale Burner 701 Fire Tests~ Textiles,
41L. Model Rocketry Code '68 . .50 Boiler-Furnaces '69 . . . ].00 Films ' 6 9 . . . . . . . . . 75
42 Pyroxylin Plastic Factories ~67 .60 85D Fuel Oil-Fired MuItiple 702 Wearing Apparel ' 6 8 , . , .75
• 3 Pyroxylin Warehouses "67 . .40 Burner Belier-Furnaces ~69 . 1.25 703 Fire Retardants Bldg. M a r l . . .40
46 Timber, Outdoor Storage '61 . .SO 86A Ovens and Furnaces ' 6 9 . . 2.00 704M Identification of Materials . .75
46A Wood Chips, Storage " 6 5 .40 87 Piers and Wharves "68 . . . . 75
47 Lumber Storage Yards '61 . . ,50 88 Garages '68 . . . . . . . 75 801 Radioactive Marl. Labs. '55 . .50
48 Magnesium r67 . . . . . . 60 BgM Heat Equip. Clearances '68 .50 802 Nuclear Reactors '60 . . . . 75
481 Titanium '61 . . . . . . . 60
482M Zirconium '61 . . . . . 50 9OA A i r
Conditioning Syst. ' 6 9 . .75 901 Fire Reporting System ' 6 9 . 3.00
49 Hazardous Chem. Data '69 . . 2.50 gOB Residence Warm A i r Heating .75 910 Library Collections ' 6 9 . . .75
490 Ammonium Nitrate '69 . . .75 91 3lower and Exhaust Syst. ' 6 1 . .SO 911 Museum Collections '69 . . .75

Tan Delta Test Procedure

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NFPA No.

AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION: T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , office or i n d i v i d u a l r e -

Standard for / ~ , ~'. ( " :" ~''

This 1969 edition of N F P A No. 15 was p r e p a r e d by the Committee on W a t e r

Origin and Development of No. 15

Committee on Water Spray Fixed Systems

S. E. Auck, Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. N. R, Lockwood, American Petroleum In-

SCOPE: To develop m i n i m u m standards for the design, construction, installation, mainte-

15-2 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS

Chapter 1. General Provisions

Chapter 2. System Components

Chapter 3. Water Supplies

Chapter 4. System Design and Installation

Chapter 5. Acceptance Tests

Chapter 6. Periodic Testing and Maintenance

Chapter 7. Plans, Specifications and Hydraulic Calculations

Chapter 8. Automatic Detection Equipment

15--4 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS

GENERAL PROVISIONS 15-5

15-6 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS

RuN-DowN - - The downward travel of water along a surface,

1032. H a z a r d s - - Water spray protection is, in general, ac-

1033. PURPOSES - - In general, water spray may be used ef-

GENERAL PROVISIONS 15--7

(b) Control of burning.

1042. Materials Involved.

|5--8 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS

BASIC INSULATION LEVEL-KILOVOLTS

Fig. ~1044(b). Clearance from Water Spray Equipment to Live U n i n s u l a t e d

1043. Equipment Involved.

GENERAL PROVISIONS 15-9

1044. C l e a r a n c e to L i v e Electrical Apparatus. (See Appendix

15-10 WATER SPRAY F I X E D SYSTEMS

than the minimum clearances provided elsewhere for electrical

1050. Plans and Specifications.

1060. Approval of Water Spray Systems.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS 15--11

CHAPTER 2. SYSTEM COMPONENTS

2010. Devices and Materials.

2020. Component Parts. -~

2030. Corrosion Protection.

2040. Spray Nozzles.

15-12 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS

and Seamless Steel Pipe for Ordinary Uses, A S T M Designation

SYSTEM COMPONENTS 15-13

2062. Rubber gasketed fittings subject to direct fire exposure

2090. Control Equipment.

2100. Pressure Gages.

15-14 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS

2112. Pipe line strainer designs shall incorporate a flushout

2130 . Fire Department Connections.

2140. Flushing Connections.

WATER SUPPLIES 15-15

3010. V o l u m e and Pressure.

15-16 WATER SPRAY FIXED SYSTEMS

SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION 15-17

4010. Plans, Specifications, and Hydraulic Calculations.

4020. Design Guides.

4030. Design Purpose.

4040. Density and Application.

(f) Each of the following methods or a combination of them

SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION 15-19

4042. Control of Burning.

/////////// ////////////////////.////,I/ r///////*